英汉翻译技巧
实用英汉翻译技巧选讲
Unit One
I.试译下列句子，比较翻译中的感觉和译文的效果：
1. He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.
2. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.
3. While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don\'t exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.
4. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad you can not get rid of it too early.
5. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check -- a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds".
6. A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.
II. 参考译文：
1. 他要找一位了解他的案情，同情他的处境，并有过亲身经历的人当他的律师。
2. 他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直默默无闻，因为他一生始终避免抛头露面。
3. 在集中精力的过程中，要集中于一种打算；不要同时涉足各种可能的情况而搞得精疲力竭一事无成。
4. 书可以比作邻居：如果是好的，相处愈久愈好；如果是坏的，分手愈早愈好。
5. 美国没有履行这种神圣的义务，相反，只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，上面盖了“资金不足”的戳后被退了回来。
6. 朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人，和他在一起你就会精神焕发，并且变得更具有友谊所要求的种种内涵。
III、有哪些常用的翻译技巧（一）？
【例1】 We should help in ways which are mutually beneficial to both developing and developed countries.
×我们应以对发展中国家和发达国家双方都有利的方法援助。
【译文】 我们的援助方法应对发展中国家和发达国家双方都有利。
一、词性转译法：
（一）转译成动词：
【例2】 For Westerners in China, the establishment of an effective team of managers means attracting -- and retaining both expatriate and local management talent.
【译文】 对于在中国的西方人来说，建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。
1、名词转译成动词：
【例3】 The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.
×对于这些事情的回想将会增添他生活的乐趣。
【译文】 回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。
【例4】 He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.
×他认为这次大会是人民的公正忠实的代表。
【译文】 他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民。
【例5】 Other governmental activit
ies are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have
their own constitutions and laws.
×其他政府活动则是各个州的责任，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
【译文】 其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
【例6】 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
【译文】 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到特别神往。
【例7】 To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.
【译文】 据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。
【例8】 He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.
×他是个好听众，所以他们喜欢同他谈话。
【译文】 他善于听取别人意见，所以他们喜欢同他谈心。
2、介词、副词转译成动词：
【例9】 With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.
【译文】 那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵。
【例10】 They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
【译文】 他们吃的是简陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，在昏暗的灯光下长时间地工作。
【例11】 The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
【译文】 这条大街向西而去，跨过一座大桥，延伸下坡后又上坡，经过了几家店铺和肉市，又越过了几幢平房，最后在一片开阔的绿草坪前突然到了尽头。
【例12】 Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.
【译文】 参加推销员培训就会确保他在学业完成以后能找到工作做。
3、形容词转译成动词：
【例13】 He must have been aware that his parents\' marriage was breaking up.
【译文】 他一定已经知道父母的婚姻关系正在破裂。
【例14】 Our computerized stock control system is now operative.
【译文】 本公司的库存管理计算机系统现已运行。
【例15】 His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.
【译文】 他母亲很宠他，他不管想干什么她都愿意让他干。
IV、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）：
1. He who is subject to temptations tends to err.
2. It is the first time that the bigger hydraulic motors have been used in a UK application.
3. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man\'s past wrong doings.
4. In the event of any conflict between this paragraph and the production acceptance test schedule, the latter shall prevail,
5. He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science.
6. There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two s
haggy ponies which drew the van.
7. He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of
political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him.
8. The interest the United Nations has always shown in this problem, which has been a distinguishing feature of its work since its inception, has increased as the newly independent countries joined its ranks.
V、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 不能抗拒诱惑的人往往要犯错误。
2. 这种大功率液压马达在英国的应用尚属首次。
3. 老人在同儿子谈话时宽恕了年轻人过去的种种劣迹。
4. 如本节所述内容与生产验收试验规范相冲突，则以试验规范为准。
5. 他从来没有上过医学院，但他却获得了理学博士这样难得的荣誉学位。
6. 此时只听见沙沙的脚步声和两匹鬃毛蓬松的拉车小马得得的马蹄声，除此之外，万籁俱寂。
7. 他利用业余时间攻读法律，后来当了律师。他口才很好，还精通政治哲学。他的才能最终使他出了名。
8. 联合国对这一问题始终非常关心，这是它成立以来工作中的一个显著特点。随着一些新独立国家加入联合国的队伍，这种关心更增强了。
VI、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用各种翻译技巧使译文流畅通顺）：
The relationship many of us have with nature is characterized by our attitude toward insects. "Ugh! Yuk! There\'s a bug. Squash it!" It seems that ladybugs and butterflies are the only insects that escape the all-bugs-are-beastly attitude.
