The Libido for the Ugly课件

7.The Libido for the Ugly

H. L. Mencken

目的/重点

Aims 1.T o know the author, Henry L. Mencken

2.To learn the writing technique of description

3.To appreciate the language features

T eaching Contents 1. Henry Louis Mencken

2. Description

3. Detailed study of the text

4. Organizational pattern

5. Language features

6. Exercises

Time allocation 1. Background information (15 min.)

2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.)

3. Structure analysis (15 min.)

4. Language appreciation (15 min.)

5. Exercises (15 min)

NOTES

1. the Veterans of Foreign Wars: generally abbreviated to VFW, an organization created by the merger in 1914 of three societies of United States overseas veterans that were founded after the Spanish-American War of 1899. With its membership vastly increased after World War Ⅰand World WarⅡ, the organization became a major national veterans' society.

2. Guest: Edgar Albert Guest (1881--1959), English-born newspaper poet, whose daily poem in the Detroit Free Press was widely syndicated and extremely popular with the people he called 'folks' for its homely, saccharine morality

3. Parthenon: a beautiful doric temple built in honor of the virgin (Parthenos) goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens around 5th century B. C.

4. Presbysterian: a form of church government by presbyters developed by John Calvin and other reformers during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and used with variations by Reformed and Presbyterian churches throughout the world. According to Calvin's theory of church government, the church is a community or

body in which Christ only is head and members are equal under him. All who hold office do so by election of the people whose representatives they are.

Mencken assumes that Presbyterians are puritanical, sombrefaced people who never smile or laugh. Hence people are shocked by the unexpected and incongruous sight of a Presbyterian grinning.

词汇短语

词汇(V ocabulary)

libido (n.) : psychic energy generally；specifically，a basic form of psychic energy，comprising the positive。loving instincts manifested variously at different stages of

personality development欲望

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lucrative (adj.) : producing wealth or profit；profitable；remunerative有利可图的；赚钱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hideous (adj.) : horrible to see,hear,etc.;very ugly or revolting;dreadful骇人听闻的;非常丑陋的;可怕的

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forlorn (adj.) : in pitiful condition；wretched；miserable可怜的；悲惨的；不幸的

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macabre (adj.) : gruesome；grim and horrible；ghastly可怕的；令人毛骨悚然的；恐怖的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

computation (n.) : the act of computing；calculation 计算

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abominable (adj.) : nasty and disgusting；vile；loathsome讨厌的，可恶的

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alley (n.) : a narrow street or walk；specifically，a lane behind a row of buildings or between two rows of buildings that face on adjacent streets胡同；小巷；小街

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filth (n.) : disgustingly offensive dirt，garbage，etc．污秽，污物；垃圾

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allude (v.) : refer in a casual or indirect way(随便或间接)提到，涉及；暗指

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monstrousness (n.) : strange shape奇形怪状

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lacerate (v.) : tear jaggedly；mangle(something soft，as flesh)；wound or hurt(one’s feelings，etc．)deeply；distress撕裂；割碎(肉等软组织)；伤害(感情等)；使…伤心

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pretentious (adj.) : making claims，explicit or implicit，to some distinction，importance，dignity，or excellence自负的；自命不凡的；自大的

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linger (v.) : continue to stay，esp．through reluctance to leave逗留(尤指不愿离开)

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downright (adv.) : thoroughly；utterly；really彻底地，完全地；真正地

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dormer (n.) : a window set upright in a sloping roof屋顶窗

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leprous (adj.) : of or like leprosy；having leprosy麻风的；似麻风的；患麻风病的

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rat—trap (n.) : a trap for catching rats捕鼠夹(子)

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misshapen (adj.) : badly shaped；deformed奇形怪状的；畸形的

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uncomely (adj.) : having unpleasant appearance不美观的，不好看的

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grime (n.) : dirt，esp．sooty dirt，rubbed into or covering a surface，as of the skin(尤指经摩擦而深入或覆盖皮肤等表面的)积垢；污秽

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gully (n.) : a channel or hollow worn by running water; small，narrow ravine沟壑，狭沟，冲沟

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chalet (n.) : a type of Swiss house，built of wood with balconies and overhanging eaves(瑞士的木造)农舍，山上小舍

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highpitched (adj.) : steep in slope said of roofs)(屋顶)坡度陡的

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dingy (adj.) : dirty-colored；not bright or clean；grimy不干净的；不明亮的；弄脏的

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clapboard (n.) : a thin，narrow board with one edge thicker than the other，used as siding 护墙板，隔板

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preposterous (adj.) : so contrary to nature，reason，or common sense as to be laughable；absurd；ridiculous反常的；乖戾的；十分荒谬的；愚蠢的

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pier (n.) : a heavy column，usually square. used to support weight，as at the end of an arch 角柱；支柱

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cemetery (n.) : a place for the burial of the dead；graveyard公墓，墓地；坟场

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swinish (adj.) : of or like a swine；beastly；piggish；coarse，etc．猪(似)的；鄙贱的；粗俗的

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perpendicular (adj.) : exactly upright；vertical. straight up or down垂直的；矗立的

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precarious (adj.) : uncertain；insecure；risky不稳定的；不安全的；危险的

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eczematous (adj.) : of itching skin disease湿疹的

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patina (n.) : a fine crust or film on bronze or copper．usually green or greenish—blue，formed by natural oxidation and often valued as being ornamental(青铜器上的)绿锈

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uremia (n.) : a toxic condition caused by the presence in the blood of waste produts normally eliminated in the urine and resulting from a failure of the kidneys to secrete urine 尿毒症

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loathsome (adj.) : causing loathing；disgusting；abhorrent；detestable讨厌的；厌恶的；令人作呕的

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laborious (adj.) : involving much hard work；difficult. industrious；hard—working费力的；困难的；勤劳的；辛苦的

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incessant (adj.) : never ceasing；continuing or being repeated without stopping or in a way that seems endless：constant不停的，连续的；不间断的

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decompose (v.) : break up or separate into basic components or parts；rot分解；(使)腐烂，(使)腐败

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forsake (v.) : give up；renounce(a habit，idea，etc．)；leave；abandon抛弃，放弃(思想、习惯等)；遗弃；背弃

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malarious (adj.) : of fever conveyed by mosquitoes疟疾的；空气污浊的

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hamlet (n.) : a very small village小村庄

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incomparable (adj.) : no beyond comparison；unequalled；matchless无与伦比的，举世无双的；无敌的，无比的

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titanic (adj.) : of great size，strength，or power巨大的；力大无比的；有极大权力的

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aberrant (adj.) : turning away from what is right，true，etc．：deviating from what is normal or typical与正确或真实情况相背的；偏离常规的；反常的

