欧洲文化入门
1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?
1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.
(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.
1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?
The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.
2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?
⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;
⑵both originated in Palestine.
1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman
Empire?
After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.
2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to
1000?
Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.
1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an
essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.
For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.
2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elements
reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.
The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,da Vinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.
DIVISION ONE
1.战争双方:
1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）
The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.
146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
2.
人物：Homer(荷马）作品：the Iliad(伊利亚特）Odyssey(奥德赛).
人物：Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯)作品：Prometheus(被缚的普罗米修斯）
Persians(波斯人)Agamemnon(阿伽门农)人物：Sophocles(索福克勒斯)作品:Oedipus the King(奥迪普死亡）
Electra(埃勒科特拉）Antigone（安提戈涅)人物:Euripides(欧里辟得斯）作品：Andromache(安德洛玛刻）
Medea（美狄亚）Trojan Women（特洛伊妇女）人物：Aritophanes（阿里斯多芬尼斯)作品：Frogd(蛙）Clouds(云)
Wasps(马蜂)Birds(鸟）
人物：Plato（柏拉图）
Plato’s Dialogues are important not only as philosophical but also as imaginative literature.
作品：the Apology（辩解篇）Symposium(会饮篇)
the Republic(理想国篇)
人物：Aritotle:(亚里士多德）：
作品：Ethics（伦理学）Politics（政治学）Poetics（诗学)
Rhetoric(修辞学）
流派：Sophists（诡辩派）The Cynics（犬儒派）The Sceptics(怀疑派）The Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁派）The Stoics（斯多葛派）
Roman History
1.The year27B.C divided the history of Rome into two periods.
2.Before27B.C Rome had been a republic,and after it Rome was a Empire.
3.The two important contributions made by the Romans to European culture
(1)The Pax Romana(罗马和平)(2).Roman law.
4.The empire began to decline in the3rd century,increasingly troubled by the northern tribes such as the Goths(哥特人).
5.In the4th the emperor Constantine(军斯坦丁）moved the captical form Rome to Byzantium(拜占庭)a nd renamed it Constantinople(君士坦丁堡).
6.After395the Rome empire was permanently divided into East and
West.
7.In476t he last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
8.The East Roman Empire collapsed(崩溃）when Constantinople fell to the Turks in1453.
人物：Lucretius(卢克来修）Nature of Things（物性论);
人物:Virgil(维吉尔)the Aeneid(埃涅阿斯纪)
DIVISION TWO
1.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts:the Old Testament and the New Testament.
2.The old Testament is about God and Laws of God.
3.The New Testaments is the doctrine(学说）of Jesus Christ.
4.The oldest and most important of the39books of the Old Testament Are the five books,called Pentateuch(摩西五经)
4.The Translation of the Bible
(1).The oldest extant(现存的）Gree k translation of the Old Testament is Septuagint，no copy of the original can be found.
(2）.The most ancient Latin version,Vulgate
(3）.The first English version translated led by John Wyclif f.
(4）The most important and influential of English Bible is“Authorized”or King James’version,first published in1611.
5.It is generally accepted that The English Bible and Shakespeare are
two great reserviors of Modern English.
DIVISION THREE
1.In European history,the thousand-year period(A.D.476-1453) following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2.Middle ages also Called“age of faith.”“Dark Ages”.
3.After1054,the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic(天主教) Church and Eastern Orthodox Church(东正教).
4.The Crusades(十字军东征)
Affect
Charlemagne and Carolingian(查理曼和卡洛琳文艺复兴)
1.He temporarily restored order in western and central Europe.
2.He kept order throughout his realm,and he encouraged his realm(王国),and he encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning.
3.He eventually was crowned“emperor of the Romans“by the Pope in 800.
4.The result of his effort’s in setting up monastery(修道院)schools,giving support to scholars and setting scribes(抄写员)to copy various ancient books is usually called the“Carolingian Renaissance”.