Hostility and fear are universally the products of ignorance, and our antagonism is no exception. One cannot deny that insects are a nuisance when their bites become sore, and a threat when they transmit disease, but, viewed dispassionately, even noxious insects are beautiful.
From having studied their fossilized remains, we know that insects have inhabited the earth for nearly 400 million years. Today we find them abundantly everywhere we look. Insects have been discovered on the snow of the polar caps and the peaks of high mountains.
Unit Two
I、课外练习参考译文：
我们很多人与自然的关系表现于我们对昆虫的态度。“哎呀！有只虫子，快踩死它！”看来，只有瓢虫和蝴蝶才得以幸免于这种讨厌所有虫子的态度。
一切仇视和惧怕都是由于无知，我们对昆虫的敌视态度也不例外。不可否认，昆虫叮咬引起疼痛让人不好受，而且昆虫还会传播疾病；但是，如果冷静地看一看，即使害虫也非常美丽。
我们从昆虫遗骸化石的研究中获知，昆虫在地球上已生存了将近4亿年。今天我们无论在哪里都能看到大量昆虫。在极地的雪原和高山的顶峰都发现过昆虫。
II、有哪些常用的翻译技巧（二）？
（二）转译成名词：
1、名词派生的动词
【例16】 In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.
【译文】 在希腊神话中，阿佛洛狄特女神是爱
的化身。
【例17】 Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.
【译文】 他早期绘画的特点是色彩鲜明，笔法粗犷。
【例18】 They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed.
【译文】 他们已经在打算合资企业一旦建成后经理部门的人事安排。
2、形容词
【例19】 He felt responsible for her death.
【译文】 他觉得她的死他有责任。
【例20】 Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.
【译文】 缺乏信任对人际关系的危害很大。
（三）转译成形容词：
【例21】 Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success.
【译文】 勤奋和才智对于获得成功是颇为重要的。
【例22】 I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.
【译文】 我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。
【例23】 It\'s such a nuisance that I\'ve got to work on Saturday.
【译文】 我星期六还得上班，真讨厌。
【例24】 As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.
【译文】 他对这座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
【例25】 There\'s no point arguing about it -- just do as you\'re told.
【译文】 争论是没有意义的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。
（四）其它词性转译：
【例26】 The dominant factor in the growth of the company in question throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority in product design and manufacturing techniques.
【译文】 该公司多年来发展壮大的主要因素是一贯成功地保持了产品设计和制造工艺上的技术优势。
【例27】 This time-lag is difficult to explain, but there are three possible reasons.
【译文】 这种时滞现象很难解释，但可能有三个原因。
【例28】 People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.
【译文】 无污染车辆会给人们带来很大的好处。
二、分句法和合句法：
（一）分句法：
【例29】 He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labours.
×他访问了许多地方，到处受到对他的艰苦努力所一贯表示的热情欢迎。
【译文】 他访问了许多地方，到处受到热情的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是一贯受到热请欢迎的。
【例30】 Eventually, more as a last hope than with any real confidence in a result, a sub-committee was formed to try to reconcile differences between them.
×最后，对其结果并无真正信心，只是抱
有最后一点希望，成立了一个小组委员会，试图调解他们之间的分歧。
【译文】 最后成立了一个小组委员会试图调解他们之间的分歧。这只是最后一点希望，对其结果如何并非真有信心。
【例31】 Kn
owledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and shelter for us in an advanced age, and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
【译文】 知识是人到老年时舒适而又必需的精神归宿。如果年轻时不种下知识之树，老年时就得不到树荫的遮蔽。
【例32】 He has long been held in cordial contempt by his colleagues; now that contempt was no longer cordial.
【译文】 长期以来，他的同僚们虽然看不起他，却还是对他有些亲切感；现在，除了看不起之外，亲切感已没有了。
【例33】 The society dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense.
【译文】 该协会否定现代关于地球形状的公认看法，认为都是一派胡言。
III、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）：
1. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
2. You are free to go out and see and meet people, and therefore you have control over loneliness; you are not its prisoner.
3. Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightning made us turn apprehensive glances toward the distance.
4. Rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of whose earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.
5. I talked to him with brutal frankness.
6. He took a house on a lease of ten years.
7. As I know more of mankind I expect less of them, and am now ready to call a man a good man more easily than formerly.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要以他的魅力和风趣把这个人争取过来。
2. 你可以随意出去走走，去会会别人，所以，你不是孤独的俘虏，你是主人。
3. 偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们时不时忧虑地朝远处探望。
4. 有钱的太太小姐们大多忙于无数鸡毛蒜皮的小事请，而且她们深信这些事情都惊天动地非常重要。
5. 我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。
6. 他租了一栋房子，租期为十年。
7. 随着我对人类了解越多，我的期望就越低。我现在说人家是好人比过去容易得多了。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用各种翻译技巧时译文流畅通顺）：
Three types of empty-shell marriages have been identified. In a devitalized relationship husband and wife lack excitement or any real interest in their spouse or their marriage. Boredom and apathy characterize this marriage. Y
et serious arguments are rare. In a conflict-habituated relationship husband and wife frequently quarrel in private. They may also quarrel in public or put up a facade of being compatible. The relationship is characterized by constant conflict, tension, and bitterness. And in a passive-congenial relationship both part
ners are not happy, but are content with their lives and generally feel adequate. The partners may have some interests in common, but these interests are generally insignificant. This type of relationship generally has little overt conflict.
Unit Three
I、课外练习参考译文：
空壳婚姻有三种类型。一种是死气沉沉的婚姻：在这种婚姻关系中夫妻俩对于配偶或婚姻缺乏激情，或者缺乏真正的兴趣。厌倦冷漠是这种婚姻的特点，但很少有激烈的争吵。第二种是争吵成习的婚姻：在这种婚姻关系中夫妻之间私下里经常争吵，在公开场合也会争吵，或者也会表面上装得和睦相处。这种婚姻关系的特点是冲突不断、关系紧张、怨恨不已。第三种是消极契合的婚姻：这种婚姻关系的双方都不幸福，但生活上满足，通常感到差强人意。双方可能有一些共同兴趣，但这种兴趣一般微不足道。这种婚姻关系通常很少发生公开的冲突。
II、有哪些常用的翻译技巧（三）？
（二）合句法：
【例34】 Towards evening, the attack of the French slackened in its fury. They had other foes besides the British to engage, or were preparing for a final onset.
【译文】 将近傍晚，法军的攻势逐渐松懈，或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人，或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。
【例35】 The remembrance rankles still in the bosoms of millions of the countrymen. They pant for an opportunity of revenging that humiliation.
【译文】 千百万同胞们至今回想起此事依然觉得懊丧，恨不得有机会赶快报仇雪耻。
【例36】 The coup d\'etat of Thermidor was staged on July 27, 1704. Robespierre and his supporters were overthrown and the Committee of Public Safety was ended.
【译文】 1794年7月27日的热月政变推翻了罗伯斯庇尔及其支持者，公安委员会也随之倒台。
三、被动语态的译法：
（一）译成汉语主动句：
1、原文有动作执行者或其他相关成分可作译文主语时，被动句可译成主动句
【例37】 What is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failure legislated for. It is a failure which has been carefully designed.
【译文】 外界很少有人知道，这种无法做到的情况是立法造成的，是经过精心策划的。
【例38】 American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels.
【译文】 允许美国俘虏领取红十字会的食品包裹。
【例39】 When (it is) seen through a te
lescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.
【译文】 用望远镜看，太阳接近边缘的部分显得略暗。
【例40】 One must admit that a good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics.
【译文】 必须承认，这些统计数字反映了许多不满情绪。
【例41】 A surprising amount of one\'s time as a student or professional is sp
ent reporting the results of one\'s research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients.
【译文】 学生或职业人士花费大量时间撰写报告，以向老师、经理或客户讲述研究项目的成果。
2、原文动词的汉语对应动词兼有及物和不及物用法时，被动句可译作主动句
【例42】 The old woman\'s body was found at the end of the alley.
【译文】 老妇人的尸体在小巷尽头发现了。
【例43】 In the move most of the furniture was left to the neighbors or distributed among friends.