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uncompromising (adj.) : not compromising or yielding；firm；inflexiable；determined不妥协的；坚定的；不让步的；坚决的

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inimical (adj.) : 1ike an enemy；hostile；unfriendly；adverse；unfavorable敌人似的；敌对的；不友好的；相反的；不利的

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ingenuity (n.) : cleverness，originality，skill，etc．机智；创造力，独创性；熟练

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grotesquery (n.) : the quality or state of being grotesque奇形怪状；怪诞

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retrospect (n.) : a looking back on or thinking about things past；contemplation or survey of the past回顾，回想；追溯

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diabolical (adj.) : of the devil or devils；fiendish恶魔的；残忍的，凶暴的

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concoct (v.) : devise，invent，or plan计划，策划；虚构，编造

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insensate (adj.) : not feeling，or not capable of feeling，sensation无感觉的，无知觉的

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brute (n.) : an animal；a person who is brutal or very stupid，gross，sensual，etc．畜生；笨蛋，粗野的人

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abomination (adj.) : great hatred，and disgust；anything hateful and disgusting憎恨，厌恶；令人讨厌的东西

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putrid (adj.) : decomposing；rotten and foul—smelling腐烂的，腐败的

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deface (v.) : spoil the appearance of；disfigure；mar损坏…的外表；丑化

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inadvertence (n.) : the quality of being inadvertent；oversight；mistake掉以轻心，粗心大意；疏漏；错误

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obscene (adj.) : offensive to one’s feelings，or to prevailing notions，of modesty of decency；lewd；disgusting猥亵的；诲淫的；可憎的

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unfathomable (adj.) : which cannot be understood；which cannot be reached不可理解的；深不可测的

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enigmatical (adj.) : of or like an enigma；perplexing；baffling谜一般的，谜似的；不可思议的，费解的

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dogmatic (adj.) : of or like dogma；doctrinal教条(主义)的；教义的

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edifice (n.) : a building，esp．a large，imposing one建筑物；尤指大型建筑物，大厦

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depravity (n.) : a depraved condition；corruption；wickedness堕落，腐化，腐败

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penthouse (n.) : a small structure，esp．one with a sloping roof，attached to a larger building小棚屋，(尤指靠在大楼边上搭的)披屋

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lust (n.) : a desire to gratify the senses；bodily appetite欲望；贪欲

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etiology (n.) : the assignment of a cause，or the cause assignment本源，原因(的说明) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pathological (adj.) : of pathology；of or concerned with diseases病理学的；病理上的

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短语(Expressions)

border upon : to be like；almost be相近，类似

例：His emotion is bordering upon hysteria．他的情绪接近歇斯底里。

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put down…to : tbe attribute to归因于

例：I put Jane’s moodiness down to the stress she was under．我认为简由于所承受的压力而闷闷不乐。

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课文翻译

第七课爱丑之欲

H? L?门肯

几年前的一个冬日，我乘坐宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的一班快车离开匹兹堡，向东行驶一小时，穿越了威斯特摩兰县的煤城和钢都。这是我熟悉的地方，无论是童年时期还是成年时期，我常常经过这一带。但以前我从来没有感到这地方荒凉得这么可怕。这儿正是工业化美国的心脏，是其最赚钱、最典型活动的中心，世界上最富裕、最伟大的国家的自豪和骄傲——然而这儿的景象却又丑陋得这样可怕，凄凉悲惨得这么令人无法忍受，以致人的抱负和壮志在这儿成了令人毛骨悚然的、令人沮丧的笑料。这儿的财富多得无法计算，简直都无法想象——也是在这儿，人们的居住条件又是如此之糟，连那些流浪街头的野猫也为之害羞。

我说的不仅仅是脏。钢铁城镇的脏是人们意料之中的事。我指的是所看到的房子没有一幢不是丑陋得令人难受，畸形古怪得让人作呕的。从东自由镇到格林斯堡，在这全长25英里的路上，从火车上看去，没有一幢房子不让人看了感到眼睛不舒服和难受。有的房子糟得吓人，而这些房子竞还是一些最重要的建筑——教堂、商店、仓库等等。人们惊愕地看着这些房子，就像是看见一个脸给子弹崩掉的人一样。有的留在记忆里，甚至回忆起来也是可怕的：珍尼特西面的一所样子稀奇古怪的小教堂，就像一扇老虎窗贴在一面光秃秃的、似有麻风散鳞的山坡上；参加过国外战争的退伍军人总部，设在珍尼特过去不远的另一个凄凉的小镇上。沿铁路线向东不远处的一座钢架，就像一个巨大的捕鼠器。但我回忆里出现的三要还是一个总的印象——连绵不断的丑陋。从匹兹堡到格林斯堡火车调车场，放眼望去，没有一

幢像样的房子。没有一幢不是歪歪扭扭的，没有一幢不是破破烂烂的。

尽管到处是林立的工厂，遍地弥漫着烟尘，这一地区的自然霉仟并不差。就地形而论，这儿是一条狭窄的河谷，其中流淌着一道道发源自山间的深溪。这儿的人口虽然稠密，但并无过分拥挤的迹象，即使在一些较大的城镇中，建筑方面也还大有发展的余地。这儿很少见到有高密度排列的建筑楼群，几乎每一幢房屋，无论大小，其四周都还有剩余的空地。显然，如果这一地区有几个稍有职业责任感或荣誉感的建筑师的话，他们准会紧依山坡建造一些美观雅致的瑞士式山地小木屋——一种有着便于冬季排除积雪的陡坡屋顶，宽度大于高度，依山而建的低矮的小木屋。可是，他们实际上是怎么做的呢?他们把直立的砖块作为造房的模式，造出了一种用肮脏的护墙板围成的不伦不类的房屋，屋顶又窄又平，而且整个地安放在一些单薄的、奇形怪状的砖垛上。这种丑陋不堪的房屋成百上千地遍布于一个个光秃秃的山坡上，就像是一些墓碑竖立在广阔荒凉的坟场上。这些房屋高的一侧约有三四层，甚至五层楼高，而低的一侧看去却像一群埋在烂泥潭里的猪猡。垂直式的房屋不到五分之一，大部分房屋都是那样东倒西歪，摇摇欲坠地固定在地基上。每幢房屋上都积有一道道的尘垢印痕，而那一道道垢痕的间隙中，还隐隐约约露出一些像湿疹痂一样的油漆斑痕。