Alfred the Great(阿尔弗烈德大王)
Ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex,worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Angle-Saxon culture centre by introducing teachers and scholars,founding new monasteries （修道院）,and promoting translations into the founding new monasteries,and promoting translations into the vernacular(本国的）from Latin works.He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chroncles(编年史）。
姓名：St.Thomas Aquinas(阿奎那)and Scholasticism(中世纪哲院)
国家：Italian
作品：Summa Conyras Gentiles(驳异大纲）Summa Theologiae(神学大纲）National Epics(国别体史诗）
作品：Beowulf（贝奥武甫)国家:Anglo-Saxon 作品：Song of Roland(罗兰之歌)国家:French
作者：Dante(旦丁）国家：Italy作品：The Divide Comedy(神曲)
作者：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟)国家:English
作品：The Canterdbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)
DIVISION FOUR
1.Renaissance14th~17th
2.Towards the15th century there were among the city-states fi ve main ones---the Duchy of Milan,the Republic of Florence and Venice,the papal states and the kingdom of Venice.
3.The heart of Renaissance philosophy(哲学和新）was the assertion of the greatness of man.
作家：Giovanni Boccaccio（乔万尼薄伽丘）
作品：Decameron（十日谈）
作家：Francesco Petrarch（皮特拉克）
作品：Canzoniers(抒情歌管集）//最著名的
Africa,Metrical Epistles(诗体书简），
On Contempt for the Worldy Life(伦世俗生活的可鄙)
On Solitude(论独处)Eclogues(田园诗集）The letters(书信集）作家:Giotto(乔托)
作品：Flight into Egypt(逃入埃及）
Betrayal of Judas(犹大的出卖)
作家：Filippo Brunelleschi(布鲁内莱斯基)
作品：the dome for the cathedral in Florence(弗洛伦莎大教堂顶）
作家：Donatello(多纳太罗）
作品：David（大卫)
The Gattamelata Equestrian Statue(加塔梅拉塔骑马像）
作家：Giorgione（乔尔乔涅)
作品：Tempesta（暴风雨)Sleeping Venus(入睡的维纳斯）
作家：Leonardo da Vinci(达芬奇)
作品：Last supper Mona Lisa
作家：Michelangelo Buonarroti(米开朗琪罗)
作品：David,Dying slave，Moses，Sistine Chapel(西斯廷教堂）作家：Raphael（拉斐尔)
作品：School of Athens(雅典学堂）
作家：Titian(提香）
作品：The Venus of Urbino(乌尔比诺的维纳斯）
Sacred and Profane Love（神圣与世俗之爱）
Madonna of the Pesaro Family(佩莎罗圣母）
Man with the Glove(戴手套的男人)
作家:Francois Rebelais(拉伯雷）
作品：Gargantua and Pantagruel(巨人转）
Pleiade(七星诗社)
作家：Pierre de Ronsard(龙来）
作品Sonnets pour Helene(给爱兰娜的十四行诗）
作家:J oachim du Bellay(贝莱)
作品:La Deffene et illustratio de la langue francayse(保卫和发扬法兰西语言）
作家：Michel Eyques de Montaigne（蒙田)
作品类型:Essais(Essays)(散文）The motto he putdown in the essays.Que sais-je?(what do I know)is world famous.
作者：Miguel de Cervantes(塞万提斯)
作品：Don Quixote(堂吉诃德)//the father of the modern European.
作者：Erasmus(伊拉斯谟)
作品:T he Praise of Folly(愚人颂)
作者：Albrecht Durer(丢勒)
作品：The Four Horsemen of Apocalyse(四圣图)
Knight.Death and the Devil(骑士、死神与魔鬼）
作者：Thomas More
作品：Utopia(乌托邦）
作者：William Shakespear
作品：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗）King Lear(李尔王)
Macbeth(麦克白）//四大悲剧
Twelfth Night(第十二夜）
Antony and Cleopatra(安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉）
Soonets（商籁体诗，十四行诗)
地理大发现：
Christopher Columbus(哥伦布)discovered the New World in1492 Bartholomeu Dias(狄亚思）Cape of Good Hope(好望角）1487 Vast da Gama(达伽马）the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of1497and1498.
