Text A课文

Diagnosis

The term diagnosis comes from the Greek gnosis,meaning knowledge. It is the process of determining the nature of a disease or disorder and distinguishing it from other possible conditions.

The diagnosis process is the method by which health professionals select one disease over another,identifying one as the most likely cause of a person’s symptoms.Reaching an accurate conclusion depends on the timing and the sequence of the symptoms,past medical history(PMH),risk factors for certain disease,and a recent exposure to disease.The physician,in making a diagnosis ,also relies on various other clues such as physical signs,nonverbal signals of distress,and the results of selected library and radiological and other imaging tests.From the large numbers of tests obtained,a list of possible diagnoses can be determined.which are referred to as the differential diagnosis.

MEDICAL HISTORY

The medical history of a patient is the most useful and important element in making an accurate diagnosis,much more valuable than either physical examinations or diagnostic tests.The medical interview is the process of gathering data that will lead to an understanding of the disease and the underlying physiological process.

A complete medical history consists of an accout of :(1) the present illness ,(2) past medical history ,(3) family history ,(4) occupational

background ,(5) psychosocial history ,and (6) a review of body systems. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

The physical examination adds information obtained by inspection, palpation, percussion,and auscultation.

Inspection

A wide array of sophisticated instruments are available to assist with examinations,but a well-performed visual inspection can often reveal more information. Inspections should beg in with the patients’ general appearance, the state of nutrition, symmetry, and posture. Wasting and hallmarks of poor nutrition may indicate chronic disease; poor grooming or slack posture may suggest depression or low-esteem. The physican then proceeds to more specific examination of the skin---looking for redness or other signs of infection,hair loss,nail thickening , and moles or other areas of pigmentation--and inquires about any recent changes in skin lesions that could indicate early cancer. Inspection also should encompass, in particular, areas that the patient normally could not be able to see,such as the scalp ,the back and the buttocks.

Palpation

Palpation is the act of feeling the surface of the body with the hands to determine the characteristics of the organs beneath the surface .It can be performed with one hang or two and can be light or deep. Light

palpation is used to detect tenderness , muscle spasm,or rigidity of the abdomen is used to determine the size of the liver ,spleen ,or kidneys and to detect an abnormal mass.

Palpation also is used to detect and evaluate abnormal lesions in the breast,the prostate gland ,the lymph nodes ,or the tests. Palpation also can detect cardiac enlargement if the point of maximal impulse (PMI) of the heart is farther to the left than normal.

Percussion

Percussion is a diagnostic procedure used to determine the density of a part by tapping the surface with short ,sharp blows and evaluating the resulting sounds .In the abdomen it can be used to detect fluid (ascites) ,a gaseous distention of the intestine as occurs in bowel obstruction ,or an enlargement of the liver .It is used most often to evaluate the chest in case of pneumonia emphysema.

Auscultation

Auscultation is performed with a stethoscope to evaluate sounds produced by the heart ,the lungs ,the blood vessels ,the bowels .Listening to the sound of air passing in and out of the lungs can be useful in detecting an obstruction ,as in asthma ,or an inflammation ,as in bronchitis or pneumonia .

MENTAL EXAMINATION

Psychological dysfunction and stress-related illness are a significant

problem in today’s society. Anxiety and depression represent the two most common mental disorders and are responsible for a high degree of morbidity and mortality.

The most common anxiety disorders are panic disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)11,phobic disorder,and obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)12.There is a close association between panic disorder and depression,and a large percentage of persons suffering from panic disorder go on to experience a major depression within the the next few years. Major depression13and other mood disorders such as dysthymia,bipolai disorder14,and cyclothymia are common and very treatable forms of psychiatric problems.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory tests can be valuable aids in making a diagnosis, but, as screening tools for detecting hidden disease in asymptomatic individuals,their usefulness is limited.The value of a test as a diagnostic aid depends on its sensitivity and specificity.

With the advent of automated analyzers, an incresing number and variety of tests were made available at greatly reduced cost. A panel of chemical tests for blood and urine have become routine components of the basic medical workup.Blood analysis and urinalysis are used to detect and measure a variety of substances. There also exist a variety of specific

types of analyses, including immunologic blood tests, glucose tolerance tests15,genetic tests, and toxicology tests,all of which can provide valuable diagnostic information.