偶尔也可以看到一幢砖房，可那叫什么砖啊!新建的时候，它的颜色像油煎鸡蛋，然而一经工厂排放出来的烟尘熏染，蒙上一层绿锈时，它的颜色便像那早已无人问津的臭蛋一样了。难道一定得采用这种糟糕的颜色吗?这就与把房屋都建成直立式一样没看攀要。若是用红砖造房，便可以越古老陈旧越气派，即使在钢铁城镇中也是如此。红砖就算被染得漆黑，看起来还是能够使人悦目，尤其是如果用白石镶边，经雨水一洗刷，凹处烟垢残存，凸处本色外露，红黑映衬，更觉美观。可是在威斯特摩兰县，人们却偏偏喜欢用那血尿般的黄色，因此便有了这种世界上最丑陋不堪、最令人恶心的城镇和乡村。

我是在经过一番苦心探究和不断祈祷后才将这顶丑陋之最的桂冠封赠于威斯特摩兰县的。我自信我已见到过世界上所有的丑陋之极的城镇，它们全都在美国。我目睹了日趋衰落的新英格兰地区的工业城镇，也目睹了犹他州、亚利桑那州和得克萨斯州的荒漠城市。我熟悉纽瓦克、布鲁克林和芝加哥的偏街僻巷，并曾对新泽西州的卡姆登和弗吉尼亚州的纽波特纽斯作过科学的考察。我曾安安稳稳地坐着普尔曼卧车，周游了衣阿华州和堪萨斯州那些昏暗凄凉的村镇以及佐治亚州那些乌烟瘴气的沿海渔村。我到过康涅狄格州的布里奇港，还去过洛杉矶市。然而，在世界上的任何一个地方，无论国内国外，我从未见到过任何东西可以与那些拥挤在宾夕法尼亚铁路从匹兹堡调车场到格林斯堡路段沿线的村庄相比。它们无论在色彩上还是在样式上都是无与伦比的。仿佛有什么与人类不共戴天的、能力超常的鬼才，费尽心机，动员魔鬼王国里的鬼斧神工，才造出这些丑陋无比的房屋来。这些房屋不仅丑陋而且奇形怪状，使人回头一看，顿觉它们已变成一个个青面獠牙的恶魔。人们无法想象单凭人的力量如何能造出如此可怕的东西来，也很难想象居然还有人类栖居其中并在那里生儿育女，繁殖人类。

这些房屋如此丑陋，难道是因为该河谷地区住满了一些愚蠢迟钝、麻木不仁、毫无爱美之心的外国蛮子吗?若果然如此，为什么那些外国蛮子却并没有在自己的故土上造出这样丑恶的东西来呢?事实上，在欧洲绝对找不到这种丑恶的东西——英国的某些破败的地区也许例外。整个欧洲大陆很难找到一个丑陋的村落。欧洲那儿的农民，不论怎么穷，都会想方设法将自己的居室修造得美观雅致，即使在西班牙也是如此。而在美国的乡村和小城镇里，人们千方百计地追求的目标是丑陋，尤其在那个威斯特摩兰河谷地区，人们对丑的追求已达到

狂热的程度。如果说单凭愚昧无知就能造就这样令人毛骨悚然的杰作，那是无法让人信服的。

美国某些阶层的人们当中似乎的的确确存在着一种爱丑之欲，如同在另一些不那么虔信基督教的阶层当中存在着一种爱美之心一样。那些把一般美国中下层家庭的住宅打扮得像丑八怪的糊墙纸决不能归咎于选购者的疏忽大意，也不能归咎于制造商的鄙俗的幽默感。那些糊墙纸上的丑陋图案显然真正能使具有某种心理的人觉得赏心悦目。它们以某种莫名其妙的方式满足了这种人的某种晦涩难解的心理需要。人们对这类丑陋图案的欣赏，就同某些人对教条主义神学和埃德加·A格斯特的诗歌的迷恋一样，既不可思议，又让人习以为常。

因此，我相信(尽管坦白地说，我不敢绝对肯定)，威斯特摩兰县绝大多数正直诚实的人，尤其是其中的那些百分之百的美国人，确实很欣赏他们居住的房屋并为之感到自豪。虽然他们可以用同样多的建筑成本造出好得多的房屋，他们却宁愿要他们现有的那种丑陋不堪的房屋。可以肯定地说，海外战争退伍军人组织总部将自己的旗帜插在那样一幢丑陋的大楼上绝对不是出于无奈，因为铁路沿线多的是闲置未用的建筑，而且许多建筑都比他们那幢大楼要好得多。他们如果愿意的话，也完全可以自己建造一幢像样一些的大楼。然而，他们却眼睁睁地选择了那幢用护墙板造起来的丑陋的大楼，而且选定之后，还要让它发展演变成现在这副破烂相。他们喜欢的就是这种丑怪样子，如果有人在那附近竖起一座像希腊巴特农神殿那样的漂亮建筑，他们一定会感到恼火。前面提到的那个形如捕鼠器的钢架运动场的设计建造者们也是这样有意地作了一个深思熟虑的选择。在费尽心血，辛辛苦苦地设计并建成那个运动场之后，又想进一步美化完善它，于是便在建筑平项上加造一间极不协调的小棚屋，并涂上鲜艳夺目的黄色油漆。这样造成的效果是使该建筑看起来就像一个肥胖的女人面上带着一只被打肿发青的眼圈，也可以说像一位长老会牧师面上突然露出勉强的笑容的模样。但他们喜欢的就是这种模样。

这里涉及到一个心理学家迄今未加重视的问题，即为了丑本身的价值而爱丑(非因其他利益驱动而爱丑)，急欲将世界打扮得丑不可耐的变态心理。这种心理的孳生地就是美国。从美国这个大熔炉中产生出了一个新的种族，他们像仇视真理一样地仇视美。这种变态心理的产生根源值得进行更多的研究，它的背后一定隐藏着某些原因，其产生和发展肯定受到某些生物学规律的制约，而不能简单地看成是出于上帝的安排。那么，这些规律的具体内容究竟是什么呢?为什么它们在美国比在其他任何地方更为盛行?这个问题还是让某位像德国大学的无薪教师那样正直的社会病理学家去研究吧。

(摘自卡罗琳什罗迪斯，克里福德A约瑟夫逊，詹姆斯R威尔逊编《修辞读物》)

习题全解

I.Henry Louis Mencken (1880--1956) was the first American to be widely read as a critic. He was born in Baltimore, Md. , on Sept. 12, 1880, and privately educated there. After graduating from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute at the age of 16, he became a reporter on the Baltimore Herald. He rose repidly, soon he was the Herald's city editor and then edi tor. In 1906 Mencken joined the organization known as the Sunpaper, which he served in a variety of

ways until his re- tirement. Mencken' s journalistic skill became his chief hand- icap as a critic. He had also carried out a fruitful study of the American Language, with some comprehensive works pub- lished in this field. By the time of his death on Jan. 29, 1956, in his beloved Baltimore, recognition of his service to the language was everywhere admitted.

1. The writer is referring to industrial production which is the most lucrative and characteristic activity in the United States.

