英语文献翻译文档
The literature review (domestic and foreign research and development trend of the current situation)
1. Domestic wastewater treatment technology
1.1 AB Applied Technology for Wastewater Biological Treatment
Wastewater Treatment Technology AB (the AB process) is the adsorption - process referred to as biodegradable. AB Technology have developed rapidly in recent years, and applied to much urban sewage treatment plants. Proved through practice, AB conventional activated sludge process and f method compared to the efficiency, operation stability, project investment and operation cost, etc. all have distinctive features.
AB two activated sludge process is divided into segments A and B section, a section of the adsorption section, B section for the biological oxidation section. AB A process has a major section of the aeration tank structure, intermediate sedimentation tank, B section of the aeration tank and secondary sedimentation tank, usually without a settling tank, the A section as well as processing system. A segment and the segment has a separate sludge return system, so has its own unique microbial populations, is conducive to the stability of system functions.
The basic principles of AB Process: A section of continuous inoculation from the sewer system in the pipe network system has survived the number of bacteria, which can be viewed as the drainage system in the middle of a huge reactor, in which a large number of bacteria surviving , continue to proliferate but also to adapt to, out of the process of optimization, etc., thus able to develop adaptive and active microbial communities are strong. This process does not set a settling tank, so that all microorganisms in raw wastewater into the system, so that A section of a biological dynamics of open systems.
A section of high load, is conducive to the proliferation of fast growth and
reproduction of microorganisms, and can only survive here is strong resistance to impact load the prokaryotic bacteria and other microorganisms can not survive. A section of the treated waste water, BOD removal of 40 to 70 percent, also improved biodegradability, is conducive to the work of B segments.
A section of the sludge production rate was higher adsorption capacity, heavy metals, refractory material and nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients such as to pass through the sludge adsorption, and have been removed.
A section on organic removal, mainly by the flock adsorption, biological degradation accounts for only about 1 / 3, due to the dominant role of physical and chemical effects, therefore, a paragraph of toxic substances in wastewater, pH, organic loading and temperature have certain adaptability.
Section B Section A of the reaction is based on the normal work, including a section of the adsorption of organic compounds is very important. B section of the biological system is mainly composed of long generations of eukaryotic microbial composition, and according to specific process conditions change. Section B accepted the basic stability of water quality and quantities are, almost without regard to the impact load, to give full play to purification. A section of the function with the addition of nitrogen, BOD / N value decreased, therefore, B segment with the nitrification process conditions.
1.2 SBR Biological Treatment for Wastewater Applications
Sequencing batch (intermittent) activated sludge process (Sequencing Batch Reactor), referred to as the SBR in recent years widespread attention at home and abroad is the growing number of nuclear research of a wastewater treatment process, and a number of production units are already in operation, with a range of better than conventional activated sludge characteristics.
At present, SBR process is mainly used in urban sewage and industrial waste water (mainly MSG, beer, pharmaceuticals, coke, food, paper, printing and dyeing, washing, dressing, etc.) processing.
SBR process is a certain order by the intermittent operation of the SBR reactor operation composed. SBR process a complete operation, that each SBR reactor
operation when the waste water treatment, including five phases: fill, reaction, sedimentation, water, idle. SBR's methods to intermittent operation of the operating condition as the main feature.
SBR process operation and convenient operation, the reactor is in descending order in space, intermittent; in time is arranged in sequence, and intermittent.
1.3 Applications for Wastewater Biological Treatment
Since the 70s of the 20th century, people in the anaerobic / aerobic phosphorus removal system and the anoxic / aerobic nitrogen removal system based on the principle, also proposed sewage treatment system, will combine the two systems, the sewage through anaerobic ( Anaerobic), anoxic and aerobic (Anoxic) and aerobic (Oxen) three biological treatment processes (referred to as 2A/ O), to achieve simultaneous removal of BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus purposes. The primary functions of anaerobic phosphorus release, while part of the organic matter ammonification. The primary function of anoxic denitrification, nitrate is through the inner loop sent by the aerobic reactor, a mixture of a large amount of circulating , usually 2Q (Q-raw sewage flow). Aerobic stage is multifunctional, remove organic matter, phosphorus digestion and absorption of other items are reflected in this paragraph. These three reactions are important, the mixture containing NO3-N, the sludge containing excess phosphorus, The water in the BOD (or COD) removal were obtained. 2Q mixture flow back from the anoxic reactor here
1.4 The conventional activated sludge biological wastewater treatment Conventional activated sludge, also known as habit or known traditional aeration activated sludge, was the first use of a sludge method.
In the normal operation of the conventional activated sludge aeration tank, the aeration tank Qiduan, return activated sludge with boiling water once fully mixed, activated sludge from wastewater in a large number of organic matter. Since then F / M is relatively high, so the growth rate of microbial growth generally increased in the late stages of decline or growth rate of stage. As the organic matter in the aeration tank mixed liquor continuously along the length of the oxidation pond and the continuous synthesis of microbial cells, continue to lower the concentration of organic
matter in water, F / M become smaller and smaller, to the end of the pond, the growth of microorganisms have entered the endogenous metabolism period. Because the conventional activated sludge aeration time longer, you can more organic adsorption and purification, and the aeration tank effluent species of microorganisms have entered the endogenous metabolism of, their activities had diminished capacity, easy to precipitate in the sedimentation tank. After the waste water into the sedimentation tank, where almost all organic matter is "eaten" by the storage of microbial cells become depleted of material, which is hungry activated sludge activity has been fully restored, back to the aeration tank After a good adsorption capacity and oxidation of organic matter. So the conventional activated sludge process of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids removal efficiency was very high, about 90 to 95 percent. Achieve this high removal efficiency, commonly known as "full treatment." If you do not need such high processing requirements, to reduce the amount of return sludge and shorten the aeration time, the so-called "part of the deal."
1.5 Application of oxidation ditch technology biological wastewater treatment Activated sludge oxidation ditch is a variant, the aeration tank ditches that were closed type, the mixture of sewage and activated sludge in which the cycle of continuous flow, therefore, also known as the "ring aeration Pool "," No end of the aeration system. " Crushed out of wood is widely used in the oxidation ditch types include: Pascal Weil (Passover) oxidation ditch and Carrousel (Carrousel) oxidation ditch, Auber (Orbal) oxidation ditch, T-type oxidation ditch (c oxidation ditch), DE-type oxidation ditch oxidation ditch and integration.
