新东方2010年6月英语四级(B卷)真题及答案

长江大学

毕业论文文献综述

题目名称中学挺身式跳远逆向教学法的实验研究院（系）体育学院

专业班级体育教育10801班

学生姓名汤九静

指导教师朱常斌

辅导教师

完成日期2011年6月24日

中学生挺身式跳远逆向教学法的实验研究

学生：汤九静长江大学体育学院

指导教师：朱常斌长江大学体育学院

一、前言

1994年原国家教委制定的《高等教育面向21世纪教学内容和课程体系改革计划》的总目标明确指出了教学改革要走“现代化”的道路。教学方法和手段的改革己不是战术问题而是战略问题。体育教学作为学校教育和学校体育的重要组成部分，教学方法和手段也要不断丰富和发展，其改革也势在必行。传统的体育教学中技术课的主要模式是“示范+讲解+练习”，在教学“现代化”改革的形势下，传统的教学方法和手段必须注入新的血液和内容。体育教学中逆向法的源起：“逆向法”是由钟道隆教授在英语学习中首先提出的。它是一种“以迂为直”的学习方法，可以收到“正向学习”所达不到的效果。“逆向法”最初在英语教学中得到运用和验证，取得了良好的效果。体育教学中“逆向教学法”的不同表述，心理学研究表明，每个人的思维过程都有一个与之相反的思维过程。在这个过程中，存在着正逆向思维的联结。所谓逆向思维，是指和正向思维方向相反而又相互联系的思维过程，即我们通常所说的“倒着想”或“反过来想一想”。逆向思维属于发散性思维的范畴，是一种创造求异思维。我们把这一思维方式运用到体育教学中，从而得出了“逆向教学法”，即按运动结构、特点、先后与常规教学安排相反的顺序进行教学的方法。随着国内外跳远成绩的提高，人们对跳远技术和教学方法有了更深刻地认识和理解。目前，国外还没有特别针对中小学挺身式跳远的教学方法方面的研究。

在国内，“逆向教学法”早已经在健美操、排球、铅球教学中得到广泛的运用，例如：乐玉忠，李丽娜对于排球正面扣球技术逆向教学法的试验研究。著名学者程新年对“逆向”教学法在健美操教学中的运用的研究。邵岗，王云.对逆向教学法”在铅球教学最后用力阶段中的运用的研究。通过研究表明此教学充分调动了学生学习的积极性，刺激了学生的学习欲望，增加了学生练习的趣味性。逆向教学法不仅有利于学生形成清晰的动作概念，充分认识和掌握各组成部分的，而且可以充分发挥学生现有的学习能力，享受运动的乐趣，并加深他们对体育教学的兴趣和理解，从而充分调动学生学习的积极性，逐步培养学生终身体的

意识，使学校体育更好地为素质教育和终身体育服务。跳远项目作为体育教育专业的一门主干课程，也不例外，通过利用逆向教学法与顺序教学法的对比教学，验证逆向教学法在体育教学实践中应用的可行性和研究逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果的积极影响。鉴于教学方法推动素质教育，以及逆向教学法在动作技能掌握中的作用，在中学挺身式跳远逆向教学法的实验研究具有时代意义和实效价值。

二、研究目的和意义

验证逆向教学法在挺身式跳远教学中应用的可行性和研究逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果的积极影响。

当今社会的发展和社会意识的普遍提高及“素质教育”的深入，使中学生个体身心的健康、平衡发展和成长状况备受关注，进一步推动了学校教育教学改革的进行，对体育课教学也提出了更高的要求。随着素质教育的推进，高等教育改革的深化，体育课程的结构也发生了很大变化。虽然体育课的课时一再压缩，但社会对体育教师的技术要求却并未降低，甚至有所提高。解决这一矛盾就需要提高课堂教学的技术含量，而且要在教法上做文章。就目前教育领域的形势来看，人们关注较多地恰好就是教法的探索与研究，因此教学方法也被借鉴到体育教学中。逆向教学法能使学生体验成功的乐趣，提高学生学习的积极性。逆向教学法有利于学生主动性的充分发挥和学生运动技能的掌握，并激发学生的求知欲，从而取得良好的效果。

三、国内外现状和发展趋势与研究的主攻方向

最初，人们采用的是蹲踞式跳远。1920年芬兰运动员图洛斯首先采用挺身式姿势，成绩为7.56米。1931年日本运动员又用挺身式姿势把成绩提高到7.98米。前苏联运动员埃米扬采用挺身式技术动作跳出了8.86米的成绩，这个成绩是目前挺身式跳远的最好成绩。由于挺身式跳远的空中动作，增大了身体围绕横轴旋转的半径，相比蹲踞式空中动作，更有利于克服身体前旋，保持空中身体平衡，因此使跳远成绩有了明显的提高。长期以来，我国男子跳远水平与世界先进水平有着较大的差距。近几年来，虽然有了长足的进步，但拔尖人才匮乏，即使是个别尖子运动员的技术也不够稳定，特别是在一些世界大赛中，不能充分发挥应有的技术水平。1994年原国家教委制定的《高等教育面向21世纪教学内容和课程体