2. All the noble aspirations of a man for a better, fuller and more beautiful life here on earth.

3. All the houses were ugly. The houses look like bricks set on end. They were made of clapboards, with narrow, low- pitched roofs. And the whole house is set upon thin brick piers. All the houses are streaked with grime and many of them are not even perpendicular but they lean this way and that. The writer suggests a chalet-type house for the hill sides. A chalet with high-pitched roof, to throw off the

heavy winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. 4, According to the writer, the house has the most loathsome color. T he color of a fried egg when and after some time they take on the color of uremic yellow.

5. Strictly speaking, no. Most of them were most probably U.S. citizens of European origin, with perhaps a few re- cent immigrants from Europe.

6. Mencken doesnI t believe that mere ignorance was the rea son for such ugliness. He believes on certain levels of the American race, there seems to be a great passion for the ugly. Ugliness seems to give some sort of satisfaction to this type of mind. Mencken, however, doesnf t understand they have such tastes.

7. No. he is only implying in a sarcastic tone, that he does- n~t understand why so many Americans seem to love ugli ness for its own sake. He doesn~ t understand the psycholo gy of these people who lust to make the world intolerable. He thinks these people have a diseased mind.

1. Mencken deliberately uses the word "libido", a special

term in psychoanalysis, in his title to create the impres sion that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation.

2. Paragraph 1 is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere. The last two sentences bring home to readers that ugliness is not due to poverty, but to something in- nate in the American character--a love of ugliness for its own sake, or, as the title says, the libido for the ugly.

3. Meneken refers to other towns and villages in America, to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to em- phasize the ugliness of Westmoreland County. He means to say Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe.

4. The author also attacks the whole American raee a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make the world intolerable; a race which hates beauty as it hates truth (see the text, para. 9)

5. The satirical power of the authorr s attack in this essay is not only a result of his choice of words, of his diction, but also his masterly employment of the various rhetoric means such as metaphors, similes, hyperboles and so on. Examples may be referred to

the answers to Exs. XIII, XIV,XV.

6. So far as the point which the author wanted to make is concerned, all the metaphors, similes and hyperboles are used appropriately and effectively.

7. As a rule, an excessive use of strong language in writing tends to be self-defeating. Mencken uses a lot of hyper boles to exaggerate and also makes abundant use of sar casm, ridicule and irony to taunt the jeer in the essay. It may lead the average reader to doubt the objectivity and fairness or even the honesty of the writer. He may feel the writer perhaps has a special axe to grind and lose interest in what he has to say. So one might say Mencken employs all the force of diction, structure and figures only to batter his readers into insensitivity.

IV.

1. As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.

2. But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.

3. This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance

and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.

4. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.

5. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built iooked like bricks standing upright.

6. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.

7. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.

8. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.

9. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.

10. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.

11. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.

12. People in certain strata of American society seem definite- ly to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Chris- tian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.

13. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot un- derstand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.

14. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intoler able.

15. From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．

V．See the translation of the text．

Ⅵ．

1．express：a fast，direct train。Making few stops

2．roll：travel in a wheeled vehicle(here an express train)

3．revolting：disgusting

4.line：railway line

5．yard：a railway center where trains are made up，serviced，switched from track to track。etc．

6．streak：mark with streaks(a line or long，thin mark)

7．sightly：pleasant to the sight

8．pullman：a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping．It is so—called after the U．S．inventor，George。M．Pullman(1831—1897)．

9．save：except。but

10．yield：surrender，give into border upon：be like，almost be

11．pull：drawing force．appeal

12．1evel：position。elevation，or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values

13．put down(to)：attribute(to)

14．impossible：not capable of being endured，used。agreed to，etc．，because of being disagreeable or unsuitable：hard to tolerate

Ⅶ.

1．dirt指任何不清洁的或玷污之物，如泥土、灰尘、粪便、垃圾；filth一词用来表示脏得令人作呕的东西；soot是指主要由炭粒构成，由物质的不完全燃烧所形成的一种黑色物质；grime指沉积在表面上或嵌入表面之中的煤烟或小颗粒状污秽。

2．love意指强烈的喜爱或深刻的倾心，可用于表示各种不同的关系或用于各种对象(如性爱、手足之爱、对工作之爱等)；passion通指一种具有压倒或强制性的强烈情绪，如：His passions overcame his reason．(他的激情压倒了他的理智。)；lust指一种欲望，特别是那种寻求不。受拘束的满足——感官满足，尤其是性满足的欲望；libido是精神分析学上的一个术语，能指精神上的能量，通指精神能量的一种基本形式，包含积极的、爱的本能，并在性格发展的不同阶段中表现出来。

Ⅶ．hideous。horrid。horrible，frightful，dreadful，terrible，awful，repulsive，repugnant，ghastly，revolting

Ⅸ．beauty．beautifulness。prettiness，handsomeness，attractiveness，loveliness，charm，pulchritude，grace，elegance，exquisiteness

X．

1．1ucrative，creative，destructive，indicative，fricative，e vocative，sedative，negative，interrogative，relative，con templative

2．characteristic，realistic，artistic，egotistic，altruistic，im pressionistic，antagonistic，

chauvinistic，humanistic，opti mistic，pressimistic

3．horrible，divisible，legible，invincible，edible，incredible，elegible。negligible，audible，intelligible，infallible

4．ghastly，harshly，finely，loosely，delicately，tersely，fear somely，deathly，steadfastly，curtly，eloquently

5．swinish，piggish，sluggish，doggish，hoggish，kittenish，owlish，ghoulish，girlish”fiendish，devilish

6．biological，theological，physiological，etymological，an thropological，astrological，bacteriological，psychologi cal，geological，archeological，mythological

7．10athsome，gladsome，ti’resome，venturesome，trouble some。burdensome，cumbersome，frolicsome，gruesome，quarrelsome，fearsome

8．hideous，outrageous，courageous，advantageous，contem poraneous．extemporaneous，simultaneous，spontaneous' instantaneous, extraneous, erroneous

XI. appalling desolation, dreadfully, hideous, intolerably, bleak, forlorn, abominable, filth, dirty, ugliness, revolt ing, monstrousness, horrible, leprous, hideousness, mis shapen, shabby, uncomely, grime, dingy, decaying, swin ishly, eczematous patches, shocking, uremic yellow, loath- some, unlovely, decomposing, gloomy, God-forsaken, malarious, grotesqueries of ugliness, diabolical, frightful, abominations, putrid, horror, deface, ghastly, depravity, etc.

