财务财会毕业论文外文文献翻译-并购的财务风险研究外文翻译-中英文论文对照翻译

第一部分外文文献原文部分

中文3270字

International Journal of business and management[J]January2009

The Study of Financial Risk in M&A

JohnA . Douka

Abstract

M &A is a risky activity. M & A business, whether in the preparation stage, or in the operational phase of the merger, or post-integration phase, will be accompanied by a large number of uncertainties. These uncertainties brought about by mergers and acquisitions could lead to a huge financial risk. In particular, more domestic enterprises have chosen the path of M & A. This article focuses on the various stages of the merger vulnerable to financial risks, and risks of these raised a number of preventive measures.

Keywords: M&A, Financial risk, Preventive measures

In the west countries, M&A have a history about more than 100 years, and transactions have been expanding. The 5th wave of global mergers and acquisitions peaked in 2000.In our country, M&A become more and more popular. For example, many

companies step up the pace of overseas expansion and M&A. However, , many companies choose M&A to tide over the difficulties. As we known, M&A must have risks, for instance: estimate of target firms, choice of transaction method, or financial risks. How can avoid these risks? Which method should we choose? This is the purpose of this article.

1.The cause of financial risk in M&A

1.1 Overestimate or underestimate the value of firms lead to the risk

1.1.1 Information asymmetry is the major factor which impacts the estimation

Because of Information asymmetry, target firm always conceal adverse information and exaggerate good information. Bidders also exaggerate their strength, disclosure between them are inadequate or distorted. Therefore, failures which result from rash actions can be found everywhere. There are many information risks, for tow important examples: first, equity risk, equity is very important in any firms, however there are difference between the offer information and the real, these illusive information threaten the succeed of M&A; second, debt

information risk, if this risk would not be found, a large debt will fall to the bidders with no reasons.

1.1.2 Lack of rational evaluation methods

There are three evaluation methods: replacement cost method; market value method; the present value of earnings, between them, market value method has high request about Information symmetry, for firms can make an exact evaluation only when the information is high symmetry. However, in our country, the level of information symmetry is lower, little firms adopt this method. Most of them adopt replacement method and the present value of earnings method. These two methods also have disadvantages, replacement cost reflects the historical cost which can’t reflect the future profitability; although the present value considers the value-added revenue, it has also obvious flaws, that is, future revenue expected is very different.

1.1.3 The system of assessment is not perfect

Here is the assessment system in the whole industry, rather than a simple method. At present, our country is lack of independent, professional bodies, the majority of overseas M&A

is completed by the enterprises themselves, on this point there is a certain degree of irrationality. Because lack of professional skills, and there is no habits of long-term follow-up observation, and can’t receive long-term and stable information and so on, all this lead to the result can’t follow the expectation.

1.2 Risk result from the choice of transaction methods

1.2.1 Cash method

If you expect there is no risk in cash payment, you must make the present value of incremental of expected cash flow net present value is greater than the paid, whereas shareholders of bidders will bear the loss. When the cost of cash payment is expansion, and face huge debt burden, and the source of funding deadline is unreasonable structure, or lack of short-term financing, it is easy to bring to the acquisition of liquidity pressure. At this time if the new company has a low level of liquid assets, it will have a liquidity risk, and liquidity risk is the most outstanding performance of cash payment.

1.2.2 Common stock payment

On the whole, the major risk of stock payment comes from the value-added expectation, the stock exchange expand the shareholder’s base, leading to the decline of earnings per share, when inves tors doubt the target firm’s ability of getting back earnings per share, the stock price of bidder will decline because of dilution of earnings per share. It shows that the proportion of equity dilution resulting from the convertible is the most important means of payment risks.

1.2.3 Leverage payment

Leverage will inevitably bring the debt risk. Leverage is the bidders make target enterprise assets as collateral for loan to banks, post-merger success with the production and operation activities generated cash to repay the loan. The aim of leverage payment is to solve the fund problem by using the loans, and hope that the acquisition can receive effective leverage benefit. This method is bound to achieve a high return on investment and it need stable cash flows to complete. Otherwise, the acquiring company may go bankrupt because of can’t pay off the higher debt.

