高中英语选修八备课资料

选修八

Unit 1 A land of diversity

语言要点（模块）

Ⅰ.词语辨析(旨在提供完形填空所需材料)

Ⅲ.重点词汇（旨在提供词汇综合运用所需材料）

1.majority n.大多数；大半major adj.&n.较大的，主要的；主修，专攻

(反义词minority少数；少数民族)

[典例]

1). A / The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.

大多数医生认为吸烟对健康极为有害。

2). The majority was/were in favour of the proposal. 多数人赞成这个建议。

[重点用法]

be in the/a majority 构成大部分/大多数 a majority over sb 超过对方的票数

[练习] 按要求填空或翻译。

1). English speakers form the ________ (大多数) of the population.

2). Among the members of the committee those who favour the proposed changes are _______

(介词) the majority.

3). They had a large majority _______ (介词) the other party at the last election.

4). The majority of people _________ (prefer) peace to war.

5). The majority of the damage _________ (be) easy to repair.

Keys: 1). majority 2). in 3). over 4). prefer / prefers 5). is

2. applicant n.申请人application n.申请(书)；应用；用途apply v. 申请；运用，适用

[典例]

1). We had 250 applicants for the job. 有250人申请这份工作。

2). As the wages were low, there were few applicants for the job. 因为工资低, 没有什麽人申请

这份工作。

[重点用法]

apply for... 申请……apply to... 适用……

fill in the application form for sth. 填写……申请表

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). Successful _________ (apply) will receive notification within the week.

2). This r ule can’ t be applied ________ (介词) every case.

3). You should ________ ________(申请) the job immediately, in person or by letter.

4). The question in the second half of the form _________ ________ (适用) married men only. Keys: 1). applicants 2). to 3). apply for 4). apply to

3. occur vi. 发生；出现；存在

[典例]

1). The tragedy occurred only minutes after take-off. 这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。

2). Didn’ t it occur to you that he might be late? 你当时没有想到他可能会迟到吗?

[重点用法]

occur to... (主意) 浮现于脑海中；被想到；被想起；（某人）想到……

[练习] 根据句子的意思填空或翻译。

1). The possibility that she might be wrong never even ________ ________ her.

2). A good idea _______ _______ him.

3). ___________________________________ (他从没想到) he might be falling in love with her. Keys: 1). occurred to 2). occurred to 3). It had never occurred to him that

4. indicate vt. 指出；标示；表明indication n. 指出；表明indicative adj.指示的；暗示的[典例]

1). I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite. 我问他握姐姐在哪，他

指指对面的商店。

2). Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women. 研究表明男人感

到比女人更容易戒烟。

[重点用法]

indicate sth (to sb) 指示；指出；标示indicate that/wh-表示……；示意……

[练习] 根据句子的意思，在括号里填入适当的词。

1). The government has ________ (表明) that it intends to cut taxes.

2). A flashing red light ________ (标示) that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.

3). There is every ________ (indicate) of a change in the weather.

Keys: 1). indicated 2). indicated 3). indication

5. slip vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤n. 滑倒；小过失；失误slippery adj.滑溜的

[典例]

1). My foot slipped and I nearly fell. 我的脚一滑，差点跌到。

2). She slipped into the room when no one was looking. 她趁无人注意的时候溜进了房间。[重点用法]

let slip... 错过……；无意中说出let sth. slip through your fingers错过(机会)，失去(机会)

a slip of the tongue 口误

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). She ________ ________ (无意中说出) that she was intending to leave the company.

2). As the years _________ by, I thought more and more about him.

3). Drive very carefully; the roads are wet and ________ (slip).

Keys: 1). let slip 2). slipped 3). slippery

6. insert vt.插入，嵌入

[典例]

He inserted a key into a lock. 他把钥匙插进锁中。

[重点用法]

insert sth (in/into/between sth) 插入、放入、置入或嵌於某物或某两物间

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。

1). She inserted an additional paragraph ________ an essay.

2). Insert your fingers ________ the layers and press them apart.

Keys: 1). in 2). between

Ⅳ.重点词组（旨在提供综合运用所需材料）

1. live on 继续生活或存在

[典例]

She lived on for many years after her husband died. 丈夫死後她继续活了多年。

[短语归纳] live短语：

live on sth 以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活live by doing sth 靠做某事物为生live for sth 以某事物为生活目标live through sth 经历某事物而幸存live together 在一起生活；同居live up to sth 依照某事物行事；表现出符合某事物的标准

live with sth 接受或容忍某现象live to be... = live to the age of... 活到……岁

live a... life 过着……的生活

[练习] 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的live短语。

1). The lonely old man _______ _______ charity.