【译文】 搬家时大部分家具要么留给了邻居，要么分给了朋友。
3. 运用词性转译法技巧，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
【例44】 Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender.
【译文】 对于各项计划的评估，不要看其令人们高兴的程度，使人们满意的程度，而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。
4. 转换成其他表达方式，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
【例45】 The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.
【译文】 由于打破了权力的高度集中，经济获得了自由。
【例46】 These brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers for executing the orders.
【译文】 这些经纪人按买家和卖家的嘱咐进行交易，从中收取佣金。
【例47】 Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible.
【译文】 有些人误认为人们喜欢积蓄精力，喜欢休息，喜欢尽可能褒扬自己。
5. 重新组织原文的语句结构，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
【例48】 When the ideas of a scientist are expressed in simple mathematical form, new relationships and new channels of investigation often suggest themselves.
【译文】 科学家在用简单的数学形式表达概念时，研究工作常常会表现出新的关系和新的途径。
【例49】 A ten percent reduction in auto accidents has been realized by exercising a tighter control on the highway speed limit.
【译文】 由于加强了公路车速限制，车祸事故减少了一成。
【例50】 The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors.
【译文】 在管道中流动的液体，其性能受到
多种因素的影响。
III、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）：
1. A group of sharks were spotted off the coast earlier this month.
2. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
3. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
4. Over the years 26 amendments have been added to the Constitution, but the bas
ic document has not been changed.
5. While there are literally thousands of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
6. I was feeling far from well, as a heavy cold and sore throat were reinforced by the consequences of inoculation against typhoid fever.
7. Spare-time learners are usually the best learners. Their rate of learning is helped by the fact that they want to learn and consequently try to learn.
8. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 本月的前些时候曾发现沿海有一群鲨鱼。
2. 大火使这家著名旅馆几乎化为灰烬。
3. 他年青时形成的自卑感一直没有完全消失。
4. 这些年来宪法增加了26项修正案，但是其基本文件始终未变。
5. 股票的种类数以千计，但买卖最活跃的通常是在纽约证券交易所上市的股票。
6. 我感到很不舒服。本来就得了重感冒，嗓子又疼，加上注射了伤寒预防针，就更严重了。
7. 利用业余时间学习的人往往学得最好，他们想学，所以努力去学，学习中进步因此就很快。
8. 如果让人们根据自己的选择自行安排时间，大多数人会茫然不知所措，想不出什么非常开心的事情值得一做。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用各种翻译技巧时译文流畅通顺）：
The fact that you can look up words in a dictionary can be traced to a man named Noah Webster. He produced the first dictionary of American English.
Noah Webster was a person who loved words. He was born in West Hartford（西哈特福德）, Connecticut, in 1758. Webster studied at Yale and later became a teacher and a writer.
In 1782 Webster was teaching at an elementary school in Goshen（戈申）, New York. He saw that the school-books he was using had left out something he felt was important. The books Webster had to use in his teaching came from England. These books were just fine for teaching English children. But they paid no attention to American culture. Remember, the United States had only just won its independence from England. Americans still educated their children the same way the British did. Noah Webster wanted to give his students an education that was strongly American.
To do this, in 1783 he publish
ed a spelling book for schoolchildren. Its full title was The American Spelling Book. The spelling guide became very popular. Over the years, it sold more than a hundred million copies. Copies were still being sold during much of the 1900s.
Unit Four
I、课外练习参考译文：
词典中能查词，这可以追溯到一位名叫诺韦伯斯特的人。他编纂了第一本美国英语词典。
诺韦伯斯特1758年出生于康涅狄格州的西哈特福德，他一生热爱
词语。韦伯斯特曾就读于耶鲁大学，后来当了教师，又从事写作。
1782年韦伯斯特在纽约州的戈申教小学。他发现教学使用的课本中缺了点什么，而他觉得这又十分重要。韦伯斯特教学中使用的课本来自英国。这些课本用于英国儿童的教学不失为好教材，但没有考虑美国文化。要知道当时美国刚从英国赢得独立，美国人仍然用英国人的方法教育孩子。韦伯斯特想对学生进行具有浓厚美国特色的教育。
为了实现这一想法，他在1783年出版了一本学生拼写用书，书的全名叫《美式拼写课本》。这本拼写入门当时很受欢迎，几年间销售了一亿多册，直到20世纪还销售了好多年。
II、有哪些常用的翻译技巧（四）？
三、被动语态的译法：
（二）译成汉语被动句：
1、借助“被（…）＋ 动词”、“给（…）＋ 动词”或“由（以）…＋ 动词”的结构
【例51】 His passport was confiscated by the police.