1.5.1 Carrousel oxidation ditch
Carrousel oxidation ditch is the DHV from the Netherlands in 1967, the company developed. Carrousel oxidation ditch in the original basis, DHV Company and the United States patent licensing company has invented a Carrousel2000 EIMCO system to achieve a higher demand for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal capabilities.
Carrousel oxidation ditch aeration and agitation devices using directional, relative to the level of the mixture speed of delivery, so that the mixture was stirred in the
oxidation ditch circulating within the closed channels. Therefore, oxidation ditch has a special hydraulic flow pattern, both completely mixed reactor characteristics; there are plug-flow reactors, the characteristics of trench obvious dissolved oxygen concentration gradient. Oxidation ditch with rectangular or trapezoidal cross section, flat shape of the oval, the trench depth is generally 2.5 to 4.5 meters, width to depth ratio of 2:1, has a water depth of 7m, the average speed of water flow in ditch 0.3 meter per second. Mixed oxidation ditch aeration equipment surface aerators, aeration the brush or wheel, jet aerator conduit and riser-type aerator and so on, there is water in recent years with the use of thrusters.
1.5.2 Orbal oxidation ditch
Orbal oxidation ditch are generally composed of three concentric oval channel, water channel from the outside to enter, and return sludge mixture into the middle of the channel from the outside and then into the channel within the channel, then the channel to loop up to tens of hundreds of times. Finally, the adjustable weir flows by the Center for the door out of the island, and to the settling tank. Installed in each channel have a different number of levels across the switch to disk aerator, both support a strong push for Liu stirring. Outside the channel volume of the volume of the total oxidation of 50 to 55 percent, control of dissolved oxygen concentration tends to 0, and efficient completion of the main oxidation; the middle of the channel capacity is generally 25 to 30 percent, control of dissolved oxygen concentration in the 1.0mg / L is about , as a "swing-channel", can play outside the channel or the channel of the reinforcement; the total volume of the channel's volume is about 15 to 20 percent, requiring a higher concentration of dissolved oxygen (2.0 Milligrams per liter),to ensure a higher organic matter and ammonia nitrogen removal.
Orbal oxidation ditch scope: Orbal oxidation ditch generally applies to 20 ×104 Cubic meters per day's following scale municipal sewage treatment plants, especially recommended for small and medium-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant.
1.5.3 Pasveer oxidation ditch
Pasveer oxidation ditch is a continuous oxidation ditch sewage treatment system,
with points built secondary sedimentation tank. Raw sewage directly into the grid through the oxidation ditches, and ditches the sludge mixture in the mix. Oxidation ditch is a trench-shaped runway. Ditch on the installation of one or more aeration, aeration to promote the mixture circulating in the trench, the average flow rate maintained at 0.3m / s or more, the activated sludge in suspension and oxygenation. Mixture road and Sheen pool is for dewatering. Part of the secondary settling tank sludge and surface scum back into the oxidation ditch, sludge is relatively stable, the concentration can be directly after the dehydration of sludge after the storage pool to be further processed.
1.5.4 Three oxidation ditch
Three oxidation ditch is a Kruger company has developed a new biological nitrogen removal process. The system has set up three identical oxidation ditches to run together as a unit, both between the three oxidation ditches connected. At run time, both sides of the A, C alternately for the two pool aeration tank and settling tank. The middle of the B pool has been maintained aeration, water alternately into a pool or C pool, C pool of water or from the corresponding a pool leads. This increases the utilization rate of aeration the brush, is also beneficial to biological nitrogen removal. Three oxidation ditches with each pool are available for sewage and circulation (mixing) of the brush, the import of each pool were associated with treatment by the grid and the grit chamber and connected via the effluent. Regulating the distribution of water and effluent weir completely controlled by the biological filter unit of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment is the main purpose of the unit operation. Biological filter is a biofilm. Biological filter are generally made of reinforced concrete or masonry, horizontal cross-section mostly round, square or rectangle, which forms the specific use, depending on the type of replenishment device. Biological filter structure consists of the filter bed, drainage and water installment of three parts.
1.6 Biological filter purification mechanism
Placed in a fixed biological filter media, water flow in the biological filter constantly in touch with the media, microorganisms reproduce in the filter surface to
form a biofilm. Adsorption of wastewater microorganisms suspended, colloidal and dissolved substances, the sewage purification. Biofilm has a larger surface area, with strong oxidation ability. In the biofilm, microbial growth and reproduction, death loss, the cycle and maintain the good biofilm purification.
When the membrane is thicker, and reach a certain thickness, the oxygen in the air quickly consume the microbial biofilm surface is difficult to penetrate the inner membrane, resulting in close to the inner layer of the biofilm formation due to lack of oxygen anaerobic state, so that weakened the adhesion of the biofilm, and produce organic acids, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and other anaerobic decomposition products, sometimes with the smell of the water quality of water, and sometimes may even Biological filter cause the growth of biofilm filter clogging.
Operating system is basically a primary sedimentation tank, biological filter, secondary sedimentation tank of three parts.
1.6.1 High Load biological filter
High load biological filter media used in a larger particle size, typically only 40 to 100 mm, high porosity, can prevent filter clogging and improve the ventilation capacity. Media generally use the gravel, quartz stone, granite; plastic filter can also be used.
Commonly used high-load rotary biological filter water distributor, a water standpipe and rotating horizontal tubes, water distribution, for round and variability of the biological filter.
1.6.2 Biological filter tower
Biological filter tower along the height into the general construction of the tower, at the set in a hierarchical grid, the filter loading Stratification burden. Multi-media selection use light filter mostly, such as light weight, high specific surface area and porosity of the synthetic filter media.
Water tower biological filter cloth rotating device to use more water distributor, a water standpipe and rotating horizontal tubes, water distribution, the available motor, the reaction can also be driven by the water. Some small tower biological filter to use more water distribution system nozzles, but also can be porous sieve tubes and
splashing water.
1.6.3 Biological filter fluidized bed reactor
In recent years, biological fluidized bed technology for the digestion and increasing reports of denitrification. Biological fluidized bed technique is an in stream of water through the state and the growth of biofilm attached to the particle bed, is the matrix of waste water dispersed in the bed biofilm with contacts to get the lift. Biological fluidized bed reactor with a volume load of high mass transfer speed, strong impact, small footprint, stable operation and so on. Biological fluidized bed includes the good support and the anaerobic fluidized bed.