2). Mozart is dead but his music _______ _______.

3). My grandfather _______ _______ both world wars.

4). We should work hard and try to _______ _______ _______ our parents’ expectations.

5). The brave girl is learning to _______ _______ her disability.

Keys: 1). live on 2). lives on 3). lived through 4). live up to 5). live with

2. make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等

[典例]

They settled down in Canada and made a life for themselves. 他们在加拿大定居下来，习惯新的生活方式。

[短语归纳] life短语：

bring sb/sth (back) to life 给某人/事物的活力；使复活lay down one’ s life (for sb/sth) 为……献身；牺牲生命

lead a dog’ s life 过狗一般的生活（长期忧虑、痛苦或悲伤）make one’ s way in life 在生活中有所成就

take one’ s (own) life: commit suicide 自杀put an end to one’ s life: kill oneself 自杀

take sb’ s life: kill sb 取某人性命a/sb’ s way of life（某人的或某些人的）生活方式

a walk of life 行业；职业；阶层to the life 逼真

end one’ s days/life (i n sth)（处於某状况下或在某处）度过余生

[练习] 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的介词或翻译。

1). He laid down his life _______ the cause of freedom.

2). They interview people from _______ _______ _______ _______ (各行各业的人).

3). She adapted easily to the French _______ _______ _______ (生活方式).

Keys: 1). for 2). all walks of life 3). way of life

3. keep up坚持；维持；沿袭古老的风俗、传统等；使某人不能去睡觉

[典例]

1). You’ re all doing a splendid job; keep up the good work! 你们干得都很出色, 要坚持下去!

2). I do hope we’ re not keeping you up. 我希望我们没有耽误你睡觉。

[短语归纳] keep短语：

keep up with sb/sth. 跟上（某人/某事物）；（与某人/某事物）同步前进或保持联系；跟上（形势）

keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事物；重复做某事物keep away from（使某人/事物）不靠近某人/事物

keep sb back from sb/sth（使某人）与某人/事物保持距离keep sth. back 阻止某事物

keep oneself/sb from sth/doing sth 使自己/某人不能做某事物keep sth from sb 不将某事告诉某人

keep off (sb/sth) 不接近或不接触某人/事物keep sb/sth out (of sth) 不让某人/物进入（某处）

keep in touch with保持与某人的联系keep fit 保持健康

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。

1). The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices _______ (副词).

2). She likes to keep up _______ (介词) the latest fashions.

3). The house is becoming too expensive for them to ________ ________ (维修).

4). We should try to ________ ________(沿袭) our old customs.

5). Police warned bystanders to ________ ________(不靠近) the blazing building.

6). I think we ought to ________ ________ ________ ________ (不把实情告诉他) until he’ s better.

Keys: 1). up 2). with 3). keep up 4). keep up 5). keep away from 6). keep the truth from him

4.team up with（与某人）一起工作（尤指为一共同目标）；合作

[典例]

The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car. 那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。

He _______ _______ _______ (与某人一起工作) his brother in the doubles.

Keys: teamed up with

5. mark out 划线标出……界线

[典例]

Please mark out the sentences that you don’ t understand with a red pe n. 请用红笔标出你不懂的句子。

[重点用法]

be marked with... 标记着……

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。

1). I’ ve lost a case _______ _______ (标记着) ―IX‖ on its back.

2). She carefully _______ _______ (划线标出) the important phrases and sentence patterns. Keys: 1). marked with 2). marked out

6. take in 包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗

[典例]

1). The students find it easy to take in what you teach. 学生发现你的课很好懂。

2). He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没地方可以睡，我们于是就提出让

他留宿。

[短语归纳] take 短语：

take apart拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等) take down拿下，取下；拆卸；

记下

take back取回，带回；收回说过的话；使…回忆起昔日take care of 照料，保管

take up开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理take medicine服药

take it easy别紧张，慢慢来take over继承，接收，接管

take off脱下(衣服等)；起飞take on承担，从事；呈现

take one’ s place入座；代替某人的位置take one’ s time不急，慢慢干[练习] 用与take相关的短语填空。

1). Don’ t be _______ _______ by his promises.

2). Who do you think will ________ ________ now that the governor has been dismissed?

3). These boxes of yours are ________ ________ too much space.

4). 1 was really _______ _______ when seeing old photos.

5). Dear ladies and gentlemen，please now _______ _______ _______.The opera is soon to begin.