1.3 Financial risk resulting from adverse integration in the post-merger

In the integration period, when the role of risk factors come to a certain extent, that will lead to the occurrence of financial risks. According to the manifestations, financial risk can be divided into the mechanisms risk, financial risk and operational risk. Mechanisms risk means in the integration period, because of setting up financial institutions, financial functions, financial management system, update of financial organizations, financial synergies, and other factors, the financial income and financial gains of bidders occurred in a departure from expectations, and thus suffer losses. Financial risk means financial income and financial revenue will depart from the expected if there is something wrong with the financial running. In the process of asset management, bidders control their assets, costs, financial operations, liabilities, profits, and other financial functions in accordance with the principle of maximizing the synergy earnings in order to achieve the final purpose of mergers and acquisitions. However, the uncertainty of macro-and micro-environment affect the decision-making process in the financial operation, which lead to financial risk. Operational risk means financial risk result from inadequate monitoring of financial activities.

That shows process ending is not equals to final succeed, financial integration is the end of financial management in the M&A, and is also the most important aspect, if it failed it means the whole M&A is failed.

2．Prevention measures of financial risk

2.1 Prevention for information risk

The important role for this prevention is to rule out the false information through legitimate and effective method and then to get real, comprehensive information. For the equity risk, there are two main points: an appropriate cautiousness and disclosure. Appropriate cautiousness means a process of investigation, review and evaluation. Bidders must investigate the external and internal situation of target firms, in order tofind some government activities which restrict property right transaction. Disclosure means that the target company should tell the bidders just as relevant materials, information, debt claims and so on. Disclosure must be true, complete and not misleading. As for the debt risk, we must first choose the best method; second, you must make an agreement about debt scope.

2.2 Establish a perfect evaluation system, and select appropriate assessment methods

Appropriate evaluation methods usually include tow systems: One is the basic system which includes financial analysis, industry analysis, operating conditions analysis. Analysis of the financial system contribute to the understanding of the financial situation between the two sides, Industry analysis system, can make the bidder understand the external environment, as well as the status of industry trends. Through the analysis of operating conditions can understand the existing problems the operation, and provide the basis for integration. On this basis, enterprises can avoid this risk. Second is the evaluation system. There are many methods of the evaluation system, just as book value, market value, liquidation value, discounted cash flow and so on. Different valuation methods will lead to different price, so firms should select a better method in accordance with their own motive.

2.3 Flexible choice of payment methods

Reasonable arrangements for the payment method and financial cost reducing are related to the payment method in which cash payment face the most pressure. M & A business can

combine their own available resources, diluted earnings per share and stock price volatility, changes in the shareholding structure in order to make their payment as combinations of cash, debt and stock, so that it can meet the need between two sides. For example, M&A takes two-tier payment method, for the first, adopt cash method while mixed method is used when the second step. This payment, on the one hand, because of the size of the transaction, the buyer paid cash consideration of a limited capacity, should maintain a more reasonable capital structure to reduce the enormous pressure on the loan, on the other hand, bidder can induce shareholders of target firm to make sell decision as soon as possible, and then they can reach the goal of obtaining control of the business.

2.4 To strengthen the post-merger integration

2.4.1 Strengthening financial control, financial integration of human resources, financial institutions and functions of the organization

For example, mergers and acquisitions business was to appoint Chief FinancialOfficer, Chief Financial Officer has clear responsibility and authority, they play the organization and monitoring role on the M & A business from day-to-day

financial activities, and enjoy the decision-making power on a major event involved in the whole enterprise; implementing the structure of the M & A Adjust, the allocation of resources, a significant investment, technology development and other major decision-making to the budget of the corporate mergers and acquisitions, monitoring and controlling various types of the budget implementation, and audit its financial reporting; being responsible for personnel management business of their own financial accounting; reporting the M & A’s assets operation and financial position on a regular basis. At the same time, when the acquisition is completed, financial institutions and the functions should be improved according to the specific circumstances of their organizations, including financial accounting systems, internal control systems, investment and financing system to make it more responsive to the needs of both mergers and acquisitions, and to establish a unified Financial information platform, so that management can be faster, more accurate and more comprehensive access to all types of financial information in order to meet the needs of decision-making.

2.4.2 Integration of financial management

Financial management objective is the starting point and end point of financial working, its determination directly impact on the theory of the financial system, and will determine the choice of a variety of financial decision-making. Upon completion of mergers and acquisitions, firms should make a clear objective of financial management based on the financial side of target firms.

2.4.3 Integration of asset and liabilities

In M & A business, debt of bidders may increase because of taking over the acquisition's debt, or adopt financial method just as loans and bonds issue. If capital structure is irrational, and financial situation also become deterioration. So the balance of integration aiming at improving the financial situation and enhance the solvency of enterprises.