1.6.4 RBC purifying method
RBC method is water in a semi-quiescent state, the disk of microbial growth in the dial, the dial slowly in the waste water continue to rotate to approach contact with each other. Disk body and turn waste water and air contact, micro-organisms from the air intake of the necessary oxygen, and biological pollutants in wastewater oxidation and decomposition. Biofilm thickness and the concentration of raw water treatment and the nature of substrate, about 0.1 to 0.5mm, the outer disk attached to the film, aerobic and anaerobic biofilm, and biofilm activity of recession cut the wheel rotation under the action of shear force and loss.
RBC is also a group of rational use of natural microbial metabolism in the physiological function of the biological treatment of organic waste water purification method, the principle and the biological filter is similar to the oxidation of organic matter with much decomposition, nitrification and denitrification capabilities.
1.6.5 Biological contact oxidation
Biological contact oxidation method is a range of activated sludge and biological filter process between the biofilm. Contact oxidation tanks with filler, some form of micro-organisms to sessile biofilm growth in the filler surface, part is the growth of flocculent suspended in the water.
Microbial bio-contact oxidation method often required oxygen supply by artificial aeration. Biofilm growth to a certain thickness, nearly filling the walls of microorganisms to lack of oxygen to anaerobic metabolism, resulting in the formation
of the gas and the scouring action of aeration will cause the shedding of biofilm, and to promote the growth of new membrane to form a biofilm metabolism. Biofilm will flow off the tank everywhere outside. General biological contact oxidation pool to be set before the primary sedimentation tank to remove suspended solids and reduce the load of biological contact oxidation; biological contact oxidation tank is located after the secondary settling tank to remove entrained water biofilm, water quality assurance system.
Now developed a number of continuous improvement of the water inlet of a continuous SBR process.
1.7.1 Process
With the city's water sewage and industrial waste water \ water quality and the changing requirements of environmental laws on water quality continues to improve, which may be less and less use of land resources, which requires sewage treatment system must not only have great flexibility and need to save as much as possible sites. Process is to adapt to the needs of these areas developed an advanced sewage treatment process. It combines the traditional SBR activated sludge process and the advantages of integrated design not only have the main characteristics of SBR process, but also as to the conventional activated sludge under continuous operation at a constant level. Operating Condition and its three oxidation ditches similar to the continuous water for continuous water treatment process. The study and application of technology has become an efficient, affordable, flexible and sophisticated sewage treatment process.
Process is a rectangular body shape, which is divided into three equal rectangular unit cells, adjacent to openings between the unit cells separated by a public wall, so that the hydraulic unit cell relative to each other through. All the three units each in the pools with a aeration diffusion device. Outside of which has twin functions of the two pools, both for the aeration tank, it did the sedimentation tank; two pool also has a fixed weir and the sludge discharge, with water and sludge to make emissions. Intermediate pool is always used to do aeration tank. Sewage into the system through the intake timing control can be divided into three rectangular pool were any one pool.
1.7.2 CASS / CAST / CASP process
Cyclic activated sludge (Cyclic Activated Sludge System / Technology / Process) in the mode of operation, the precipitate phase is not water, drainage and stability are guaranteed. He is the use of different microorganisms in the growth rate under different load conditions, different mechanisms and wastewater biological nutrient removal, biological Selector SBR reactor with the traditional product of the combination, the operation of the CAST is generally divided into three areas: one area for microbial selection; II for the anoxic zone; three areas for the aerobic zone, the district is generally the volume ratio of 1 to 5 to 30.
This process combines the plug-flow activated sludge completely mixed initial reaction conditions and the advantages of activated sludge, specifically the main process is simple, construction and equipment investment is small; to good water quality buffer , water fluctuations, flexible operation; nitrification, denitrification full, nitrogen and phosphorus removal to achieve a good effect. CAST pre-set reaction zone and sludge measures to ensure the return of activated sludge in continuous experience in the selection of a high floc load stage, the growth of beneficial bacteria flocculation and improve sludge activity, making it quick and easy removal of wastewater degradation of soluble substrates, and further inhibit the growth and reproduction of filamentous fungi.
1.7.3 ICEAS process
Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration Process (Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System) is characterized by the influent in the reactor and the reaction zone an additional, continuous operation mode for the influent, intermittent drainage, no obvious reaction stage and idle phases. The advantage is in dealing with municipal sewage and industrial waste water costs more than the traditional province of SBR, the water better. Drawback is that water runs through the whole cycle of precipitation in the main reaction zone of the bottom water caused by hydraulic flocculation, which could affect the separation time, so water is limited, and the capacity utilization is low, generally not more than 60%, nitrogen and phosphorus removal general.
1.7.4 IDEA Process
Intermittent drainage extended aeration process (Intermittently Decanted Extended Aeration) to maintain the advantages of CAST, a continuous feed operation mode, intermittent aeration, periodic drainage form. Compared with the CAST, pre-reaction zone to the main structure and the separation of SBR pre-mixed pool, and part of the sludge back into the pre-reaction cell, and use the central water. Pre-mixed pool could be established so that sewage load in the high floc have a longer residence time to ensure that the choice of high bacterial flocculation.
1.7.5 DAT-IAT Process
ICEAS volume utilization is not high, the equivalent of aeration equipment idle for a period of time, in order to improve the reaction tank and equipment utilization, the development of DAT-IAT (Demand Aeration Tank-Intermittent Aeration Tank) process. DAT-IAT process of the main structures in the aerobic tank (DAT), intermittent aeration tanks (IAT) form, under normal circumstances, DAT continuous water continuous aeration, the water from entering IAT, aeration and sedimentation in the completion. Decanter and remove sludge process. Through the grille and the settling ponds of treated wastewater into the DAT, after an initial biochemical quiet as IAT, due to continuous aeration played a role in water balance, improve the stability of the whole project, water process occurs only in DAT, the drainage process is only occurred in the IAT, so that the whole biological system can be further enhanced adjustability is beneficial biodegradable organic matter, part of the sludge has IAT back to the DAT. This process is suitable for relatively large changes in water quality and quantity of the region.