【译文】 他的护照被警方没收了。
【例52】 Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.
【译文】 我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
【例53】 Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves.
【译文】 黑人最初是被当作奴隶从非洲贩运到美国的。
【例54】 The dishes were all removed before I had finished eating.
【译文】 我还没有吃完盘子就都给收掉了。
【例55】 The teacher was sacked for slapping a schoolboy.
【译文】 那位教师因为打了一名男生耳光给解雇了。
【例56】 The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.
【译文】 这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制。
【例57】 Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings.
【译文】 我们的未来世界是由人类一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造出来的。
【例58】 Members of Congress, the President, state officials, and those who govern counties and cities, are elected by popular vote. Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials.
【译文】 国会议员、总统、州政府官员以及县长、市长均由民众投票选举。联邦
政府各部部长由总统任命，法官由人民直接选举，或由当选官员任命。
2、借助“为…所 ＋ 动词”或“是…（所）＋ 动词 ＋ 的”的结构
【例59】 The late 1960\'s was a period of revolt against traditional values. Parents\' ideas were scorned by their children, who accused them of being too concerned with money.
【译文】 20世纪60年代后期是对传统观念造反的年代。父母的想法为孩子们所不齿；孩子们指责他们过于看重金钱。
【例60】 These very elements an
d compounds are needed to continue life, and nature is fairly efficient in recycling them.
【译文】 这些元素和化合物正是生命延续所需要的，而大自然能够相当有效地将其循环利用。
【例61】 Each transaction is carried out in public, and the information sent electronically to every brokerage office of the nation.
【译文】 每笔交易都是公开进行的，并通过电子设备把交易资料发往全国各地的每一家经纪人事务所。
3、借助“得到…＋ 名词”、“受（遭）到…＋ 名词”或“予（加）以…＋ 名词”的结构
【例62】 This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth\'s surface is curved.
【译文】 只有假设地球表明呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。
【例63】 People are also troubled because of the participative mood that exists today. This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part of contemporary life.
【译文】 人们受到困扰的另一个原因是当今存在的参与情绪。这种积极参与现象在现代生活中到处可见。
【例64】 The area will have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting.
【译文】 这一地区一定要加以保护，不允许过于频繁、过于集中或过于随便地参观访问。
四、长句的翻译
（一）英汉语句的结构差异
【例65】 The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help (1) in combating the notion (2) that it is undemocratic (3) to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls (4).
【译文】 费城的一所名牌中学为一些出类拔萃的男女学生开设一套特别课程（4），有人认为这种做法不民主（3），结果校长不得不大声疾呼求助人们（1）同这种观念作斗争（2）。
【例66】 It was an old woman（1）, tall and shapely still（2）, though withered by time（3）, on whom his eyes fell（4）when he stopped and turned（5）.
【译文】 他站住，转过身来（5），定睛一看（4），是个年迈妇女（1），个子很高，依然一副好身材（2），虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴（3）。
III、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）：
1. They were given a hearty welcome.
2. She was arres
ted for shoplifting but was released on bail.
3. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.
4. We found him in a small, businesslike office and the office was protected by some iron bars.
5. Los Angeles is full of beautiful girls working as waitresses, hoping to be discovered by a movie agent.
6. Perhaps the most important aspect of science fiction\'s role in the modern world is best summed up in a single word: change.
7. Ticket and reservation counters, as well as the future passenger space shuttles, most likely will be located at several airports around the world.