2.4.4To enhance the risk awareness of management of enterprise, establish and improve financial risk prediction and monitoring system.

To raise the risk awareness of management of the business will guard against financial risks of mergers and acquisitions from the source. In addition, establish its own enterprise

financial risk prevention and control system within the enterprise, tostrengthen business-to-risk M & A forecast is one of the key areas of the establishment of early warning mechanism for risk prevention system.

Conclusion

To sum up，M & A business as a better way with the unique advantages of the expansion of the scale, rapid market strategy, the socio-economic restructuring and resources optimization to become a topic of concern, the financial risk arising from the merger is also a deep wide range of people discussion of the field. As the market matures, I think M & A activity will be more thoroughly researched on mergers and acquisitions of financial risk issues will be further deepened, to achieve a real and practical application of theory to guide practice.

References

[1] Barnea , A., Haugen, R. A., and Senbet , L. (1981). An Equilibrium Analysis of Debt Financing Under Costly Tax Arbitrage and Agency Problems. Journal of Finance, pp. 569-581.

[2] Bin, Jacob Y., and Joshua Ronen. (1978). The Smoothing of Income Numbers: Some Empirical Evidence on Systematic

Differences among Management controlled and Owner-controlled Firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 3:141-157.

[3]Chen, A. H., and Kim. E. H. (1979). Theories of Corporate Debt Policy: A Synthesis. Journal of Finance, pp. 371-384.

[4]Jensen, Michael C., and Richard S. Ruback. (1983). The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientist Evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 2:5-50.

[5]Lee, L. W. (1977). Co-insurance and Conglomerate Merger. Journal of Finance, pp. 1527- 1538.

[6]W. Y. Lee, and H. H. Barker. (1977). Bankruptcy Costs and the Firm's Optimal Debt Capacity: A Positive Theory of Capital Structure. South Economic Journal, pp. 1453-1465.

第二部分中文翻译

JohnA . Douka,International Journal of business and

management[J]January2009

并购的财务风险研究

摘要

并购是一个高风险的活动。并购业务，无论是在准备阶段，还是在合并的运营阶段，或之后的整合阶段，将伴随着大量的不确定性。这些跨国并购所带来的不确定性有可能导致巨大的财务风险。尤其在当前,更多的国内企业已经选择了并购这条路。本文对并购的各个重点阶段容易受到的财务风险分析，并对这些风险提出了防范措施。

关键词：并购，财务风险，防范措施

在西方国家，并购有大约超过100年的历史，交易规模不断扩大。2000年，在我国，第五次全球并购浪潮达到一个高峰，并购在我国越来越受欢迎。例如，许多公司加快海外扩张和并购的步伐，许多企业选择并购来渡过难关。正如我们所知道的，并购一定会有风险，比如：目标公司的评估，交易方法，或财务风险的选择。如何才能避免这些风险？我们要选择哪种方法？这就是这篇文章的目的。

1.并购导致财务风险的原因

1.1高估或低估了公司价值带来的风险

1.1.1信息不对称是影响估计的主要因素

由于信息不对称，目标公司一直隐瞒不良信息和夸大良好的信息。投标人还夸大自己的实力，他们所披露的情况不足或失真。因此，贸然行动的失败结果随处可见。有很多有关风险的资料，两个重要的例子就是：第一，股票风险，公平对任何一家公司都是很重要的，但所提供的信息和真实情况之间存在着差异，这些虚假的信息威胁

到并购的成功；第二，债务信息的风险，如果没有发现这种风险，庞大的债务将毫无缘由的转嫁到投标人身上。

1.1.2缺乏合理的评估方法

有三种评估方法：成本法、市场法、收益法，这其中，市场法要求有关信息的对称性要高，只有当信息评价具有高对称性时才可以对企业作出准确判断。然而，在我国，信息对称水平低，小企业采用这种方法。他们大多采用替代法和收益法。这两个方法也有缺点，重置成本反映历史成本，不能反映未来盈利能力；就算把现值看做增值的收入，它也明显的缺陷，那就是，未来的收入预期是不同的。

1.1.3评估体系不健全

这是在整个行业中的一种评估制度，而不是一个简单的方法。目前，我国缺少独立、专业的团体，海外并购多数由企业自行完成，在这点上是有一定程度的不合理。由于缺乏专业技能，且没有长期随访观察的习惯，并不能得到长期、稳定的信息等等，这一切导致了评估结果不能按照预期发展。