1.7.6 MSBR
Modified Sequencing Batch Reactor MSBR (Modified Sequencing Batch Reactor), the shape is usually designed as a rectangle, divided into three main parts: Two alternating aeration sequencing batch cell and the cell. Main aeration grid to keep the entire operation cycle of continuous aeration, during each half cycle, the two alternating sequence, respectively, as the SBR batch cell pool and clarifier, which is essentially the 2A/ O process and SBR process in series made way for continuous running water continuous water.
MSBR process is considered to be intensive in the current high level, while the biological function of nitrogen and phosphorus removal wastewater treatment process. From the system's reliability, civil engineering, total installed capacity, energy efficiency, reduce operating costs and other aspects of land conservation point of view, have the advantage. MSBR not set the primary sedimentation tank, secondary sedimentation tank, and in continuous operation under constant water level. Single cell multi-cell mode, without continuous flow process also eliminates the need for more and more pool connection pipes, pumps and valves.
This integration process is characterized by simple process, as only a reaction cell, no secondary sedimentation tank, return sludge and equipment, under normal circumstances no regulation pool, in most cases the primary sedimentation tank can be avoided, so saving accounts land and investment, resistance to shock loading and flexible operation mode can be arranged from time aeration, anoxic and anaerobic different states, to achieve the purpose of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. But because each pool requires aeration and water distribution systems, the use of Decanter and control system, a large head loss intermittent drainage, the pool's capacity utilization rate is not ideal, and therefore, in general, and not suitable for large-scale urban sewage treatment plant.
1.8 Anaerobic biological
1.8.1 Anaerobic filter
Anaerobic filter is equipped with a filter in the anaerobic bioreactor. For example, anaerobic filter effluent, and filter contacts the surface of micro-organisms, organic pollutants in wastewater by microorganisms in the interception, adsorption and decomposition in order to achieve the purpose of purification.
Anaerobic biological filter media in the microbial community in the biofilm formed on the surface, In addition, the microbial community in the filter also form aggregates in the form of suspension. Anaerobic filter higher organic loading, hydraulic retention time can be shortened. Reactor teams ability to adapt to toxic substances in the water strong, strong resistance to shock loading capacity, changes in water quantity and the larger case load, the reaction may be more stable operation.
1.8.2 Anaerobic Digester
Anaerobic digester is an anaerobic biological treatment method. Anaerobic biological treatment process can also be referred to as anaerobic digestion; the reaction process is in anaerobic conditions, a variety of microbial decomposition of organic matter to produce methane and carbon dioxide in the process.
Anaerobic biological treatment process according to the reaction steps can be divided into three stages: hydrolysis stage, the acid phase, methane production phase.
1.8.3 Baffle reactor, anaerobic baffled
Anaerobic baffle reactor baffle is in the 20th century, the early 80s in anaerobic rotating biological reactor developed based on the improvement of a new high rate anaerobic reactor. The reactor has a simple structure due to the sludge retention ability, and stability advantages attracted the attention of many researchers. In the biological treatment of wastewater, the hydraulic characteristics of the reactor, biological characteristics and shock load capacity of the reactor is an important factor in treatment effect, but also an important measure of reactor performance indicators.
1.8.4 up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
UASB is the up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor for short. Upper part UASB reactor gas, solid and liquid phase separator, the lower layer is set to the sludge suspension and the sludge bed zone area. Sewage flows from the bottom of the reactor, to the reactor to the top of the upwelling flow, solid-liquid mixture separation in the sedimentation area, the sludge itself back to the sludge bed zone. UASB reactor sludge bed area can maintain a high sludge concentration; sludge granulation can be achieved with good settling ability and high methane activity.
UASB basic principles: UASB reactor during operation contains a very complex process of biochemical reactions. There are a variety of anaerobic microorganisms reaction participated in the transformation of organic pollutants in the metabolic process, and ultimately of pollutants into the final product. Participate in reactions including anaerobic hydrolysis - fermentation bacteria, acetic acid of bacteria and methane bacteria. UASB reactor biotransformation reactions and precipitation concentrated in one, compact structure. Wastewater from the water distribution
system is from the bottom of the reactor to enter through the reaction zone through the air, solid and liquid phase into the settling zone after separation. Gas, solid, liquid separation, the methane collected from the gas chamber, and then there is gas to the gas cabinet. Precipitation from the precipitation area of solid return on their own after the reaction zone, and the treated water after precipitation discharged from the tank. UASB reactor without mixing equipment rose water and methane gas produced by mixing sufficient to meet the requirements.
2. Activated Sludge Process Development
2.1 Membrane Application in Water Treatment and Development
60 years of the 20th century, the first American scholars to the activated sludge process and membrane separation technologies used in wastewater treatment and removal of organic pollutants, the membrane bioreactor can effectively extend the sludge solids retention time, increase the sludge concentration immediately attracted wide attention from scholars in the field of water treatment. Now the world has more than 1,000 membrane bioreactor in operation, and there are many in the construction. MBR features: ① Separation membrane can be effectively suspended solids, so you can maximize trapped in the activated sludge bioreactor. ②Membrane bioreactor system in the low F / M under the conditions of operation, the sludge production rate is far lower than the traditional method, so that sludge disposal costs will be greatly reduced, thereby reducing the overall wastewater treatment costs. ③A substantial extension of sludge retention time, and monocytogenes can nitrated or nitro sated longer generation time and effective micro-organisms remain in the bioreactor, so Why bioreactor system better than traditional methods nitrogen and phosphorus removal ability. ④ the membrane bioreactor volume was reduced and the need to set the required secondary sedimentation tank, the membrane bioreactor system for the area much smaller than the conventional method, the land use tensions in some areas of the feasibility of building higher than the traditional method. ⑤ Compared with the traditional wears, membrane fouling has been a bioreactor system is difficult to overcome. It increases the resistance of the membrane, water permeability decreased, seriously affected the membrane bioreactor system for treatment effect, become a
limited membrane bioreactor system for the main obstacle to wider use.