XI. 1. profitable 2. dwellings, homes 3. refer to 4. wound, hurt 5. absurd, ridiculous 6. exactly upright, vertical7. unsafely, insecurely8. continual, repeated 9. unfriendly, hostile 10. insensitive, without feelings 11. hateful or dis gusting things 12. spoil the appearance of, disfigure care- lessness, oversight 13. building 14. causes

XI. The many metaphors and similes in the essay are largely ap propritately used in describing the ugliness of Westmoreland County. For example, in para. 3 the metaphor of comparing the houses there to pigs wallowing in the mud~ the metaphor in the same para. of comparing the patches of paint to dried up scales formed by a skin disease~ and the simile in para. 2 as shown in the sentence "one blinks ... shot away", the sim ile in the same para. as shown in the sentence "a steel stadi um ~ -- the line", just to mention a few. Hyperboles are profusely used in the essay. They are mostly very effective in conveying what the author had to say. In para. 1, we read the sentence "Here was wealth ... alley cats", exaggerating the richness and grandeur of this region and of America as a whole, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth ; in para. 5 we read "It is as if ... of them", which implies exaggeratedly that it is as if some genius of great power, who didn' t like to do the right things and who was an inflexible enemy of man, em ployed all the cleverness and skill of hell to build these ugly houses; and again in para. 2 there is the sentence "What al lude to " in sight", which suggests an exaggeration that is hard to believe. Not every house could have been that ugly.

XV. In the essay, sarcasm, ridicule or irony is employed profuse The following are just a

few examples:

l. (Para. 2) "a steel stadium "" the line. " This description sounds ridiculous.

2. (Para. 3) "Obviously "-" the hillside. " We read evident sar- casm in this sentence.

3. (Para. 4) "When it was taken -'" or caring. " Here both ridicule and irony are suggested.

4. (Para. 5) "I award "" prayer. " We read both sarcasm and irony in this sentence.

5. (Para. 5) "They are "" in design. " Sarcasm is most appar- ent in the description.

6. (Para. 6) "It is incredible "" of horror. " Here the author obviously means to present the picture sarcastically and ironically.

XVI.

1. The topic sentence is: The "Band Wagon" is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandistr s program enrnasse. The paragraph beginning with a topic sentence is a high level generalization. Each sentence in the rest of the paragraph states specific details that develop the main idea. This paragraph has a simple deductive arrangement.

2. The main idea in this paragraph is stated in the last sen- tence :The drug culture, as the newspapers call it, doesnrt just belong to the kids; everyoner s in it together. The writ- er reverses the usual rule "go from the general to the par- ticular". He develops his topic sentence by specific, con crete detail--but he places the topic sentence at the end o the paragraph. That is, he follows an inductive pattern.

XlI. Omitted.

XVlI. A Sickening Village This is a village you will never want to revisit once you had been there. The road is grit-paved and dotted with sand and small stones here and there. If you happen to have a pair of thin-sole shoes, your feet are certain to suffer. On a sunny day, if a truck or a tractor passes by, you are covered with dust left behind. On a rainy day, your trouser legs soon get dirty with muddy water. Here and there, you may find a pile of building materials such as bricks, cement boards, sand ca- sually lying in a disorderly way. There are trees on one side of the road. Some are a little tall, some quite short, and on each tree you cannot fail to find broken branches. As for the hous- es, they are in different size, different height, and different colour. They Stand there one after another with no harmony. If you want your students to seareh for the antonym of "unity", just bring them here. You can see a pond at the end of the road. Actually you needn't see it. Use your nose and the smell will make you sicken. Floating on the brownish filthy water are used wrapping paper, plastic bags, foams, and one or two dead dogs or mice.