1.2交易方式的选择导致的风险

1.2.1现金方法

如果你不期望在现金支付中有风险，就必须使增加的预期现金流的净现值大于所支付的，而投标人的股东将承担损失。当现金付款的成本扩大，面临着巨大的债务负担，并且最后期限的资金来源结构不合理，或缺乏短期融资，很容易带来收购的流动性压力。此时如果

有一个新公司流动性资产水平低，就会产生流动性风险，而流动性风险最突出的是通过现金付款体现的。

1.2.2支付普通股

整体而言，股票支付的主要风险来自增值的期望，股东交易所扩大股东的基础，导致了每股收益下降，因为稀释了每股收益，投资者会怀疑目标公司取回每股收益的能力下降，投标人的股票价格将下降。这表明从该可转换股权稀释的比例是造成支付风险的最重要手段。

1.2.3杠杆付款

杠杆将不可避免地带来债务风险。杠杆是投标人作出贷款，向银行抵押企业资产，合并后的生产和经营活动产生的现金将成功偿还贷款。其杠杆付款方式目的是通过贷款解决使用贷款的资金问题，并希望收购能得到有效的杠杆效益。这种方法必将实现高的投资回报，这需要稳定的现金流来完成。否则，因为无法还清了更高的债务，收购公司可能会破产。

1.3合并后的整合不利导致财务风险

在整合期间，当风险因素作用到一定程度时，这将导致财务风险的发生。根据表现，财务风险可以分为机制风险，财务风险和经营风险。机制风险意味在整合时期，由于设立了金融机构，财政职能，财政管理体制，金融机构的更新，金融的协同作用和其他因素，财政收入和投标人的预期财政收益发生偏离并因此遭受到的损失。财务风险是指如果当金融运行有错误，财政收入和财政税收将脱离预期。

在资产管理过程中，投标人控制他们的资产、成本、金融业务、负债、利润和其他财务职能，按照实现协同收入最大化的原理是为了实现跨国并购成功的的最终目的。然而，不确定性的宏观和微观环境的，影响着财务运作，从而导致财务风险。经营风险是指金融活动的监管不足，导致财务风险的结果。

这说明并购进程的结束并不等于最后的成功，金融一体化是财务管理的结束，也是最重要的方面，如果失败就意味着整个并购是失败的。

2.财务风险防范措施

2.1防范信息风险

这主要作用是通过合理，有效的方法排除虚假信息然后获得真正的，全面的信息。对于股票的风险，有两个要点：适当谨慎和披露。适当的谨慎是指调查，审查和评价过程。投标人必须调查目标公司外部和内部的情况，以便找到一些限制产权交易的政府活动。信息披露是指目标公司应该告诉诸如投标人的有关材料，信息，债权债务等。信息披露必须真实，完整，没有误导成分。至于债务风险，我们必须首先选择最好的方法;第二，你必须与有关的债务范围达成一致。

2.2建立完善的评价体系，并选择适当的评估方法

适当的评价方法通常包括两个系统的评价：一个是基本系统，包括财务分析，业内人士分析，运行情况分析。金融体系的分析有助于理解双方财政状况，业内人士分析系统，可以使投标人了解了外部环境，以及行业发展趋势的状态。通过对经营状况分析，可以了解存

财务管理外文翻译

财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险？ 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢？ 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入，或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源： 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户，和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理？ 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理，业务人员，利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险，组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面，通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

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会计外文翻译

Master's thesis, University of London Information technology and accounting management with the use is the relevant value of information analysis and use, and various factors of production based on the value creation of corporate accounting and management contributions to the study of accounting will be the main content. No use of information technology, there is any enterprise information and accounting information to promote the implementation of value chain management will lose technical support, there is no theory of innovation value chain management, accounting, and information technology development, there is no power. In this paper, the meaning of information to start, leads to the meaning of accounting information, accounting information describes the development process, the second part of the analysis of the status quo of accounting information, analysis of its use in the problems, the third part of the proposed accounting information on the implementation of the strategic analysis. Keywords: accounting, information technology strategy I. Introduction (A) Background The development of accounting information in China has gone through more than 20 years, accounting information theory and practical application of talent, the accounting information system software has gradually matured, and, and the production, supply and marketing, human resources management, cost control and other aspects of the formation of an integrated management information system software. But the company found accounting information in the status of the development of enterprises is extremely uneven, a lot of strength and standardized management of large enterprises have been using the integrated accounting information system "ERP" is the management software, and the introduction of new ideas with the value of the supply chain management chain management system, and also the majority of the total business is still in the initial stage of the use of computerized accounting, or even manually. Enterprise management is still in the coexistence of traditional and modern, our corporate accounting information so early, the senior co-existence of the phenomenon will not surprise. Accounting information must be improved to facilitate the management of change. The essence of the value chain to value chain to implement the core business processes node changes, if companies choose the value chain as the core business process change, business management will enable a major step forward, it promotes corporate accounting development of information technology. (B) Significance