2.2 Application of molecular biotechnology
Molecular Enhancement Technology is a wastewater treatment system through the direct investment in Canada from natural selection of the dominant bacteria or produced by recombinant DNA technology and efficient strains to improve the capacity of the original processing system, to one or one of a class or a removal of harmful substances in terms of the purpose of improving the performance of environmental biotechnology. Molecular Enhancement Technology bioremediation and general portfolio management technology in wastewater treatment has demonstrated its unique role. It has the following features: ①To improve the removal of refractory pollutants; ②Increase of nitrogen and phosphorus removal;
③To improve the performance of activated sludge; ④To speed up system startup, and enhance resistance to shock loading capability and system Stability ⑤Simple and easy to manage, but it is also applied to many problems in practice.
文献综述（国内外相关研究现况和发展趋向）
1.国内外污水处理技术
1.1 AB法污水生物处理应用技术
AB法污水处理工艺（简称AB工艺）是吸附-生物降解工艺的简称。AB工艺在近年来得到迅速的发展，并应用到许多城市污水处理厂。通过实践证明，AB工艺与传统的活性污泥f法相比，在处理效率、运行稳定性、工程投资和运行费用等方面都具有明显的特点。
AB工艺是两段活性污泥工艺，分为A段和B段，A段为吸附段，B段为生物氧化段。AB工艺的主要构筑物有A段曝气池、中间沉淀池、B段曝气池和二沉池等，通常不设出沉池，以A段为以及处理系统。A段和段拥有各自独立的污泥回流系统，因此有各自独特的微生物种群，有利于系统功能的稳定。
AB工艺基本原理：A段连续不断地从排水管网系统接种在管网系统中已存活的大量的细菌，对此，可以把排水系统看成是一个巨大的中间反应器，其中存活大量的细菌，而且还不断的进行增殖、适应、淘汰、优选等过程，从而能够培育出适应性和活性都很强的微生物群体。本工艺不设出沉池，使原废水中的微生物全部进入系统，使A段成为一个开放性的生物动力学系统。
A段负荷较高，有利于增殖速度快的微生物生长繁殖，而且在这里成活的只能是抗冲击负荷能力强的原核细菌，其他微生物都不能存活。废水经A段处理后，BOD去除40～70℅；可生化性也有所提高，有利于B段的工作。
A段污泥产率较高，吸附能力强，重金属、难降解物质以及氮、磷等植物性营养物质等，都可以通过污泥的吸附作用，而得到去除。
A段对有机物的去除，主要是靠污泥絮体的吸附作用，生物降解作用只占1/3左右，由于物理化学作用占主导作用，因此，A段对污水中的有毒物质、pH 值、有机负荷以及温度的变化具有一定的适应性。
B段的各项反应是以A段的正常工作为基础的，其中A段对有机物的吸附作用是非常重要的。B段的生物系统主要由世代期长的真核微生物组成，并根据具体工艺情况有所变化。B段接受的污水水质水量都基本稳定，几乎不用考虑冲击负荷，得以充分发挥净化功能。由于A段具有除氮的功能，BOD/N值有所降
低，因此，B段具有进行硝化反应的工艺条件。
1.2 SBR法污水生物处理应用技术
序批式（间歇）活性污泥法（Sequencing Batch Reactor）,简称SBR是近年来在国内外被引起广泛重视核研究日趋增多的一种废水处理工艺，且目前已有一些生产装置在运行中，具有一系列优于传统活性污泥法的特点。
目前，SBR工艺主要应用在城市污水和工业废水（主要有味精、啤酒、制药、焦化、餐饮、造纸、印染、洗涤、屠宰等）的处理领域。
SBR工艺是由按一定顺序间歇操作运行的SBR反应器组成的。SBR工艺的一个完整的操作过程，亦即每个SBR反应器在处理废水时的操作过程包括五个阶段：进水、反应、沉淀、出水、闲置。SBR法的运行工况以间歇操作为主要特征。
SBR工艺运行操作方便，反应器在空间上是按序排列、间歇的；在时间上也是按次序排列的、间歇的。
1.3 A2/O法
20世纪70年代以来，人们在厌氧/好氧除磷系统和缺氧/好氧脱氮系统原理的基础上，又提出了A2/O污水处理系统，即将两个系统组合起来，使污水经过厌氧（Anaerobic）、缺氧及好氧（Anoxic）及好氧（Oxic）三个生物处理过程（简称A2/O），达到同时去除BOD、氮、磷的目的。厌氧段的首要功能是释放磷,同时部分有机物进行氨化.缺氧段的首要功能是脱氮,硝态氮是通过内循环由好氧反应器送来的，循环的混合液量较大，一般为2Q(Q—原污水流量)。好氧段是多功能的，去除有机物，消化和吸收磷等项反映都在本段进行。这三项反应都是重要的，混合液中含有NO3-N，污泥中含有过剩的磷，而污水中的BOD(或COD)则得到去除。流量为2Q的混合液从这里回流缺氧反应器。
1.4 普通活性污泥法
普通活性污泥法，又称习惯曝气或称传统活性污泥法，是最早使用的一种污泥方法。在正常运行的普通活性污泥法曝气池中，在曝气池起端，回流的活性污泥与沸水立刻得到充分混合，活性污泥将大量吸附废水中的有机物。由于这时F/M比较高，所以微生物生长一般处于生长率上升阶段后期或生长率下降阶段。
随着曝气池混合液中有机物沿池长的不断被氧化及微生物细胞的不断合成，水中的有机物浓度不断降低，F/M越来越小，到了池子末端，微生物的生长已进入内源代谢期。因为普通活性污泥法的曝气时间比较长，可以吸附和净化更多的有机物，而且曝气池出水种微生物已进入内源代谢期，它们的活动能力减弱了，容易在沉淀池中沉淀。废水进入沉淀池后，其中的有机物几乎已全被“吃掉”，微生物细胞内所贮存的物质也变得空乏，这种处于饥饿状态的活性污泥已充分恢复了活性，回流到曝气池后，具有良好的吸附和氧化有机物的能力。所以普通活性污泥法对生化需氧量和悬浮物的去除效率均很高，达到90～95％左右。达到这样高的去除效率，一般称之为“完全处理”。如果处理要求不需要这样高，可以减少回流污泥量和缩短曝气时间，进行所谓的“部分处理”。
1.5 氧化沟
氧化沟是活性污泥法的一种改型，其曝气池是呈封闭的沟渠型，污水和活性污泥的混合液在其中进行不断的循环流动，因此，又被称为“环形曝气池”，“无终端的曝气系统”。广泛的氧化沟类型包括：帕斯韦尔（Pasveer）氧化沟、卡鲁塞尔（Carrousel）氧化沟、奥贝尔（Orbal）氧化沟、T型氧化沟（三沟式氧化沟）、DE型氧化沟和一体化氧化沟。
1.5.1 Carrousel氧化沟