8
. Individual rights and freedom are assured in the Constitution and are listed in the first 10 amendments called "the Bill of Rights", which were added in 1791.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 他们受到了热烈的欢迎。
2. 她因偷窃店铺商品被捕，但后来得到保释。
3. 他妻子给他的信件大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。
4. 我们在一间井井有条的小办公室里见到了他，办公室装有防护铁栅栏。
5. 落杉矶到处都是当女招待的漂亮姑娘，她们盼着有制片代理人来发现她们。
6. 科幻小说在现代社会中最重要的作用也许可以用一句话来贴切地加以概括：揭示变化。
7. 未来的航天客机以及航天客机的售票订票处都很可能设在世界各地的一些机场内。
8. 个人的权利和自由在宪法中得到保障，并载入1971年增补的最初10项修正案，统称“人权法案”。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用各种翻译技巧时译文流畅通顺）：
Transplant surgeons work miracles. They take organs from one body and integrate them into another, granting the lucky recipient a longer, better life. Sadly, every year thousands of other people are less fortunate, dying while they wait for suitable organs to be found. The terrible constraint on organ transplantation is that every life extended depends on the death of someone young enough and healthy enough to have organs worth transplanting. Such donors are few. The waiting lists are long, and getting longer.
Freedom from this constraint is the dream of every transplant surgeon. So far attempts to make artificial organs have been disappointing: nature is hard to mimic. Hence the renewed interest in trying to use organs from animals.
Unit Five
I、课外练习参考译文：
器官移植医生身手不凡。他们从一人体内取出器官移植到另一人体内，让幸运的器官接受者延长寿命改善生活。可惜的是，每年还有成千上万的人却没有那么幸运，他们等不及找到合适的器官就死去了。器官移植的最大制约是，每延长一个人的生命一定要有另一个人的死亡，而且这个人必须年青健康其器官具有移植价值。这样的器官供体很少，而等
待移植的人数却很多，而且越来越多。
解除这种制约是每个器官移植医生的希望。迄今为止，制作人造器官的种种努力结果不尽人意，因为天地间万物很难仿造。于是，人们又对设法利用动物器官产生了兴趣。
II、有哪些常用的翻译技巧（五）？
（二）长句翻译的操作方法：
1、理顺原句内部关系，理出句中包含的各语义点
【例67】 The fact that the average Englishman\'s home has become his workshop is partly because he is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for whi
ch, some years ago, he would have hired professional help.
【译文】 普通英国人的家已经成了自家的工场，一方面是因为他热衷于自己动手干，另一方面是因为出于某种原因，他觉得许多家务活必须自己干，而这些活在几年前他会雇专人来干的。
【例68】 I wondered （1）how she would feel（2）if she learned that the Negro（3）before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner（4）was habitually a white man（3）.
【译文】 我心中思衬（1），在一个黑人面前表现得如此有失女士风度（4），倘若得知这个黑人其实是白人时（3），不知她作何感想（2）。
2、将整理出的各语义点按汉语表达习惯重新排列。
【例69】 American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades（1）-- basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school（2）, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school（3）.
【译文】 美国的公立学校和私立学校都是由12个年级组成的（1），基本上是8年小学加4年中学（2），虽然7、8两个年级或7、8、9三个年级有可能都在初级中学里就读（3）。
【例70】 It would take me an entire book to list（1）all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends（3）-- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）.
【译文】 我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分时间都是单身（2），但在朋友群中却无可非议地是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人解决问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把这些人的姓名一一列出的话，恐怕要写一本书（1）。
【例71】 Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown（1）, the new technological unemployment（2）may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century（3）.
【译文】 新技术出现带来的失业问题（2），尽管起初被全球性经济衰退所引起的失业现象所掩盖（1
），但有可能成为20世纪末社会经济的重大难题（3）。
【例72】 He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4）he had been engaged in in the South（5）.
【译文】 他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程（5），任务完成之后（4），他就上佐治亚去度假（2），享受着阳光（3），前天才坐飞机回来（1）。
【例73】 When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973 - 1974（1）, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area（2）where deer spend the winter（3） in northern Minnesota（2）, observing the deer as their behavior changed f
rom more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed（4）, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted（5）.
【译文】 1973－1974年间第一次出现“能源危机”的时候（1），我正和家人住在明尼苏达北部一处鹿群过冬的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里（2）（3），观察鹿的生活习性，观察它们如何随着冬季来临从夏秋的活动频繁变得少动的（4），而到春暖雪融时，它们的活动又是如何增加起来的（5）。
3、依照重新排列的语义点顺序用汉语逐点表达
【例74】 Now there is in America a curious combination（1）of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living（2）and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one\'s own hands（3）.