6). Tom carefully ________ ________what the teacher said

Keys: 1). taken in 2). take over 3). taking up 4). taken back

5). take your place 6). took down

7. a great/good many 相当多，很多

[典例]

It all happened a good many years ago. 这发生在很多年前。

1). I’ ve known her for _______ _______ _______ (很多) years.

2). I imagine if one day I had _______ _______ _______ _______ (很多) money, I would go

traveling round the world.

Keys: 1). a great/good many 2). a good/great deal of 或a large/great amount of

Ⅴ.重点句子（旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）

1. California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲，但有着最多的人口。

[解释] 形容词的最高级前面可以被序数词以及by far，much，almost，nearly，not quite等词修饰。

[练习] 翻译句子。

1). 黄河是中国第二长河。

____________________________________________________________________________ ________

2). 亚洲是世界上最大的洲。

____________________________________________________________________________ ________

Keys: 1). The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

2). Asia is by far the largest continent in the world.

2. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 没有人知道确切在什么时候第一批移民者到达我们今天所称为加利福尼亚的地方。

[解释] what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，做arrive in的宾语, what是复合关系代词，相当于the thing(s)that，因此，在名词性从句中可以用the thing(s)that 取代的，应该用what。

注意1：名词性从句中what与that的区别：that在名词性从句中不起句子成分的作用，what 必须起句子成分的作用。

注意2：名词性从句中what与which的区别：指代前文已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。

What he said sounds reasonable. (what作said的宾语)

That our team has won the game has been proved. (That在主语从句中不起句子成分的作用) There are many boo ks available. I don’ t know which to read. (which指的是前文提到的books的其中一本)

What book do you want to buy ? (前文没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)

[练习] 根据句子的意思填词。

1). This is ________ he wanted.

2). This is the thing ________ he wanted.

3). She is no longer ________ she used to be.

4). She is no longer the person ________ she used to be.

Keys: 1). what 2). that 3). what 4). that

课文要点（模块）

Ⅰ.课文词汇等填空（旨在复习本课文中的单词拼写和主要词语等）

根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：

California is the _____1_____(three)largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It has _____2______ (attraction) people from all over the world. No one really knows when the first people arrived in ______3____ we now know as California. Now there are more Native Americans _____4_______ in California than in any other state. California _____5________(统治) by Spain and there is still a strong Spanish ______6_____（影响）in the state. People began _____7______（settle）in California when gold _____8_______(发现)there. But people from Africa have been living there. It is believed that before long the mix of _____9______（国籍）will be so great that there will be no major racial of cultural groups, but simply a ____10______（mix）of many culture

答案： 1.third 2.attracted 3.what 4.living 5.was ruled 6.influence 7.settling 8.was discovered 9. nationalities 10. mixture

Ⅱ.课文大意概括（旨在训练用30个单词概括大意的能力）

阅读课文，试着用30来个单词概括课文大意或翻译下面短文。

整篇文章分别介绍了美洲土著人，西班牙人，俄罗斯人，金矿工人，后来移民与未来移民及解释为什么加州是一个多民族，多文化的地方。

The whole passage introduced __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ __________

答案：The whole passage introduced the native Americans, the Spanish, Russians, gold miners, later arrivals and future immigrants and explain why California is a multi-ethnic, and multi-cultural place.

Ⅲ.课文佳句背诵与仿写（旨在培养对难句的理解和写作能力）

1.【原句】Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼来地区的，谁也说不清楚。

[模仿要点] 句子结构：状语从句+ what从句，+ 主句

【模仿1】当我们把它和我们称之为―大哥大‖相比，我们发现新的移动电话携带轻便，小巧，价格便宜。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：When we compared it to what we called ―Da Ge Da‖, we found new mobile phones are

light and small to carry with a low price.

【模仿2】当我们到达人们称之为小鸟天堂的地方时，我们兴奋地发现数千种鸟类定居在那。_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：When we arrived at what people call Bird Paradise, we were excited to find thousands of kinds of birds are settling there.

2．【原句】Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到（美国），但是更大批量的中国移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。

[模仿要点] 句子结构：让步状语从句+强调句

【模仿1】虽然他妹妹和他没有血缘关系，但是洪战辉他自己坚持背她上大学，这件事感动了整个中国。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Although his young sister has no blood relationship with him, it is Hong Zhan Hui himself that insists on carrying her on his back to college, which moves the whole China.