Carrousel氧化沟是1967年由荷兰的DHV公司开发研制的。在原Carrousel 氧化沟的基础上，DHV公司和美国的专利特许公司EIMCO又发明了Carrousel2000系统，实现了更高要求的生物脱氮和除磷功能。
Carrousel氧化沟使用定向曝气和搅动装置，相混合液传递水平速度，从而使被搅动的混合液在氧化沟闭合渠道内循环流动。因此氧化沟具有特殊的水力学流态，既有完全混合式反应器的特点，又有推流式反应器的特点，沟内存在明显的溶解氧浓度梯度。氧化沟断面为矩形或梯形，平面形状多为椭圆形，沟内水深一般为2.5～4.5m,宽深比为2：1，亦有水深达7m的，沟中水流平均速度为0.3m/s。氧化沟曝气混合设备有表面曝气机、曝气转刷或转盘、射流曝气器导管式曝气器和提升管式曝气机等，近年来配合使用的还有水流推动器。
1.5.2 Orbal氧化沟
Orbal氧化沟一般有三个同心椭圆形沟道组成，污水由外沟道进入，与回流
污泥混合后，由外沟道进入中间沟道再进入内沟道，再各沟道循环达数十到数百次。最后经中心岛的可调堰门流出，至二沉池。在各沟道横跨安装有不同数量水平转碟曝气机，进行供养兼有较强的推柳搅拌作用。外沟道体积占整个氧化体积的50～55℅，溶解氧浓度控制趋于0，高效地完成主要氧化作用；中间沟道容积一般为25～30℅，溶解氧浓度控制在1.0mg/L左右，作为“摆动沟道”，可发挥外沟道或内沟道的强化作用；内沟道的容积约为总容积的15～20％，需要较高的溶解氧浓度（2.0mg/L）,以保证有机物和氨氮有较高的去除率。
Orbal氧化沟的适用范围：Orbal氧化沟一般适用于20×104d
m/3以下规模的城市污水处理厂，尤其推荐应用于中小规模的城市污水处理厂。
1.5.3 Pasveer氧化沟
Pasveer氧化沟是连续式处理污水的氧化沟系统，具有分建的二次沉淀池。原污水经过格栅后直接进入氧化沟，与沟中的污泥混合液混合。氧化沟为一跑道形的沟渠。沟上装设一个或数个曝气器，曝气器推动混合液在沟内循环流动，平均流速保持在0.3m/s以上，使活性污泥呈悬浮状态并充氧。混合液道二沉池中进行泥水分离。部分污泥和二沉池表面的浮渣回流到氧化沟中，剩余污泥比较稳定，经浓缩后可以直接脱水，后贮存在污泥池中以待进一步处理。
1.5.4三沟式氧化沟
三沟式氧化沟是Kruger公司开发的生物脱氮新工艺。该系统有三个相同的氧化沟组建在一起作为一个单元运行，三个氧化沟之间相互双双连通。在运行时，两侧的A、C两池交替地用作曝气池和沉淀池。中间的B池一直维持曝气，进水交替地引入A池或C池，出水相应地从C池或A池引出。这样做提高了曝气转刷的利用率，还有利于生物脱氮。三沟式氧化沟中每个池都配有可供污水和环流（混合）的转刷，每池的进口均与经格栅和沉砂池处理的出水通过并相连接。进水的分配和出水调节堰完全靠自控装置生物滤池是以处理废水中有机污染物为主要目的的单元操作。生物滤池是生物膜法的一种。生物滤池一般由钢筋混凝土或砖石砌筑而成，水平截面多呈圆形、正方形或矩形，具体采用哪种形式，主要取决于补水装置的类型。生物滤池在结构上主要分为滤床、排水设备和补水装置三部分。
1.6生物滤池的净化机理
在生物滤池中放置固定的滤料，污水在生物滤池中流动时不断与滤料接触，微生物在滤料表面繁殖，形成生物膜。微生物吸附污水中悬浮的、胶体的和溶解状态的物质，使污水得到净化。生物膜具有较大的表面积，具有很强的氧化能力。在生物膜上，微生物生长繁殖、死亡脱落，循环往复，保持生物膜的良好净化效果。
当生物膜较厚，并达到一定的厚度时，空气中的氧很快被生物膜表面的微生物消耗，很难透入生物膜内层，造成靠近内层的生物膜因缺氧而形成厌氧状态，使生物膜的附着力减弱，并且产生有机酸、氨和硫化氢等厌氧分解产物，有时会带有臭味，影响出水的水质，有时生物膜的生长甚至会造成滤池的堵塞。
生物滤池运行系统基本上由初沉池、生物滤池、二沉池三部分组成。
1.6.1高负荷生物滤池
高负荷生物滤池采用的滤料粒径较大，一般仅为40～100㎜，空隙率较高，可以防止滤料堵塞，提高通风能力。滤料一般采用卵石、石英石、花岗石等，也可以采用塑料滤池。
高负荷生物滤池一般采用旋转式布水器，有进水竖管和可转动的布水横管组成，适用于圆形和多变性的生物滤池。
1.6.2塔式生物滤池
塔式生物滤池的塔身一般沿高度分成建造，在分层处设置格栅，使滤料荷重分层负担。滤料多选用轻质滤料，例如质轻、比表面积大和空隙率高的人工合成滤料。
塔式生物滤池的布水装置多采用旋转布水器，有进水竖管和可转动的布水横管组成，可用电机驱动，也可以靠水的反作用力驱动。一些小型的塔式生物滤池多采用喷嘴布水系统，也可采用多孔管和溅水筛板。
1.6.3生物流化床反应器
近年来，生物流化床技术用于消化和反硝化的报道日益增多。生物流化床技术是是废水通过处于流化状态并附着生长有生物膜的颗粒床，是废水中的基质在床内同均匀分散的生物膜接触而得到将解除去。生物流化床反应器具有容积负荷高、传质速度快、抗冲击能力强、占地面积小、运行稳定等优点。生物流化床包括好养流化床和厌氧流化床。
快速外文文献翻译
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机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
英语全课文中文翻译
Unit1 Section A 公交司机和乘客一起救护老人 昨天上午9点钟，当26路公交车在中华路行驶的途中，司机看到一位老人正躺在路中，一位妇女正在老人身边大声呼救。 这位24岁的公交司机王平，没有丝毫的犹豫就停下了车。他从车上下来，询问那位妇女发生了什么事。她说这位老人有心脏病，需要送往医院。王先生知道他必须马上行动起来。他告诉（车上的）乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大多数或者全部乘客下车等下一班车。但令他惊讶的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去（医院）。部分乘客帮助王先生把老人搬到车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生们及时挽救了那位老人。一位乘客说：“许多人不想帮助别人是令人痛心的，因为他们不想惹上麻烦。但是这位公交车司机没有考虑自己，他只考虑去救人。” SectionB 他失去了胳膊但是仍然登山 阿伦罗尔斯顿是一位对登山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是他做的刺激的危险运动之一。有好多次因为事故，阿伦险些丢掉性命。在2003年的4月26日，当他在尤他州登山的时候，他发现自己陷入了非常危险的境地。 在那一天，当阿伦独自在山里登山时，他的胳膊被一块2000千克的石头压在了下面。因为他的胳膊拿不出来，所以他在那里困了五天，希望有人能够发现他。但是当他的水喝光以后，他知道他将不得不做点事情来挽救自己的生命。那时他还不准备死。所以他用刀子切除了自己一半的右臂。然后，用左胳膊对自己进行了包扎，以至于不会失血过多。完成这些以后，他爬下山，寻求帮助。 失去胳膊以后，他写了一本书《在顽石与绝境之间》。这就意味着你在一个艰难的似乎无法走出的境地中。在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做正确决定的重要性，以及掌握命运的重要性。他对登山的挚爱如此的强烈以至于经过这次经历后，他仍然继续登山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？让我们在发现自己处在一个“顽石与绝地间”的境地前考虑一下，在我们不得不做出生与死的选择前考虑一下。 Unit2 SectionA 学生志愿者 来自河畔高中的马里奥格林和玛丽布朗每周拿出几小时去帮忙朋友。 马里奥喜欢动物，想成为一名兽医。每周六的上午，他在一家动物医院做义工。马里奥相信通过做义工能够帮助他得到将来梦想的工作。他说：“做义工是一项艰苦的工作，但是我想了解更多关于如何照顾动物的知识。当我看到动物们变得健康以及它们的主人脸上的快乐表情时，我就有一种强烈的满足感。” 玛丽是一位读书爱好者。在她四岁的时候，就能够自己读书。去年，她决定尝试做一个课后读书活动的志愿者。她仍然在那里一周一次帮助儿童们学习读书。“儿童们坐在图书馆里，但是你能在他们眼睛里看到，通过每一本新书，他们正在踏上不同的旅途。在这里做义工，对我来说实现了梦想。我能做我喜欢做的事情并且同时可以帮助比尔呢。”