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功能在于明确的指导方针融资、铺设融资目标下,建立整体规模、融资渠道和方法,安排战略资本结构优化方案,从各方面对此作了相应的对策,以达到融资目标,最后预测和收集的大量资金的企业的需要。 投资策略 为核心的战略财务会计,这种策略决定一个企业只能分配它的首都资源合理而有效的方法。投资策略包括确认投资固定资产的方向、公司规模和资本规模、投资选择相关的外部扩张或内部扩张,改革旧的产品或开发新的、独立或联合操作,自有资金投资决定或贷款之间的百分比固定资产、流动资产、投资策略和风险和那些在通货膨胀。 利润分配决策策略 这个策略,包括会计资本收益和设立股份奖金分配制度,主要的交易一个企业比例,搁在长期底图在扩大规模、提高员工福利和自身的生活水平。利润分配决策战略旨在满足需求,对于资产资本的发展和改进企业的核心竞争力根据相关的投资策略和融资策略。与此同时,在实行这个策略,企业建立以人为本预计分配政策的有效方法,积极探索运用那些重要的要素,如知识、技术、专利、会计利润分配决策课程。 2 我国中小企业战略财务会计的问题 目前,一些常见的问题包括： 2.1 缺乏科学规范的财务策略 不少企业在追求只有一个大的规模,或购买大量的土地而忽略资产结构配置,或没有合理安排其资本。他们没有财务策略,不要去提到实施。至于其他的影响,分析了其战略财务会计是很大的影响由于他们的科学和不规则的策略,并具有以下特点:第一,他们的战略企业财务目标的总体离开他们的财务策略;第二,被认为相当于金融计划,因此忽视的综合性金融策略;第三,金融方案不是根据他们的企业的长期目标,因此有很大的随机性。 2.2 忽视战略环境分析,并有不合理的战略性的财务目标 战略环境分析既是财务策略的基础和保障实施。它包括内部和外部环境分析与前者的存在内部基础和实施依据建立的财务策略。目前,很多中小企业没有实现战略环境的重要性,建立和推行的金融战略和因此未能有适当的分析,特别是其战略

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财务风险中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译 财务风险重要性分析 译文： 摘要：本文探讨了美国大型非金融企业从1964年至2008年股票价格风险的决定小性因素。我们通过相关结构以及简化模型，研究诸如债务总额，债务期限，现金持有量，及股利政策等公司财务特征，我们发现，股票价格风险主要通过经营和资产特点，如企业年龄，规模，有形资产，经营性现金流及其波动的水平来体现。与此相反，隐含的财务风险普遍偏低，且比产权比率稳定。在过去30年，我们对财务风险采取的措施有所减少，反而对股票波动（如独特性风险）采取的措施逐渐增加。因此，股票价格风险的记载趋势比公司的资产风险趋势更具代表性。综合二者，结果表明，典型的美国公司谨慎管理的财政政策大大降低了财务风险。因此，现在看来微不足道的剩余财务风险相对底层的非金融公司为一典型的经济风险。 关键词：资本结构；财务风险；风险管理；企业融资 1 绪论 2008年的金融危机对金融杠杆的作用产生重大影响。毫无疑问，向金融机构的巨额举债和内部融资均有风险。事实上，有证据表明，全球主要银行精心策划的杠杆（如通过抵押贷款和担保债务）和所谓的“影子银行系统”可能是最近的经济和金融混乱的根本原因。财务杠杆在非金融企业的作用不太明显。迄今为止，尽管资本市场已困在危机中，美国非金融部门的问题相比金融业的困境来说显得微不足道。例如，非金融企业破产机遇仅限于自20世纪30年代大萧条以来的最大经济衰退。事实上，非金融公司申请破产的事件大都发生在美国各行业（如汽车制造业，报纸，房地产）所面临的基本经济压力即金融危机之前。这令人惊讶的事实引出了一个问题“非金融公司的财务风险是如何重要？”。这个问题的核心是关于公司的总风险以及公司风险组成部分的各决定因素的不确定性。 最近在资产定价和企业融资再度引发的两个学术研究中分析了股票价格风险利

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