Amerigo Vespucci(维斯普奇)the mouth of the Amazon.(亚马逊河)
定义题：
1.Pentateuch（摩西五经）
（1）.Geneis:a religious of the origin of the Hebrew people,including the origin of the world and man,the career of Isaac(以撒)and the life of Jacob（约瑟）。
（2）Exodus:a religious history of the Hebrews during their fight from Egypt,the period when began to receive God’s Law.
（3）Leviticus:is a collection of primitive laws.
（4）Numbers is a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuces about Exodus.
（5）Deuteronomy is about the final words of Moses to his
people,restating his order and fifty years’experience as a leader.
来自于圣经的：
Selling of birth right thron in the flesh highways and hedges
Miton’s Paradise Lost
BUnyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress
Byron’s up to the contemporary
Hemingway’s The sun Also Rise
Steinbeck’s East of Eden.
Age of Faith定义：(信仰的年代）
During the Medieval Times there was no central government to keeper order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.In the Late Middle Ages,almost everyone in the western Europe was a christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds of years in the Middle Ages.It shaped people’s lives.
Feudalism:（封建制度）
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of holding land in exchange for military service，the word derived from Latin“feudum‘（.欧洲封建制度主要是一种以土地交换为主的制度）
Code of chivalry(骑士规约) To protected the weak.To fight for the church,To be loyal to his lord and to respect woman of noble birth.
Romansque(罗马式建筑）
The building,sculpture,painting,and decorative arts created in Europe,during the11th and12th centuries exhibits a style that,in spite of national and regional(地区的）various,has numerous（许多的)common characteristics.This had led the scholars to coin the term “Romanesque”,which means“in the Roman manner”
Romanesque art is predominantly(主要的）religious.Architecture（建筑）characterized by massiveness（巨大的）,solidity（坚硬的）,and monumentality（纪念性）with overall blocky appearance。Sculpture and painting,primarily（首先）in churches,developed a wonderful unity with the architecture.Both arts often are imbued（渗透）with symbolism （象征）and allegory（寓言）.they are not based on natural forms but use deliberate distortions（扭曲）for expressive impact.（表现力）
Gothic(哥特式)
It flourished and lasted form the mid-12th to the end of15th century and,in some ares,into16th,The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque,but it was given direction by a different aesthetic and phiosophical spirit and reflected a more ordered feudal society with full confidence,Gothic cathedrals soared high,their windows,arches and towers reaching heavenward,flinging their passion against the sky.They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sclpyures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome.
它的兴盛和持续形成中期的12世纪到15世纪末，在一些地区，为第十六，哥特是罗马的产物，但它是由不同的美学和哲学精神，更多体现的是一种有序的封建社会，充满信心地给出方向，哥特式大教堂的窗户，飙高，拱门和塔深远的天空，把他们的天空激情。他们都装饰着美丽的彩绘玻璃窗和sclpyures更逼真比任何古代罗马。
Renaissance:(文艺复兴）
Means revival,specifically in this period of history,revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.
意思是复兴，特别是在这段历史时期，对古希腊和罗马文化感兴趣的复兴。罗马。Reformation:
The reformation was16th century religious movement as well as a social-political movement.
The reformation began in1517when Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University if Wittenberg his95theeses inviting to debating on matters on practice and doctrine in the Church.
The Reformation was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.