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
牛津英语必修二课文原文及中文翻译
M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two
外文文献翻译助手
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb5492592.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb5492592.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb5492592.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb5492592.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
英文翻译成中文
第四部分翻译 Part Ⅰ英译汉 练习： Unit 1 1.年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之他一直不愿考虑运动员以外的职业，到这时候，这一切终于给他带来了不幸。 2.护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。 3.我不会在初版的《失乐园》上乱写乱画，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一套蜡笔交给我的婴儿任意涂抹一样。 4.只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。 5.鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学的角度看是合情合理的。 6.不论好坏，不论是何结果，美国人不仅会一概接受，还要去铲除那些反对者，尽管对于成千上万的人来说，这决定与自己的意愿背道而驰。 7.你可曾为了接电话在洗澡时从浴室冲出来，或是嚼着饭从饭桌旁站起来，或是昏昏沉沉的从床上爬起来，而结果却是有人打错了。 8.实际上，大把花钱的满足感大于商品本身带给他们的乐趣。 9.但是蓝色也可以表示伤感（我很伤感），白色常代表纯洁，尽管在中国，人们在婚礼上穿白的，在葬礼上穿黑的。 10. 晚上十点到十二点，美国处在权力真空状态——除了纽约广播公司总部和两家大的新闻机构之外，全国范围内就再没有别的信息中心。 Unit 2 1) 1800年英国与法国之间将爆发一场持续15后的大战。 2) 我相信，到1816年，英国将在滑铁卢村附近赢得一场伟大战役的胜利。 3) 然而，到1870年，对于英国来说，德国将成为一个比法国更具危险性的国家。 4) 在20世纪初，俄国、美国和日本将成为大国，而英国将不再是世界上最强大的国家了。 5) 反过来，农民的业绩大小取决于农业的组织形式，经济环境，市场结构这些与之息息相关的因素。 6) 他被接回来时，不停地跟人讲，一些可怕的怪物瞪着眼睛盯着他，把他带到了一个宇宙飞船上。 7) 烫伤大多数发生在老人和孩子身上，往往是由于浴室里水温太高而造成的。 8) 尽量多地了解可能发生的事情，这样你可以提前做好准备。 9) 市场的变化迫使很多网站关闭，而其它网站也仅是勉强维持。 10）因为在农民生产率低下的国家，需要劳动人口中大多数人种粮食，因此就没有多少人从事投资货物的生产或进行经济增长所必须的其它活动。 Unit 3 1. 在牛顿之前，亚里士多德已经发现物体的自然状态是静止的，除非有力作用于物体。所以运动着的物体会停下来。 2．人们在家中或是类似家的地方感觉最为亲密——和一个或几个亲近的人呆在一起——也就是在私人交谈的时候。 3．当一个人长时间在干道或高速公路上驾车行驶，就会存在两个问题：一是如何保持稳定的车速；二是如何确保他不撞上前面的车。 4．这个系统尤其适用于汽车拥挤的情况，因为电脑不仅能够控制车速，与前面车子的距离，还能够控制方向。
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system. KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure. The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills
英语课文中文翻译
四年级下学期英语课文中文翻译 Lesson 1: Sara：你喜欢音乐吗，阳阳？ 阳阳：是的，我喜欢。我非常喜欢音乐。我听各种各样的音乐。但我最喜欢流行歌曲。 Sara：我也喜欢流行歌曲。但我最喜欢高雅音乐。我会钢琴。 阳阳：我会小提琴。有时间我们一起玩。 Lesson 2： 果果：你养宠物吗，玲玲？ 玲玲：不，我不养。但我喜欢猫。猫都很安静。猫也很可爱。 果果：我喜欢狗。狗是我们的好朋友。狗对我们帮助很大。 玲玲：是的。但狗太吵了。狗见了陌生人会叫。 Lesson 3： 爸爸：放学后你喜欢做什么，麦克？ 麦克：我喜欢做飞机模型。 爸爸：将来你想做什么? 麦克：我长大后想开真飞机。有朝一日我想飞到月球和火星。 爸爸：那也就是说你想当宇航员。你真棒！ Lesson 5： 妈妈：你怎么了，宝宝？ 宝宝：我觉得不舒服。我头很疼，妈妈。 妈妈：恐怕你是病了。你需要去看病。 宝宝：今天我不能上学了，太糟糕了。 Lesson 6： 宝宝：医生，我觉得不舒服。我头疼得厉害。 医生：唉！你发高烧了。张开嘴说“啊---”。 宝宝：你需要给我验血吗？ 医生：恐怕需要。你得了流感。这种药每天吃三次。你很快就会康复的。Lesson 7： 医生：你怎么了？ 麦克：我的右腿伤得很严重，医生。 医生：我来看看。哪疼啊？ 麦克：膝盖附近疼。 医生：恐怕我们需要拍一个X光片。
Lesson 9： 麦克：对不起，你能告诉我去图书馆的路吗？ 男人：哦，好的。就在那栋棕色楼的五层。 麦克：是在楼梯的右边还是左边呢？ 男人：在右边的第三个房间。 麦克：太谢谢你了。 男人；我很乐意。 Lesson 10： 女人：对不起。我正在找医院。我怎么才能到那呢？ 毛毛：就在附近。你看到那座有一个白色十字的灰色大楼了吗？ 女人：看到了。在那座红色大楼的右边。 毛毛：我正好顺路。我带你去吧。 女人：你太好了。真谢谢你。 毛毛：不客气。 Lesson 11： 女人：对不起，请问车站在哪啊？远吗？ 果果：不远。继续往前开车然后左转。你会在你的右边看见一个标志。 女人：我看到了。我应该先往前开然后左转。我会在我的右边看见一个标志。果果：是的。那个标志是红色和黄色的。你一定能看见。 女人：多谢。祝你一天过得愉快。 果果：你也是。 Lesson 15： 果果：五一就要到了。我们也叫它劳动节。在五月一日。 Sara：但是在美国劳动节是在九月的第一个星期一。 果果：在中国，劳动节是一个劳动人民的节日。那天你要干什么？ Sara：我们要去参观长城。 Lesson 16： 玲玲：儿童节就要到了。在六月一号。 麦克：儿童节你干什么？ 玲玲：全国的孩子们都庆祝这个节日。在那一天我们去电影院，公园，和博物馆。我们也会收到父母送的礼物。 麦克：我们学校每年都举办聚会吗？ 玲玲：是的。你们肯定会过得很愉快的。 Lesson 17：