补充练习

《高级英语》第二册练习

Lesson Seven

Libido for the Ugly

I. Word explanation

1. hideous

A. secret

B. concealed

C. ugly

D. outstanding

2. uncompromising

A. unyielding

B. unequalled

C. unwavering

D. unpromising

3. ingenuity

A. stupidity

B. cleverness

C. not genuine

D. sincerity

4. unintelligible

A. stupid

B. showing high intelligence

C. difficult to understand

D. not intelligent

5. ghastly

A. surprisingly

B. delightful

C. greatly

D. horrible

6. obscene

A. unclear

B. indecent

C. stubborn

D. transparent

7. unfathomablen

A. which can't be understood

B. which can be measured

C. which is not realistic

D. which is not deep

8. etiology

A. the science of life

B. the science of society

C. the study of action

D. the study of cause

9. inadvertence

A. attention

B. carelessness

C. pretence

D. weakness

10. deface

A. damage the name of

B. clean the surface of

C. spoil the look of

D. decorate on the surface of

11. putrid

A. purified

B. ugly

C. fresh

D. rotten

12. pullman

A. railroad car

B. porter

C. loader

D. sweater

13. forsake

A. benefit

B. abandon

C. support

D. save

14. alley

A. union

B. metal

C. street

D. building

15. allude

A. illustrate

B. refer indirectly

C. imagine

D. speak directly

16. lucrative

A. profitable

B. excessive

C. mournful

D. decreasing

17. lacerate

A. produce

B. manage

C. control

D. hurt

18. forlorn

A. movable

B. liberal

C. deserted

D. divided

19. streak

A. split

B. cover

C. break

D. destroy

20. grime

A. lime

B. smile

C. color

D. dirt

21. precarious

A. unsafe

B. cautious

C. rpreoccupy

D. steady

22. titanic

A. limited

B. powerful

C. timid

D. panic

23. aberrant

A. incorrect

B. obstinate

C. unusual

D. normal

24. inimical

A. favourable

B. intimate

C. comical

D. hostile

25. grotesque

A. strange

B. graphic

C. picturesque

D. charming

26. retrospect

A. thought about the future

B. contemplation of the past

C. examination of the present

D. analysis of the past

27. pathology

A. the study of religion

B. the study of philosophy

C. the study of disease

D. the study of path

28. mellow

A. soften

B. harden

C. strengthen

D. collapse

29. appreciable

A. gratefully

B. praising

C. attractively

D. considerably

30. hamlet

A. a soldier's cap

B. small village

C. a metal structure

D. a large basket

31. perpendicular

A. vertical

B. straight

C. upright

D. all the above

32. pier

A. wood

B. pillar

C. coffin

D. platform

33. dingy

A. ringing

B. gloomy

C. dirty

D. soil

34. downright

A. absolutely

B. practically

C. rationally

D. commonly

35. trimming

A. outline

B. neat appearance

C. decoration

D. arrangement

36. eczema

A. dermatitis

B. infection

C. appendicitis

D. scarlet fever

37. aspiration

A. encouragement

B. ambition

C. enthusiasm

D. abstinence

38. grand

A. rich and sumptuous

B. large and heavy

C. mean and clumsy

D. exaggerative

39. filthy

A. full

B. pure

C. powerful

D. nasty

40. revolting

A. changing

B. offensive

C. revolving

D. dignifying

41. enigmatical

A. ambitious

B. suspicious

C. puzzling

D. important

42. monstrous

A. surprisingly heavy

B. absolutely clear

C. undoubtedly true

D. shockingly hideous

43. sheer

A. completely

B. thinly

C. thickly

D. densely

44. agonize

A. ease the anger

B. sustain a burden

C. suffer extreme pain

D. establish peace in

45. habitation

A. addiction

B. residence.

C. constitution

D. behaviour

46. bleak

A. barren

B. encouraged

C. exposed to nature

D. helpful

47. disgrace

A. commit to fulfil

B. have responsibility to

C. take the grandeur away from

D. bring shame on

48. gigantic

A. powerless

B. enormous

C. helpless

D. ineffectual

49. cemetery

A. substance

B. building material

C. graveyard

D. commentary

50. convert

A. reverse

B. communicate

C. discuss

D. change

II. Complete the words according to the definitions, the first letter of the word is given:

1. of or relating to humankind; human m

2. the quality or state of being worthy of esteem or respect d

3. thoroughly unpleasant or disagreeable a

4. morally upright; respectable d

5. showing signs of wear and tear; threadbare or worn-out s

6. reverent petition made to God p

7. hard-working; industrious l

8. to become broken down into components; disintegrate. d

9. extraordinary intellectual and creative power g

10. an animal; a beast b

11. lacking awareness; inanimate; unfeeling :i

12. the psychic and emotional energy associated with instinctual biological drives l

13. actual; real g

14. so faintly perceptible as to lack clear delineation; indistinct o

15. the study of the nature of God and religious truth t

16. moral corruption or degradation d

17. a residence, often with a terrace, on the top floor or floors of a building. p

18. the area or type of environment in which an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs h

19. of, relating to, caused by, or affecting life or living organisms b

20. relating to or caused by disease. p

21. to prepare by mixing ingredients c

22. abominable, offensive l

23. continuing without interruption i

24. relating to, characteristic of, or resulting from dogma d

25. suggesting the horror of death and decay m

26. causing consternation or dismay; frightful a

27. making or marked by an extravagant outward show; ostentatious p

28. contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd p

29. a thin greenish layer, usually basic copper sulfate, that forms on copper or copper alloys, such as bronze, as a result of corrosion p

30. to come forth from obscurity e

III. Match the verbs in the left column with the phrases on the right.

1. emerge 1. a deliberate choice

2. give 2. such dreadful things

3. make 3. its obscure and unintelligible demands

(完整版)新人教版Book4Unit2WorkingtheLand课文

Unit 2 Working the land Part I a Pioneer for all People Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping consider s himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggle d for the past five decade s. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field s. Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain. Born in 1930, Dr Yuan graduate d from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953. Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output. At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside. Dr Yuan search ed for a way to increase rice harvest s without expand ing the area of the fields. In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice. In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produce d. These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world’s people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China. Dr Yuan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tool s in the battle to rid the world of hunger. Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. However, he doesn’t care about being famous. He feel s it gives him less freedom to do his research. He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. He enjoy s listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. Spend ing money on himself or lead ing a comfortable life also means very little to him. Indeed, he believe s that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer trouble s. He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture. Just dream ing for things, however, cost s nothing. Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum. Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut. Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people. Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe. One dream is not always enough, especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.

Unit2Workingtheland

Unit2Workingtheland unit 2 working the land teaching aims:1. target languagea.words and phrasessunburn, struggle, super, expand, circulate, equip, export, rid ... of, be satisfied with, lead a ... life, search for, would rather, thanks to, with the hope of, rather than b. important sentencesthis special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields. p10he cares little about spending the money on himself or leading a comfortable life. p102. ability goals enable ss to learn more about agriculture, countryside and farming. by talking they can exchange their experience with each other. by reading they will realize the role that agriculture plays in human life. in fact this world faces a serious problem —starvation. so after reading the passage about dr yuan students will know the importance of his achievement to man. of course they will learn from dr yuan some noble character.3. learning ability goals help ss learn how to describe dr yuan longping including his personality.teaching important points a. help to comprehend the text and grasp the main idea of the text.b. grasp the usage of some words and expressions.c. how to

Unit2 Working the land 教案

Unit2Working the land Teaching objectives 1.Knowledge objectives (1).important words Sunburt.decade.super.output.crop.hunger.disturb.expand.circulate. Vietnam.battle.freedom.therefore.equip.grain.export. (2).important phrases Struggle for, Thanks to, Ri d…of, Be satisfied with, would… rather. (3).important sentence pattern Finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing. 2. Ability objectives Improve students’ reading ability through reading activities. 3. Affective objectives (1) After learning the passage, students are expected to know about Yuan Longping and his quality. (2)Enable students to know Dr Yuan’s key secret to success. Teaching important points 1. List the words .phases and sentences listed above. 2. Enable students to improve their reading comprehension. Teaching difficult points

Unit2《Working_the_land》教案

Unit2 Working the land Period 1 Warming up and pre-reading. Step 1 Lead-in. Poem By Li Shen Farmers weeding at noon,Sweat down the field soon. Who knows food on a tray,Due to their toiling day. Then let one student recite the poem in Chinese. Step 2 Warming up by questioning Hello, everyone. We shall read about man who works the land today. Have you ever grown any plants? If not, what kind of plant would you like to grow? How will you grow it? (For reference: Mr. Li, I worked with my father in the rice field last year. We grow hybrid rice and use animal wastes to make the soil rich.) Has anyone of you ever been to the countryside? What did you do there? (For reference: I went to Chuankou the day before yesterday. It is a small mountain village 75 li n orth of Beijing. I went there to visit my uncle’s family. I like that small beautiful village very much. ) Who are from a farmer’s family? What do you know about farming? Step 3 Pre-reading and talking Questioning and answering Rice is main food in South China. What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?