【模仿2】虽然我的日常生活十分单调，但是我的努力使我适应新的校园生活。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Although my daily life is extremely monotonous, it is my hard work that makes me adapt myself to the new life on campus.

3. 【原句】It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族，多文化的混合体。

[模仿要点] 句子结构：It is +V-ed +that从句；so…that…

【模仿1】据报道2008奥运福娃的英文名已经从Friendlies 改为Fuwa , 它易发音，易记忆，很受人们的欢迎。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：It is reported that the English name of the five mascots of the 2008 Olympics has changed from ―Friendlies‖ to ―Fuwa‖, which is so easy to pronounce and remember that it is popular with all the people.

【模仿2】人们普遍认为书的影响是如此之大以至我们的父母总是鼓励我们养成良好的阅读习惯，阅读更多的书籍，但是我们必须非常注意书的选择。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：It is commonly believed that the influence of books is so important that our parents always encourage us to form good habits of reading and to read more books, but we must pay great attention to the choice of books.

单元自测（模块）

1完形填空

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1—10各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳

It gives us the opportunity to 1

people when and where we like. But when mobile phones become as commonplace as wristwatches, it seems they are creating 2 situations.

People let their phones ring in restaurants, theatres or business meetings. People 3 discuss very personal issues over their phones while strangers are around them. People spend all their time in the 4 of friends paying more attention to those at the other end of their mobile phones. By now, everyone knows that mobile phone etiquette is a 5 problem.

These are tips for being a good 6 citizen. Firstly, remember to 7 your phone is off at activities. Secondly, 8 the people around you when you make or take calls in public. Thirdly, don't answer your cell phone while talking with another person unless that phone is more 9 than the person you are with. Follow these rules and you'll be a 10 mobile phones user by being considerate to others.

1. A. approach B. reach C. arrive D. extend

2. A. embarrassing B. strange C. extraordinary D. complex

3. A. further B. loudly C. openly D. briefly

4. A. presence B. existence C. absence D. appearance

5. A. basic B. technical C. real D. behavioral

6. A. mobile B. telephone C. medium D. average

7. A. check B. control C. stop D. test

8. A. appreciate B. respect C. observe D. watch

9. A. valuable B. excellent C. important D. worth

10. A. large B. responsible C. regular D. current

答案：

1．B．手机让我们在任何时候，任何地点，只要愿意郎能找到你要找的人。

2．A. 然而手机也会让人处境尴尬。

3．B．很大声地用手机谈论个人问题。

4．A. 当着朋友们的面。

5．C. 手机礼节真是一个问题了。

6．A. 作为一个讲礼貌的手机使用者。

7．A. 检查你的手机是否已经关机。

8．B．公共场所打电话、接电话时尊重你周围的人。

9．C. 除非你要接的电话比你身旁的人更

10．B．是一个负责的手机使用者。

2语法填空

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的

1—10的相应位置上。

1 (name) Tom. His hobby is reading. When he comes home from school, he always goes to his room and just reads books. He

2 plays outdoors.

One day, Mrs. White said to her husband," 3 is not good for Tom's health to live in the city all the time." They found a small house in the country. They took him there 4 a vacation. They left home at 8 5 got there at 11 in the morning. 6 they reached the house, his mother said," 7 clean the air isl "she said to Tom, " We are going to stay here for a week." Tom ran into the house. A few minutes 8 , he ran back to his mother and said, "I can't

find 9 desk." His mother answered, "We came here 10 (spend) our vacation in the country. You must play outdoors and not read books here. Enjoy your vacation! "Tom cried, "Oh, how terrible!"

答案：

1．named 过去分词短语作定语，a son named Tom 意为―一位名叫汤姆的儿子‖。2．never／hardly 完全否定，意为―从来不‖。

3．It 考查It is十adj．十to do sth．的句型结构，It作形式主语。

4．for 此处表目的，for a vacation表度假。

5．and 表并列关系，连接left home 和got there两个动词短语。

6．When 考查由When引导的时间状语从句：

7．How How 引导的感叹句。

8．later a few minutes later意为―一会儿后‖。

9．a 不定冠词，泛指一张桌子。

0．to spend 动词不定式短语作目的状语。

3阅读理解

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该

Soler and her colleagues have discovered that subterranean (地下的) and aboveground herbivorous (食草的) insects can communicate with each other by using plants as telephones. Subterranean insects issue chemical warning signals through the leaves of the plant. This way, aboveground insects are warned that the plant is already "occupied".