【译文】 现在美国有一个奇怪的现象：人们一方面为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪，另一方面又对能够亲自动手做事而由衷地感到高兴。
【例75】 One of the most heartwarming aspects（1）of people who are born with a facial disfigurement（2）, whether minor or major（3）, is the number of them（1） who do not allow it to upset their lives（4）, even reaching out to help others with the same problem（5）.
【译文】 有些人生来面部就有残缺（2），残缺有大有小（3），但令人欣慰的是这些人中很多人（1）并没有因此而生活得不愉快（4），相反，他们倒去主动帮助其他有同样问题的人（5）。
【例76】 Students in these state schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition（1）, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones（2）, particularly for students who are residents of the state（3）.
【译文】 但是，这些州立学校的学生以及私立学院的学生都须缴纳学费（1），不过州立学校的学费比私立学校的学费便宜得多（2），对常住本州的学生来说尤为便宜（3）。
【例77】 From the corner of my eye, I saw Phil, pale, slack-jawed, eyes wide with amazem
ent and adoration combined. We listened to Jenny finish the sonnet, which was in its way a kind of prayer.
【译文】 我从眼角里瞅见菲尔，他脸色苍白，半张着嘴，眼睛瞪得大大的，又是惊讶又是崇敬。我们听着詹尼念完诗，那简直就是一篇极有特色的祈祷词。
【例78】 They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness.
【译文】 他们走进餐厅去吃饭。美酒加佳肴。喝着酒，吃着菜，气氛顿时起了变化。不仅没有恶言相向，言语间还十分投机。
III、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）：
1. In order to retain Chinese
managers, joint ventures also must devise human resource policies that are sensitive to the ways in which Chinese employees differ from those in the West.
2. Engels spoke with the authority and confidence, born of forty years\' closest friendship and intellectual intimacy, during which he had grasped, as no other man had, the full significance of Marx\'s teachings.
3. I take heart from the fact that, the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.
4. If you\'re stuck with someone and feeling tongue-tied, console yourself by remembering that the other person may be feeling as agonized as you. Summon up a burst of energy, and find something on which to compliment him or her.
IV、课堂练习参考译文：
1. 为了留住中国本地管理人员，合资企业还必须制定适应中国雇员与西方雇员之间种种差异的人力资源政策。
2. 四十年最亲密的友谊和思想契合赋予了恩格斯说这番话的资格和信心。经过这四十年，他对马克思学说意义的了解比任何人都彻底。
3. 敌人吹嘘能在几小时内占领战略要地，由于遭到了顽强的抵抗，甚至连外围地带也没有占领，这让我增强了信心。
4. 倘若和别人无言以对面面相觑时，无须烦恼，切记对方或许跟你一样心里感到不好受。你要打起精神来，找些好听的话向对方说说。
V、课外练习（将以下短文译成汉语，注意运用各种翻译技巧时译文流畅通顺）：
Watching them hop on the presidential merry-go-round again makes you wonder what makes them run. After all, they didn\'t have a very merry ride the last time -- but the older they get, the harder they try.
One explanation is that presidential ambition is an addiction as powerful as sex or booze. Once they have gone through all those howling halls, with their banners and adoring supporters -- their pictures on the front page and on the evening TV news -- they dream abou
t it in the night.
Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing. Somehow they forget all the agony -- the demeaning scramble for money, the vicious charges of their opponents, the unfeeling and often frivolous criticism of the press, and the endless plane and bus rides, the stumbling into bed and wondering how they can get through it all again next day.
V、课外练习参考译文：
看着那些人跳上了总统竞选的欢乐转木马，人们不禁又要问：究竟是什么原因促使他们前来竞选的。毕竟前一次骑欢乐转木马骑得并不怎么欢乐－－可是他们偏偏年龄越大，想试的劲头也越大。
一种解释是觊觎总统宝座会让人上瘾，且瘾头之大不亚于酒色。那彩旗缤纷、众人追随、呼声雷动的大厅，那报纸头版、晚间电视新闻上的相片－－他们一旦领略了这
一切，就会夜里梦寐以求。
记忆是有选择的。随着时光流逝，他们的一切苦恼总会忘却－－为筹集资金不顾廉耻的你争我夺、竞选对手的恶言相向，报纸上吹毛求疵的无情批评、还有无休无止的飞机汽车来回奔波，到了晚上跌跌撞撞地一头倒在床上，还要担心第二天如何应付所有这一切的重演。