系改革计划》的总目标明确指出了教学改革要走“现代化”的道路。教学方法和手段的改革己不是战术问题而是战略问题。体育教学作为学校教育和学校体育的重要组成部分，教学方法和手段也要不断丰富和发展，其改革也势在必行。传统的体育教学中技术课的主要模式是“示范+讲解+练习”，在教学“现代化”改革的形势下，传统的教学方法和手段必须注入新的血液和内容。体育教学中逆向法的源起：“逆向法”是由钟道隆教授在英语学习中首先提出的。它是一种“以迂为直”的学习方法，可以收到“正向学习”所达不到的效果。“逆向法”最初在英语教学中得到运用和验证，取得了良好的效果。体育教学中“逆向教学法”的不同表述，心理学研究表明，每个人的思维过程都有一个与之相反的思维过程。在这个过程中，存在着正逆向思维的联结。所谓逆向思维，是指和正向思维方向相反而又相互联系的思维过程，即我们通常所说的“倒着想”或“反过来想一想”。逆向思维属于发散性思维的范畴，是一种创造求异思维。我们把这一思维方式运用到体育教学中，从而得出了“逆向教学法”，即按运动结构、特点、先后与常规教学安排相反的顺序进行教学的方法。随着国内外跳远成绩的提高，人们对跳远技术和教学方法有了更深刻地认识和理解。目前，国外还没有特别针对中小学挺身式跳远的教学方法方面的研究。

在国内，“逆向教学法”早已经在健美操、排球、铅球教学中得到广泛的运用，例如：乐玉忠，李丽娜对于排球正面扣球技术逆向教学法的试验研究。著名学者程新年对“逆向”教学法在健美操教学中的运用的研究。邵岗，王云.对逆向教学法”在铅球教学最后用力阶段中的运用的研究。通过研究表明此教学充分调动了学生学习的积极性，刺激了学生的学习欲望，增加了学生练习的趣味性。逆向教学法不仅有利于学生形成清晰的动作概念，充分认识和掌握各组成部分的，而且可以充分发挥学生现有的学习能力，享受运动的乐趣，并加深他们对体育教学的兴趣和理解，从而充分调动学生学习的积极性，逐步培养学生终身体育的意识，使学校体育更好地为素质教育和终身体育服务。跳远项目作为体育教育专业的一门主干课程，也不例外，通过利用逆向教学法与顺序教学法的对比教学，验证逆向教学法在体育教学实践中应用的可行性和研究逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果的积极影响。鉴于教学方法推动素质教育，以及逆向教学法在动作技能掌握中的作用，在中学挺身式跳远逆向教学法的实验研究具有时代意义和实效价值。

四、主要研究内容

本课题属于社会实践研究，总结专家对逆向教学方法的观点，利用逆向教学法与顺序教学法的对比教学，对学生的考核成绩、课堂的学习气氛和学生的掌握情况进行比较，从而验证逆向教学法在体育教学实践中应用的可行性和逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果所产生的积极影响。

主要内容包括以下几点：

1、逆向教学法对学生的考核成绩是否有显著作用。

2、逆向教学法是否能提高课堂的学习气氛。

3、逆向教学法是否能改善学生的掌握情况。

4、逆向教学法是否更符合动作技能形成的规律和跳远技术的原则。

5、逆向教学法的教学效果是否明显优于传统教学。

五、总结

通过研究表明此教学充分调动了学生学习的积极性，刺激了学生的学习欲望，增加了学生练习的趣味性。逆向教学法不仅有利于学生形成清晰的动作概念，充分认识和掌握各组成部分的，而且可以充分发挥学生现有的学习能力，享受运动的乐趣，并加深他们对体育教学的兴趣和理解，从而充分调动学生学习的积极性，逐步培养学生终身体育的意识，使学校体育更好地为素质教育和终身体育服务。跳远项目作为体育教育专业的一门主干课程，也不例外，通过利用逆向教学法与顺序教学法的对比教学，验证逆向教学法在体育教学实践中应用的可行性和研究逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果的积极影响。

利用逆向教学法与顺序教学法的对比教学，对学生的考核成绩、课堂的学习气氛和学生的掌握情况进行比较，从而验证逆向教学法在体育教学实践中应用的可行性和逆向教学法对跳远技术教学效果所产生的积极影响。

参考文献

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