Aboveground, leaf-eating insects prefer plants that have not yet been occupied by subterranean root-eating insects. Subterranean insects send out chemical signals through the leaves of the plant, which warn the aboveground insects about their presence. This messaging makes it possible for spatially-separated insects to avoid each other, so that they do not compete for, the same plant.

In recent years it has been discovered that different types of aboveground insects develop slowly if they feed on plants that also have subterranean insects and 'vice versa (反之亦然). It seems that a mechanism (机制) has developed through natural selection, which helps the subterranean and aboveground insects to communicate with each other. This avoids unnecessary competition.

Through the "green telephone lines", subterranean insects can also communicate with a third party, namely the natural enemy of caterpillars (毛虫). Parasitic wasps (寄生蜂) lay their eggs inside aboveground insects. The wasps also benefit from the signals sent by the leaves, as these help them find more insects for their eggs.

The communication between subterranean and above- ground insects has only been studied in a few systems. It is still not clear how widespread this phenomenon is, say the researchers.

1. How do subterranean and aboveground insects communicate with each other?

A. By sending signals through the leaves.

B. By giving off particular smells.

C. By making soft and beautiful sounds.

D. By the signals sent by parasitic wasps.

2. After finding a plant occupied by root-eating insects, aboveground insects will usually ________.

A. send out warning signals

B. compete for the same plant

C. choose to leave the plant

D. fight with the root-eating insects

3. Aboveground insects will develop more quickly if their food plants ________.

A. are often visited by parasitic wasps

B. are not occupied by mot-eating insects

C. have more green leaves

D. have more subterranean insects

4. What does the underlined part "a third party' in Paragraph 4 include?

A. Aboveground insects.

B. Root-eating insects.

C. Caterpillars.

D. Parasitic wasps.

5. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Communication between different insects

B. How do animals avoid competition?

C. Insects use plants as telephones

D. When plants have subterranean residents

答案：

荷兰科学家研究发现：地下昆虫可以通过植物的叶子释放化学物质，作为信号对地上昆虫进行警告，从而避免对同一植物的竞争。

1. A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Subterranean insects issue chemical warning signals

through the leaves of the plant可知，地下昆虫能通过植物的叶子发出一种化学物质，作为信号对地上昆虫进行警告。故选A。

2. C 细节推理题。第二段第一句Aboveground, leaf-eating insects ．．．root-eating insects

提到，地上的昆虫更喜欢没有被地下昆虫占领的植物。联系本段最后一句This

messaging makes ．．．for the same plant可知，当地上昆虫发现植物已经被地下昆

虫占领时，它们通常会选择离开。

3. B 细节推断题。根据第三段第一句In recent years it ．．．and vice versa可推知，如果

植物没有被地下的食草昆虫占领，地上昆虫就会繁殖得快些。本句的意思是：近些

年来的研究发现：如果地上昆虫赖以生存的植物被地下的食草昆虫占领，地上昆虫

的繁殖速度就会减慢，反之亦然。

4. D 词义推断题。第四段第一句的namely the natural enemy of caterpillars意为：也就是

毛虫的天敌。a third party这里包含寄生蜂。

5. C 标题归纳题。C项标题形象地表现出了昆虫间交流的独特方式，其根据在第一段第

一句... insects can communicate with each other by using plants as telephones。

4写作训练

请根据以下资料说明，使用5个规范句子描述所给信息内容。

世界上不同的地方社会习俗不同。比如，在美国两人第一次见面就彼此直呼其名。年轻人对老年人也都是这样。这在中国被认为是很不礼貌的。

另外一个不同是交谈时可以谈些什么。询问别人大衣的价格，中国人觉得没什么，而美国人则认为很不礼貌。

(写作要求)

1．标题；Social Customs between Americans and Chinese

2．必须使用5个句子介绍全部所给内容。

3．将5个句子组织成连贯的短文。

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ _________________

答案:

Social Customs between Americans and Chinese

Social customs differ in different parts of the world. For example, the Americans call each other by their names when two people first met, and so does the young to the old. In china, it will be regarded as quite impolite to do so.

Another difference is about what can be talked about in conversation. A Chinese thinks nothing of being asked how much his coat costs while Americans think it impolite to ask such a question.

Unit 2 Cloning

单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）

语言要点（模块）

Ⅱ.词性变化（旨在提供语法填空所需材料）

1. differ vi. 不同；相异difference n. 不同之处different adj. 不同的

[典例]

1). Their house differs from mine in having no garage. 他们的房子与我的不同，区别在于他们

的没有起车库。

2). The two sides still differ with each other over the question of pay. 双方在报酬的问题上仍各

持己见。

[重点用法]

A differs from

B in... A与B在……方面不同 A differs with B about/on/over... A与B 就……意见相左

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). The two squares differ _______ (介词) color but not _______ (介词) size.