宗教改革是16世纪的宗教运动，也是一种社会政治运动。
改革开始in1517马丁卢瑟张贴在城堡教堂的门在维滕贝格大学他95theeses邀请对教会在实践和理论问题的讨论。
宗教改革的目的是反对罗马天主教会的绝对权威，并将其替换为绝对权威的圣经。
Counter-Reformation
The Roman Cathoic Church mustered their forces,the dedicated Catholic groups,to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements,to bring back its vitally.In time the Rome Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs.This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
罗马cathoic教会纠集兵力，专用的天主教团体，对教会机构和改革和改进，带回其至关重要。在时间的罗马天主教堂并重建其在欧洲事务的动力。这种恢复权力通常被称为历史学家的反宗教改革。
完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
欧洲入门文化试题及答案
欧洲文化入门Exercise3 1．第1题 Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. A.a scandal B.a luck C.incredible D.unfortunate 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 It was ____who unified England for the first time. A.King Edward and his successors B.King Arthur and his successors C. King William and his successors D.King Alfred and his successors 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__. A.the kingdom of God B.the human persons C.the Holy Spirit D.God 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___. A.12 is a lucky number B.they were the only apostles Jesus had C.they were the only apostles Jesus could select D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ . A.Pandora B.Zeus C.Chaos D.Cronus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology? A.They represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals B.They never die C.They got gods' favor D.They had some defect to balance out their power 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题
欧洲文化入门(中世纪)
作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
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2010年10月高等教育自学考试北京市命题考试 欧洲文化入门试卷 第一部分选择题 (共40分2 points each) 1(The Romans conquered Greece in ( A(146 B(C( B(500 B(C( C(700 B(C( D(1200 B(C( 2(The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art was A(Sophocles B(Aristophanes C(Herodotus D(Homer 3(The greatest of Latin poets was A(Horace B(Virgil C(Homer D(Cicero 4(Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem. A(Egypt B(Persia C(Babylon D(Assyria 5(David was ( A(a Hebrew king B(the boy who killed Goliath C(the man who made Jerusalem the capital D(all of the above 6(In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselves A(scholars B(hermits C(feudal lords D(knights 7(As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West(They were spices( perfume(hand(woven carpets and ( A(tea B(Chinaware C(silk D(silverware 8(Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority( A(the Church B(the Bible C(the Pope D(Jesus 9(Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ( A(Hamlet B(Othello C(Macbeth D(Merchant of Venice 10(The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man(thus paving the
欧洲文化入门-中文版
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。 选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。 填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。 名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。 简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。 论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。如果对哪些要点把握不大，时间又不允许多考虑，那就宁可多答一些要点，但应避免把不能说明问题或者与答案相矛盾的东西都写上。充分认识本课程的知识点的庞杂性，力求以乐观、耐心、仔细和勤奋的态度投入学习。 要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。下面我们将分章节进行综述。在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。 好，下面我们开始分章讲述。 第一章希腊罗马文化 希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。 希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。 这段历史的重要大事有： 1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。 2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。 3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。
欧洲文化入门(阅读)exercise2
作业 1．第1题 By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction,__built up the power. 您的答案：B 题目分数： 此题得分： 2．第2题 The Greeks imagined their gods to have human shape, which was__. realistic idealized realistic idealized 您的答案：D 题目分数： 此题得分： 3．第9题 The kingdom of God refers to__. creation of God rule of God love of God land of God 您的答案：B 题目分数：
此题得分： 4．第10题 In the 13th century, many schools _. organized into universities way to universities state-run government-funded 您的答案：B 题目分数： 此题得分： 5．第11题 According to Greek mythology ___, which goes well with the idea of Daoism in China. can be produced from nothing Greece was a matriarchal society marriage was prevalent in Ancient Greece was the mode of production in Ancient Greece 您的答案：A 题目分数： 此题得分： 6．第12题 John Wycliffe's goal of translation was __. praise God give the Bible to the people express himself explain mystery 您的答案：B 题目分数： 此题得分： 7．第13题 The name Jesus suggests__.
欧洲文化入门 中文版
欧洲文化入门中文版2009-10-11 15:16《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。我们要牢记文化的五分法： 一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学 三、文学 四、科学 五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。 要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。下面我们将分章节进行综述。在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。 第一章希腊罗马文化 希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。 希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。 这段历史的重要大事有： 1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。 2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。 3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。 4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。 古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。 希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神