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牛津高中英语模块三Unit Three单元知识点总复习

牛津高中英语模块三Unit Three单元知识点总复习
牛津高中英语模块三Unit Three单元知识点总复习

Part One: 单元知识梳理

一.Vocabulary

civilization 文明 lecture 讲座 found 兴建;创建

volcano 火山 erupt (火山等)爆发 pour 涌流;倾泻;倒出unfortunate 不幸的;遗憾的 decorate 装饰;装潢 flee 逃避;逃跑

researcher 研究者 disaster 灾难 destroy 毁坏;摧毁

commercial 商业的;贸易的 wealthy 富有的 gradually 渐渐地

sandstone 沙尘暴 scholar 学者 cultural 文化的

institute 机构 ruin 破坏 remains遗物

beneath 在……之下 material 材料;物质 document 文献

explode 爆炸 nearby 在附近 extreme 极度的

complain 抱怨 wooden 木制的 leather 皮革

historical 历史的 expression 表达;表情 audience 观众;听众

cave 洞穴 ceremony 仪式 republic 共和国

chairman 主席 harbor 港口 navy 海军

powerful 强有力的 airfield (军用)机场 bomb 轰炸

sailor 水手 fortunate 幸运的 aircraft 飞机

carrier 航空母舰;运输设备 declare 宣布 memorial纪念碑

educate 教育 statue 雕塑 march 前进;游行

glory 辉煌 salary 薪金,薪水 aware 意识到的

basis 基础 court 法院 corrupt 使腐化

trial审讯 judge 法官 poison 毒药二.Phrase

decorate...with 用……装饰 take over 夺取

in memory of 纪念 no doubt 无疑,确实

stand in one’s path 阻碍(某人) ahead of time 提前

come down with 患(病) be aware of 知道,了解

三.Grammar

1.宾语补足语,常紧跟在宾语之后,对宾语进行补充说明。

(1)在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。

We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。

He proved that theory (to be) very important.他证明那个理论是很重要的。

I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。

(2)在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。

I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。

I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。

(3)注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。

I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。

I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。

He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。

Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里。

可作宾语补足语的形式有:

不定式,现在分词,过去分词,名词,形容,副词,介词短语都能作补语。

具体说明:

(一)副词作宾语补足语

I found him in yesterday.

(二)常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有:keep, make, find等。

如:We must keep our classroom clean.

(三)常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有:call, name, make, think等。

如:We call them mooncakes.

(四)常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有:see, watch, hear, find, keep等。

如:In the country, we can hear birds singing.

(五)常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有:keep, find, leave等。如:I left my pen on my desk at home.

(六)不定式作宾语补足语

1. 常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, tell, want, teach, wish 等;

2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。

如:

I often see him play football.

She often asks me to help her.

We don't allow such things to happen again.

Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.

She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.

Please remind me to leave her this note.

She requested him to go with her.

3. 用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明:

①help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。如:I often help my mother(to) do some housework.

②在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to,

这类动词有:make, let, have等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带to的不定式 (have 没有被动语态)。

What would you have me do?你要我做什么?

She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。

Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。

Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little

sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了

*掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语+过去分词”的几种含义

在“ have +宾语+过去分词”结构中,过去分词作宾语补足语, have 也可用 get 。

这一结构具有以下几种含义:

Ⅰ意为“主语请别人做某事”。例如:

He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去检查眼睛。(“检查”的动作由医生来进行)

Ⅱ意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。例如:

Be careful, or you'll have your hands hurt. 当心,否则会弄伤手的。

Ⅲ意为“使完成某事”,事情既可以是别人做完,也可以由主语参与完成。

例如:

He had the walls painted this morning. 他今早把墙漆了。(主语自己可能参与)Ⅳ动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。

I'm waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。

He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。

The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。

(七)分词作宾语补足语

用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如:

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself heard.

由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.

他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。

2. 几种用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况说明:

①表示“意欲;命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等,可用过去分词

作宾语补足语。例如:

The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。

②感官动词 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。

I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now. 刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。

③使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如:

Have you got your films developed? 你拿胶卷去冲洗了没有?

④“ with +宾语+过去分词”结构中,过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。例如:

The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.

凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式)

With water heated, we can see the steam.

水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件)

With the matter settled, we all went home.

事情得到解决,我们都回家了。(表原因)

2.主谓一致,指“人称”和“数“方面的一致关系.