2). The husband differs _______ (介词) the wife _______ (介词) who is to take charge of the

money.

3). It doesn’ t make a ________ (differ) to me whether you are going to stay.

4). This is a different car ________ (介词) the one I drove yesterday.

Keys: 1). in; in 2). with; on/about/over 3). difference 4). from

2. undertake vt. (undertook; undertaken) 着手；从事；承担；同意，答应，保证(后接to do) [典例]

1). She undertook the responsibility for these changes. 她承担了做出这些改变的责任。

2). He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。

[练习] 翻译句子。

1). 他答应在周五之前完成那份工作。________________________________________

2). 她负责整个项目的组织工作。___________________________________________ Keys: 1). He undertook to finish the work before Friday.

2). She undertook the organization work of the whole project.

3. forbid vt. (forbade or forbad; forbidden) 禁止；不准；阻止妨碍

[典例]

1). The law forbids the use of chemical fertilizers. 法律禁止使用化学肥料。

2). I forbid you to tell anyone. 我不准你告诉任何人。

[重点用法]

forbid sth. / doing sth. 禁止，不许（做某事）forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事

[练习] 翻译句子。

1). 飞机上禁止吸烟。

____________________________________________________________________________ _____

2). 他爸爸不准他和她交谈。

____________________________________________________________________________ _____

3). 要禁止小孩子不玩电脑游戏很难。

____________________________________________________________________________ _____

Keys: 1). Smoking is forbidden on the plane.

2). His father forbade him to talk to her.

3). It is hard to forbid children (to play) computer games.

4. accumulate vt.&vi. 积累；聚积accumulation n [u,c] 积累

[典例]

1). By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune. 她由於投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。

2). Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly. 房屋不经常打扫, 尘土很

快就越积越多。

[练习] 根据句子的意思在括号里填入所给词的适当形式。

1). A thick layer of dust _______ (accumulate) in the room, so he had to give it a thorough cleaning.

2). Despite this _______ (accumulate) of evidence, the Government persisted in doing nothing. Keys: 1). had accumulated 2). accumulation

5. owe vt. 欠；应该把……归功于；感激，感恩

[典例]

1). He owes his father ￡50. = He owes ￡50 to his father. 他欠他父亲50英镑。

2). We owe this discovery to Newton. 我们的这一发现归功於牛顿。

[重点用法]

owe sb sth = owe sth to sb 欠(某人)债owe sth to sb/sth将某事物归因或归功於某人/事[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。

1). How much do I owe you _______ the groceries?

2). He owes his success more _______ luck than _______ ability.

3). I owe a lot _______ my wife and children.

Keys: 1). for 2). to; to 3). to

6. retire vi.退休(役)；退出，撤退；就寝

[典例]

1). He will retire from the army next year. 他明年从部队退役。

2). Our forces retired to prepared positions. 我们的部队撤退到既设阵地上。

[重点用法]

retire from... 从……退休(役)/退出retire (from...) (to...) 退下，退出，离开（尤指到僻静处）

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入所给词适当的形式或翻译。

1). He _______ (retire) next year after 30 years with the company.

2). She was forced to _______ _______ _______ (提前退出)teaching because of ill health.

3). He is a _______ (retire) airline pilot.

Keys: 1). is retiring 2). retire early from 3). retired

7. bother vt. 打扰vi. 操心n. 烦扰

[典例]

1). I am busy; don’ t bother me now. 我很忙，现在别打扰我。

2). I am sorry to bother you, but can you tell me the time. 对不起，打扰了，请问现在几点? [重点用法]

bother with/about 一为……而烦恼；因……操心bother to do / doing费神做……[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). The problem has been ________ (bother) me for weeks.

2). 一Shall I help you with the cases?

—Don’ t ________. I can manage.

3). Don’t bother _______ (介词) us; we will soon join you.

Keys: 1). bothering 2). bother 3). about

8. obtain vt. (正式；尤指通过努力或计划) 获得；得到obtainable adj能得到的; 可获得的[典例]

1). I haven’ t been able to obtain that record anywhere. 我到处都没买到那张唱片。

2). He said that the police had obtained this information by illegal means. 他说警方是靠非法手

段获得这一资料的。

[重点用法]

obtain sth from sb/sth 从……获得某物

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。

1). Are his records still ______ (obtain)?