UnitWorkingtheland练习题及答案

U n i t W o r k i n g t h e l a n d练习题及答案 集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]

Unit 2 Working the land 一. 单词和短语翻译（每小题1分） 1. 发现，发觉 2. 国籍 3. 毕业于 4. 生产，制造 5. 坚持；要求 6. 评论，议论 二. 用所给词的适当形式填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分） 1. It is no use_____________ ( complain ). 2. We succeeded in____________ (finish) the task ahead of time. 3. His ____________ (late) for class made his teacher very angry. 4. John finished_____________ (read) the book yesterday. 5. _____________ (collect) information is very important to businessmen. 6. Tom could not help____________ (jump) when he heard the news. 7. I should say sorry to Kate. I regret____________ (refuse) to help her that day. 8. Everybody was made unhappy because he insisted on____________ (stop) the work. 9. __________ (do) morning exercises is very important to us. 10. It is not worth___________ (see) the movie for the second time. 三. 单词拼写和短语填空。根据下列句子及所缺单词的首字母或汉语意思，写 出单词的正确形式。（共27小题；每空1分，满分31分） 1. A c________ change takes place in paper when it burns. 2. We must r________ ourselves of these old ideas. 3. Not having had food for over forty hours, we were all weak from h_________. 4. The baby is hungry but it is too young to ______ (喂养) itself yet. 5. It was a new form of ________ (细菌) and nobody knew how it would affect humans. 6. The cookies are made from g________ and fruit. 7. Farmers consider rabbits to be p________, because they destroy some crops they grow. 8. The violent film is not s________ for children. 9. This food provides the ________(营养) your dog needs. 10. The average o ________ of the factory is 20 cars a day. 11. Many African children die of h_________ because of lack of food. 12. Sydney's population e__________rapidly in the 1960s. 13. Look, the fish are s__________for survival because the water level has dropped in the lake. 14. Yesterday 1 bought 10 flavors of ice-cream---enough to s______my roommates. 15. I am a bit c _ . Is that her husband or her son she is with

Unit 2 working the land基础测试题

Unit 2 working the land基础测试题 姓名________ 班级__________ 得分______________ 一．单词拼写（每个1分，共15分） 1. He ________________(挣扎) to his feet and dragged slowly ahead. 2. The________________(令人不安的) news made him disturbed. 3. He is ________________(迷惑) about his future. 4. He________________(后悔) that he had missed the lecture by Professor Smith. 5. Water ________________(膨胀) when it freezes. 6. The minister(部长) refused to ________________(作出评论) on this accident. 7. Great changes have taken place in our school in the past two ________________(十年). 8. Over the past half century, using ________________(化学的)fertilizers has become very common in farming. 9. The ________________(发现) of new land made Columbus(哥伦布) world-famous. 10. (饥饿) is the best sauce. 11. Her shoulders were badly (晒伤). 12. Anot her (超级) skyscraper is being built. 13. Manufacturing (产量) has increased by 8%. 14. Farmers produce millions of tons of g to feed the nation. 15. Would you mind writing a s of the passage? About 200 words are OK. 二、完成句子（每个空1分，共30分） 1. 袁隆平认为自己是个农民，因为他在田里耕作，进行科学研究。 Yuan Longping _________ himself ___ _______, for he works the land to do his research. 2. 多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的办法。 ______ ____his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to _____ the world _______hunger. 3. 袁博士很满意他的生活。 Dr Yuan is quite _______ ____ his life. 4. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。 He _________much _________ keep time for his hobbles. 5. 在自己身上花钱或者享受舒适的生活对袁博士来说意义不大。 Spending money on himself or ______ ____ _______ _______ also means very little to him. 6. 事实上，他认为一个人有了太多钱，他的麻烦事只会更多，而不是更少。Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more_______ _______ fewer troubles. 7. 食物中的化学成分会在人体中堆积。 These chemicals in the food supply ______ ___ in people's bodies over time. 8. 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其它疾病。 Many of these chemicals can______ ___ cancer or other illnesses. 9. 农民关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害。

Unit 2 Working the land教案

Unit 2 Working the land教案 Unit 2 Working the land The First Period Reading Teaching goalablleaabout agriculture, countryside and farming. Help Ss learn how to describe Dr Yuan Longping includingalTeaching important and difficula. Held the text and graain ideaxt. b. Grasp the usagwords and exHow to help students leaabout agricultuTeaching methods Talking, qug-and-answering activity and reading. Teaching aids A tader, aand a compuⅠ Greeting and leadingT: Hello, ev: Hello, teaT: In last unit we leagreat women. Today we’ll learn a famous man. Who will it be? Alet’s look at the two pictures on Page 9. What ale doing? Ss: They are plantingT: Can you tellg about rice? S: Rice growu: Bulawe can also findT: Yeah. You are right. In faa cereal grain that has been grown for at least 5,000 years and is eaten by 2.4 billle everyday throughout the world. In Australia, farmers

Workingtheland优秀教案

个人收集整理仅供参考学习 Unit 2 Working the land Period 4 Using language: Extensive reading Teaching aims: I. Topics: Chemical or organic farming II. Useful words and expressions: Chemical, production, bacteria, pest, nutrition, mineral, discovery, focus, soil, reduce, root, skim, underline, summary, comment, build up, lead to, focus on, keep...free from/ of b5E2RGbCAP III. Ability and emotion 1. Develop Ss’ reading skills by extensive reading and enable them to learn how to use different reading skills to read different reading materials.p1EanqFDPw 2. Have Ss tell about modern agriculture and organic farming.DXDiTa9E3d 3. Let Ss have a better understanding of organic farming and pay attention to the quality of food we eat.RTCrpUDGiT Step1 Leading in Ask Ss what they know about organic farming. Collect their ideas on the blackboard. 5PCzVD7HxA Step 2 Skimming Ask Ss to skim the passage and find the main idea of this passage and each paragraph.jLBHrnAILg Paragraph&passage Main idea Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Passage Step 3 Scanning 1 Ask Ss to scan the passage to locate particular information and answer the following questions in Exercise 1 an then fill in the form about the methods and advantages in Exercise 2. xHAQX74J0X Methods of organic farming Advantages of methods 1.Farmers use natural waste from animal. This makes the soil richer in minerals and so more fertile. 1 / 7

高二英语：Working the land教学设计

新修订高中阶段原创精品配套教材 Working the land 教材定制 / 提高课堂效率 /内容可修改 Working the land 教师：风老师 风顺第二中学 编订：FoonShion教育

Working the land unit 2 working the land 核心单词 1. struggle v.挣扎；努力；拼搏；斗争 n. (为争取自由、政治权利等而进行的)斗争，奋斗 常用结构： struggle with与……斗争 struggle for 为争取……而斗争 struggle against与……斗争；为反对……而斗争struggle to do sth. (=make great efforts to do sth.) 努力做某事 struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 she struggled to keep back the tears. 她努力忍住泪水。it was a hard struggle to get my work done on time. 为使工作按时完成, 我做了一番努力。 易混辨析 struggle/fight

struggle指较长时间的、激烈的斗争，往往指肉体及精神上的战斗。 fight意为“搏斗，打斗，打架”，表示“斗争”时，包含体力和勇猛的因素。 高手过招 (1)单项填空 the working people have never stopped their struggle unfair treatment. （XX?01?山西太原五中检测） a. against b. for c. from d. to (2)完成句子（原创） ①我们应当帮助那些仍在为独立而斗争的人们。 we should help those who are still . ②他们得和各种各样的困难作斗争。 they had to . (1)解析：选a。struggle against意为“同……作斗争”；struggle for意为“为了……而斗争”。 (2)①struggling for independence ②struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties 2. expand v.扩大；扩展；增加；增长；（使）膨胀；阐述；使变大常用结构： expand...into...将……扩展/发展成……