如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.

可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.

(1) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:

1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.

如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.

No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如:

The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)

A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)

用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:

Serving the people is my great happiness.

为人民服务是我最大的幸福.

When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.

我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.

Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.

Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:

Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。

6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:

Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.

More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。

7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作

单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.

如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。

None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。

8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:

His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:

A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。

9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10.“a +名词+and a half ”, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”

等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:

Only one and a half apples is left on the table.

注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:

One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。

(二) 内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”、“分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:

The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车,今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:

A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。

3.加减乘除用单数.如:

Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。

4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:

Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。

5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.

(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.

(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。

6. the +形容词/过去分词形式表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.

(三) 就近原则

1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:

Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.

Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。

Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?

你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?

2.用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如:

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.

He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如:

Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。

Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

新版新目标英语八年级下册unit3知识点总结

Unit 3 Could you please clean your room? Section A 1.Could you please do sth ?用于提出请求,希望得到对方肯定回答,语气较委婉。 肯定回答:Sure./ Of course./ Certainly./No problem. 否定回答:Sorry , I can’t. / I’m afraid I can’t. 在表示请求帮助或请求允许的疑问句中,常用could代替can,以表示礼貌,委婉或不确定的语气,而can 则不具备这些语气。这种情况下不能把could 看作can 的过去式。以上两句中用could 是为了表示礼貌的请求。表示请求帮助或请求允许时,除了can, could 之外,还可以用may,句子的表达方式也各有不同,可以用不同的方式来表示同一个概念。Could / Can / May I use your car for a day? 作允答可以各种各样: 如同意可以说Yes,或Sure 或Certainly,还可说Yes, (do) please. 或Of course. (you may / can). 或That's OK / all right. 如果不同意,可以说I'm sorry you can't. 或I'm really sorry, but I have to use it today. 要避免说No, you can't. 这样显得很不礼貌。否定回答通常用委婉语气。 2. take (1)取,拿:Please take some books to the classroom. (2)吃,喝,服用Take some medicine. (3)乘车,船等We can take a bus to the park. (4)花费(时间、金钱)It took me 2 hours to do my homework. take care of 照顾take a walk 散步take awa拿take up占据take place 发生take off脱下; take one’s time慢慢来 3.problem question 问题 problem客观存在待解决的问题,侧重困难。Solve the problem question因存疑而提出问题,侧重疑惑。answer the question 4.(1)neither adv 也不句子须部分倒装。此时可用nor替换neither I don’t like this dress. 我不喜欢这件连衣裙。Neither / Nor do I. 我也不喜欢。 【注意】肯定句:He likes beef..--So do I. 我也喜欢。 (2) neither …nor… 既不…也不…, 连接两个词做主语,谓语动词就近原则Neither Tom nor I am a student (3) neither 作代词表示“两个都不”,它作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。Neither of my parents is at home. 辨析also, too, either, neither (1)also 较正式,在句中位于行为动词前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。 Peter also likes beef. I am also a student. She can also swim. (2)too较口语,多用在肯定句句末。 (3)either 表示“也”时,一般只用于否定句句末。 I don’t have much money either. (4)neither 用作副词,意为“也不”解释,句子须采用部分倒装。 also和too常用于肯定句,neither用于否定句; either表示“也”用于否定,但either…or用于肯定。 5.or 否定句也不We don’t have tea or coffee. 陈述句或者Answer me yes or no. 疑问句还是Do you like red or pink? 表转折否则祈使句Hurry up, or you will be late.

高中英语必修三第三单元知识点总结

高中英语必修三第三单元知识点总结第三单元 )bet makeabet打赌 place/putabeton在……下赌注 one’sbestbet最好的办法 作动词,表示“打赌,赌博”,后直接加宾语。 Ibet(that)表示“我敢肯定”,相当于Iamsure。 youbet表示“肯定,没问题”,相当于certainly。 2)scene scene表示“(戏剧,电影中的)一幕/一场,出事地点,现场,情景;风景,布景”。 behindthescenes在幕后;秘密地。 onthescene在现场。 setthescene(forsth)作事前的现场描述,为……做准备。 comeonthescene到现场。 3)stage 表示“舞台,戏剧,阶段”,可以表示“路程,一段路,(事故发生的)现场”。 be/goonthestage当演员,登台演出 setthestageforsth为某事做准备。

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