2). Further information can be obtained _______ (介词) head office.

Keys: 1). obtainable 2). from

Ⅳ.重点词组（旨在提供综合运用所需材料）

1. pay off 得到好结果，取得成功(常用主动态)；偿清债款；付清工资解雇

[典例]

1). At last, his hard work paid off. 最后，他的努力得到了回报。

2). Did your plan pay off? 你的计划成功了吗?

[短语归纳] pay短语：

pay for付……的钱；为……而付出代价pay back sth. (pay sb. back sth.) 偿还

pay sb. (...) for sth. 因某事而付某人…… pay sb. (...) to do sth.付某人(……)去做某事[练习] 用与pay相关的词组或所给词适当的形式填空。

1). After ten years of hard working she finally _______ _______ her debt.

2). Our efforts are sure to ________ ________.

3). Her parents ________ ________ America.

4). Have you ________ the milkman this week?

5). Have you ________ the money _______ the bank yet?

6). I will _______ you _______ next week.

7). I paid the boy ten yuan _______ (clean) the window.

Keys: 1). paid off 2). pay off 3). paid for 4). paid 5). paid; to 6). pay; back

7). to clean

2. in favor of 赞成；支持；对……有利

[典例]

1). I am in favor of your suggestion. 我赞成你的提议。

2). I talked to Susan about it, and she’ s all in favor of going. 我与苏珊谈了这件事，她完全赞同

走。

[重点用法]

ask a favor请求帮忙do sb. a favor = do a favor for sb. 帮某人的忙

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。

1). Senior ministers spoke ______ ______ ______ the proposal.

2). Would you ______ ______ ______ ______ (请你帮忙) and turn off the radio?

Keys: 1). in favour of 2). do me a favor

3. be bound to do 一定；注定(做)

[典例]

1). The weather is bound to get better tomorrow. 明天天气一定会变好。

2). You’ ve done so much work that you're bound to pass the exam. 你下了这麽大工夫, 一定能

考及格。

[短语归纳]

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入所给词适当的形式或短语。

1). These problems were almost bound _______ (arise).

2). When you are dealing with so many patients, mistakes _______ _______ _______ happen. Keys: 1). to arise 2). are bound to

4. be in good/poor/excellent condition 处於好的﹑坏的﹑极佳的状况

[典例]

1). The ship is not in a condition/is in no condition to make a long voyage. 此船的现状不适宜远

航。

2). The car is still in excellent condition. 这小车状况极佳。

[短语归纳] condition 短语：

out of condition健康状况欠佳working/living/syudying conditions工作、生活、学习环境

on condition (that)... 在……条件下；倘若……on no condition 一点也不; 决不

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。

1). The car has been well maintained and is _______ excellent condition.

2). He’ s _______ excellent condition _______ a man of his age.

3). I had no exercise for ages; I’ m really _______ condition.

4). You can go out _______ condition that you wear an overcoat.

Keys: 1). in 2). in; for 3). out of 4). on

Ⅴ.重点句子（旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）

1. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 她（多莉羊）似乎生长正常的事实很鼓舞人心。

[解释] ―that she seemed to develop normally‖是一个同位语从句，作the fact的同位语。同位语从句一般由that引导，常放在fact，truth，news，information，idea，thought，hope，suggestion，advice，reply，remark，report等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。当先行词是problem，question或当主句是表示疑问或否定意思时，连接词要用whether或其他的疑问代词或副词。如：

1). The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. 他当选美国总统的消

息是真的。

2). The question whether we should continue to do the experiment has not been answered yet.

我们是否该继续实验的问题还没有被解决。

3). I have no idea where the new library will be built. 我不知道新图书馆将要建在哪。

[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。

1). The truth _______ heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to us all.

2). The question _______ we ndde to spend more time on the project has not been discussed.

3). The explanation _______ he had met with an accident on his way was acceptable.

Keys: 1). that 2). whether 3). that

课文要点（模块）

Ⅰ.课文词汇等填空（旨在复习本课文中的单词拼写和主要词语等）

根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：

Cloning is a way of _____1_____(make) an exact copy of another animal or plant. Cloning has two ___2____(主要的) uses. Firstly, gardeners use it to produce plants. Secondly, it is ____3_____(value) for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward but the cloning of animals is more____4______(复杂的). The procedure is difficult to ____5_____(开展). In 1996, scientists succeeded in ___6_____(clone)Dolly the sheep. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly was ill. _____7______ Dolly lived for six years, Dolly’s appearance raised a storm of _____8_____(object). Government became nervous and many ______9______(禁止) research into human cloning. Scientists still ____10______ whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.