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
人教版英语七年级上册全册课文中文翻译
人教版七年级上册英语课文翻译 P4 Daming and I’ｍin Class One. I’ｍfrom China and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Beiji My name’ｓ my friend. ng. Beijing is a big city. Lingling’ｓ in my class. She’ｓ Lingling. I’ｍnot from England and I’ｍnot English. I’ｍChinese. I’ｍin Class O My name’ｓ in my class. W from Beijing and he’ｓ ne. Daming is my friend. We’re twelve years old. He’ｓ e’re good friends. Wang Hui and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Shanghai. I’ｍthirteen years old. I’ｍin Cl My name’ｓ ass One with Daming and Lingling. They are my friends. 我的名字叫大明，和我在一班。我来自中国，和我是中国人。我来自北京。北京是个大城市。 玲玲在我的班。她是我的朋友。 我的名字叫玲玲。我不是来自英国，和我也不是英国人。我是中国人。我在一班。大明是我 的朋友。我们12岁了。他来自北京，和他在我的班。我们是好朋友。 我的名字叫王辉，和我是中国人。我不是来自北京。我来自上海。我13岁了。我在一班和大明、玲玲。他们是我的朋友。 P8 Miss Li: Please welcome Betty and Tony to our school. They are from Beijing International School. This is Betty. Betty. I’ｍfrom America. I’ｍ13 years old and I’ｍ a student. I ca Betty: Hello. My name’ｓ speak Chinese. Th n play football and I can play basketball. I can speak English but I can’ｔ my friend. is is Tony. He’ｓ Tony. I’ｍ11 years old. I’ｍfrom England and I can speak English Tony: Hello. My name’ｓ . I can play football and table tennis, and I can ride a bike. Lingling: Can you swim? speak Chinese! Tony: No, I can’t. And I can’ｔ 李小姐：请欢迎贝蒂和托尼来我们学校。他们来自北京国际学校。这是贝蒂。 贝蒂：你好。我的名字叫贝蒂。我来自美国。我十三岁，和我是一个学生。我能踢足球，和 我能打篮球。我能说英语但是我不能说汉语。这是托尼。他是我的朋友 托尼：你好。我的名字叫托尼。我十一岁了。我来自英国，和我能说英语。我能踢足球和打 乒乓球，和我能骑一辆车。
外文文献翻译
Analysis on the Chinese Enterprise Financing Abstract:The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit a nd other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric informatio n and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms cho ose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the fun ds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additiona l Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SMEs confirms that the compositio n of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are rejected. For SME the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, ban k credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primar ily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs assoc iated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing i nformation to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from collectin g the collateral and selling it to recover the debt. Since SMEs’ management and shareholders are oft en the same person, equity and internally generated funds have no asymmetric information costs an d equity is therefor e the cheapest source. 1 Asset side theory of SME financing In the previous section we have suggested that SME’s in Portugal are financed using internal g enerated cash, cheap trade credits, long and short-term bank loans and expensive trade credits and o ther loans. In this section the motives behind the different types of financing are discussed. 1.1 Cheap Trade credits The first external financing source we will discuss is trade-credits. Trade credits are interesting