Unit 2 Working the land单词讲解

必修四第二单元Working the land 重点单词讲解 1.struggle vt. & vi.斗争；拼搏；努力 struggle with与……斗争；和……一起战斗struggle...for 为争取……而斗争struggle...against与……斗争；为反对……而斗争struggle+不定式，如： A bird was caught in the net and was struggling to get free. 一只鸟被网罩住了，挣扎着想要逃脱。struggle to one’ s feet挣扎着站起来 a life-and-death struggle生死搏斗 struggle还可以作名词，意思是“斗争；搏斗；努力；挣扎；难事”等。如： With a struggle，he controlled his feelings. 他费力地控制住了自己的感情。 2.expand vt. & vi.使变大；伸展；阐述 expand指向四面八方的扩大扩张 extend 强调向某一方向的延长 spread 指消息，疾病，瘟疫等的传播、蔓延，也指把某物铺开，把胳膊张开 【练习】用expand，extend，spread，stretch的适当形式填空。 1). The man _______ the information around. 2). The empire _______ its country in the 16th century. 3). The road builders worked hard to _______ the high way. Keys: 1). spread 2). expanded 3). extend 3.circulate vt. & vi. 循环；流传 【例句】Blood circulates through the body.血液在体内循环。 【考点】1）形容词：circular圆形的；循环的； 名词：circulation循环；流通；发行量； 2）circulation 作“（报纸、杂志等的）发行量”解时，是可数名词。 4.thanks to thanks to 幸亏；由于；因为 1). Thanks to your help, much trouble was saved. 多亏你的帮助, 减少了许多麻烦。 2). Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 多亏这个倒霉天气, 比赛取消了。thanks to 相当于because of /owing to /due to /thanks to /on account of /as a result of 5.rid rid sb./sth. of... 使某人/某物摆脱…… 1). Many people are working hard to rid the world of famine. 很多人在努力使世界不再有饥荒。 2). The dentist rid him of the pain by taking out his bad tooth. 牙科医生把他的坏牙拔掉，使他免除痛苦。[重点用法] rid 短语： be rid of 摆脱get rid of 摆脱；除掉；去掉 rid a house of mice 清除室内老鼠rid oneself of debt 还清债务 [类似用法动词] inform/ warn/ cure sb. of… 通知/警告/治愈某人…… 6.be satisfied with be satisfied with = be content with 对……表示满足或满意 1). I was not satisfied with the result. 我对那个结果感到不满意。 2). You’ve done well at school. I’m very satisfied with you. 你在学校干得不错，我对你很满意。[重点用法] sth. satisfy sb. 某事使某人满意sb. is satisfied with sth. 对……表示满足或满意 be satisfied to do 对做……感到满意be satisfied that clause 对做……感到满意 a satisfied smile 满意的微笑 a satisfied customer 感到满意的顾客 feel a sense of satisfaction感到满足to sb’ s / sth’ s satisfaction 使某人满意的是 far from satisfactory 远远不能令人满足it is satisfying (to do sth) 做某事是令人满意的 a satisfactory explanation / performance令人满意的解释/演出 get/ob tain satisfaction from one’ s work 从自己的工作中得到满足 7.would rather 1). I’ d rather walk than take a bus. 我愿意走路而不愿意坐公共汽车。 2). “Some more wine?” “Thank you, I’ d rather not. I have to drive home.” [重点用法] would rather do A (than do B) = would (prefer to) do A (rather than do B) 宁愿做甲事(而不做乙事） would rather sb. did sth.宁愿某人做某事(从句用虚拟语气) 8.therefore adv.因此, 所以=for that reason=consequently常用于连接两个并列分句，其前加“and”或分号“；”。 1）He was ill, and therefore could not come. 他病了, 所以未能来。 2）He has broken his leg and therefore he can't walk.他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。 3）We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。 9.equip vt. & vi.配备；装备 【考点聚焦】1）名词：equipment n.[u] 装备；设备 常用搭配：office equipment 办公设备sports equipment 运动器械 2）与equip相关的词组：equip with 配备…… 3）equip的过去式和过去分词都是equipped；现在分词是equipping。 10.export vt. & vi.输出；出口

必修4unit2workingtheland词汇讲解及练习

必修4 Unit2 Working the land 1 struggle [?str?gl]vi.搏斗；奋斗；努力；争取n.打斗；竞争；奋斗 【例句】They had to struggle against/with all kinds of difficulties. 他们必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。 After 5 years’ of struggle,people in Wenchuan are living a normal life now.经过五年的努力，现在汶川人民的生活步入了正轨。 【搭配】struggle against/with与……斗争struggle for 为争取……而斗争struggle to do 努力去做struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 a life-and-death struggle生死搏斗 【辨析】battle, war, campaign, struggle, fight 这些名词均有“战斗，战争”之意。 ?battle：侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。 ?war：是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。 ?campaign：通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。 也可作引申用。 ?struggle：指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。 ?fight：最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。 2 hunger [?h??g?(r)] n.饿，饥饿；欲望vt.& vi.（使）饥饿 【例句】His hunger for knowledge drove him to the library. 他对知识的强烈愿望驱使他上图书馆。 These students hunger for new knowledge and ideas. 这些学生渴望学到新知识，获得新思想。 【搭配】have a hunger for 渴望hunger for 渴望得到 【拓展延伸】“渴望得到某物/渴望做某事”的多种表达法归纳如下： hunger for sth. long for sth. hope for sth. wish for sth. be eager for sth. desire sth. hunger to do sth long to do sth hope to do sth wish to do sth be eager to do sth. desire to do sth. 3 expand [?k?sp?nd] vt.使…变大；扩张；详述vi.扩展；发展；张开；展开 【例句】In ten years the city’s population expanded by 12%. 十年之中,该市人口增加了百分之十二。 【搭配】expand...into...将……扩展/发展成……expand on 阐述；详谈 【辨析】expand/extend/spread/stretch expand 意为“展开，扩大”，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。 extend 意为“伸出，延伸”，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度，宽度的向外延伸，也可指时间的延长。 spread 意为“传播；蔓延；铺开”。一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播（疾病），散布（信息）等。 stretch 意为“伸展(身体等)，拉长；连绵”，一般指由曲变直，由短变长的伸展，不是加长。 【拓展延伸】expansion n.展开；膨胀；扩展expansive adj.广阔的；易膨胀的 4rid [r?d] vt.使摆脱，解除，免除 【例句】You are supposed to rid yourself of carelessness,for it often leads to trouble. 你应该