(答案：1.making， 2.major， 3.valuable; https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c18277921.html,plicated; 5.undertake;

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人教版选修10课文译文 一次成功的失败经历 如果起初不成功，就要一次又一次地尝试。——W·C·菲尔兹 1914 年 8 月，珀斯·布莱克鲍罗参加了欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士的“持久号”轮船南极探险。沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。现在请看读帕斯所讲故事的第一部分。 1916 年 8 月 29 日慢慢地，我把头探出睡袋，向四周看了看。一切都是灰色的：小屋里面看上去是灰色的，晨曦看上去是灰色的，燃油炉上噗噗作响的罐子也是灰色的。同往常一样，气味中混合着汗液、海豹油脂和脏内衣的味道，几乎让人难以忍受。我尝试着想一些快乐的事情：温暖和干爽的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光灿烂的日子、妈妈的脸庞，以及返家后得到的庆贺，因为我是试图横穿南极大陆的一次失败探险活动的成员之一，这种事以前还没有人做过。正想到这儿，一条黑毛毯掉下来把我盖住，几乎把美好时光的记忆封闭住了。 一想到由于冻伤变黑而必须截去的腐烂的脚趾头，我就感到喘不过气来。我们的境况让人绝望，谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。也许好些年后，我们的尸体会被其他探险队所辨认并搜集起来。 正当我快要变得自我怜惜起来时，我们营棚的门开了，一股冷空气穿过营棚。“把门关上!”我用一种自己都快辨认不出来的沙哑的嗓音嚷嚷道。“坚持下去，珀斯。不要变成另一个汤姆。”一个声音在应答。“我们又逮住了一只企鹅，今晚有企鹅汤喝了!”保佑弗兰克一吓尔德，他可是我们的头儿欧内斯特·沙克尔顿之外最好的人啦。我怎么能像汤姆·奥德·利兹那样自私自利和脾气暴躁呢!我挣扎着下床，新的一天开始了。 当初宣布探险活动时，我才 20 岁，老梦想着要去冒险。所以在 1914 年 7 月的一个早晨，我是怀着无比激动的心情读以下这则广告的： 为危险之旅招募人手：工资低廉、寒冷无比、数月不见天日、无法确保安全返回。如果成功，荣耀和报酬将会接踵而至。欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士。 同伟大的欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险——我被深深地迷住了!我是探险的门外汉，但我年轻，身体健康而且精力充沛。我偷偷地上了“持久号”轮船，藏在一个小橱里。直到轮船已开始航行了，我才被人发现，而且晕船晕得很厉害。不管怎么说，沙克尔顿似乎对我傻乎乎的行为感兴趣，并且接受了这种局面。他让我当一名伙计，协助做 28 个人一天三顿的饭菜。 1915 年 1 月 18 日，正当我们接近南极时，“持久号”被海上的浮冰(有的坚固无比，有的破裂成若干巨大的冰块浮在水上)卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我们千真万确地被困住了!轮船在我们的眼前慢慢地被挤坏。我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局而痛心，但他并没有把时间浪费在遗憾和悔恨中。他镇静地把大家召集在一起，然后紧急宣布我们必须在船沉下去之前，只抢出基本给养，尤其是小船、食物、炊具、蜡烛、卧具和衣服。为了显示自己的决心，沙克尔顿把一些金币和他的金表扔到冰上。然而，让我感到惊讶的是，他竟鼓励赫西带上班卓琴。他把班卓琴描述成让我们保持精神振奋的关键。 他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。他对我们也总是坦诚相待(就像广告中那样)，他从不灰心丧气，从不放弃，甚至当轮船沉下去时也是如此。1916 年 4 月 9 日，我们搬到了大象岛上现在的宿营地。不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩：取消级别和社会地位上的差异，每个人都得忙起来；公平分配食物和卧具；关心每一个人。这种团队精神鼓舞了船员们的士气，并挽救了我们的生命。 我们在大象岛上一安顿好，沙克尔顿就马上向大家解释了他的营救计划：22 人留在这里，他挑选其他五个人去南乔治亚求援。由于谁也不知道我们身处何地，所以不能指望任何外部救援。我永远也不会忘记眼看着小船从哗哗作响的波浪中消失在波涛汹涌的大洋里的情景。留在大象岛上的人发誓要按他所主张的那样做：在他返回来救我们之前要保持乐观、恢复健康。