Imaging Instruments and Procedures

The formulation of an accurate diagnosis is often facilitated by the use of lighted optical scopes and diagnostic imaging technologies. Procedures such as endoscopy, laparoscopy, and colposcopy make use of generally flexible optical instruments that can be inserted through openings, either natural or surgical in origin, in the body. Many scope instruments are fitted with smail video cameras that enable the physician or surgeon to view the tissues being examined on a large monitor. A number of scopes also are designed view the tissues being ezamined on a large monitor. A number of scopes also are designed to enable tissue biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is collected for histological study, to be performed in conjunction with visual analysis.

One of the most commonly employed diagnostic technologies is X-ray imaging.Several highly specialized imaging techniques,such as computerized axial tomography (CAT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and positron emission tomography(PET),have largely supplanted traditional X-ray methods.However,when X-rays are used together with special contrast agents,they are capable of imaging select

tissues,such as arteries and veins in angiography and the urinary tract in urography.

Other diagnostic procedures employ electrodes,transducers,or sound waves to produce graphs or traces that provide information about the function and structure of certain organs.For example,in electrocardiography special electrods to a recording instrument are applied to the body;this enables graphic tracing of high-frequency sound waves to penetrate throuth tissues.The use of these sound waves also forms the basis of the diagnostic procedure of ultrasound,which is most commonly used to examine fetues in ulerus in order to ascertain size,position,or abnormalities.

FORMULATING A DIAGOSIS

The process of formulating a diagnosis is called clinical decision making.The clinician uses the information gathered from the medical history and physical and mental examination to develop a list of possible causes of the disorder,called the differential diagnosis.The clinician then decides what tests to order to help refine the list or identify the specific disease responsible for the patient,s complaints.

学校读书活动计划

学校读书活动计划 2017年 铁岭县镇西堡镇中心小学 2017年3月

学校读书活动计划 2017年我们学校将继续扎实开展师生读书活动，培养学生良好的阅读习惯和浓厚的读书兴趣，开阔视野，增长知识，开发智力，陶冶情操，充实文化底蕴，提高综合实践能力。能利用图书室、网络，搜集自己需要的信息和资料，小学生课外阅读总量不少于100万字。 具体活动内容： 一、“书香校园”创建活动。 1.教师读书 （1）学期初全体教师每人制定个人读书计划。 （2）完善图书室、阅览室建设管理，让“沉淀”的图书“流动”起来，使之成为教师借书、读书的开放港湾。 （3）读书网络。提倡教师去图书室阅读教育教学杂志，认真阅读、做笔记；加强信息技术培训，促进网络阅读，为教师提供一个开放的“图书馆”。 （4）本学期每位教师必读一至两本教育专著，同时认真写好读书笔记。 （5）教师每学期撰写两篇读书心得体会（必须是原创）。 2.学生读书 （1）班主任老师制定切实可行的班级读书活动计划。 （2）营造读书氛围。本学期，继续加强班级图书角建设（各班可以发动学生推荐捐赠好书供全班学生共同阅读），学校图书室定期对学生开放，使学生有书可读。 （3）充分利用好每天的晨读、午读以及课前2分钟的读书时间，按要求读指定

的内容，长期坚持下去。 （4）大力推进课外阅读行动。本学期鼓励每位学生购买一本好书（参见《小学各年级好书推荐》），学校要求各班学生必须会背《弟子规》。另外根据年级不同，一至三年级每位学生读10个成语故事，10个童话故事，可以背诵《三字经》、《道德经》以及积累好词、好句、好段；四至六年级每位学生读10个神话故事，10个寓言故事，10个历史故事，四至六年级学生每人写5——10篇读书笔记，高年级学生要注重积累成语知识，背诵名言警句、古诗词、经典美文等。 （5）加强书香校园活动资料的收集与整理，重视学生的读书成果的积累。 3.家庭读书活动 在家庭内开展“亲子共读”活动，充分发挥社会、家长的作用，使其成为学校读书活动的支持者、宣传者和参与者、建设者。建议家长将每周周日一小时的时间定为“读书时间”，和孩子共同阅读，共同提高，营造家庭读书氛围（家长可以把陪孩子读书的小视频发到班级的微信群）。有条件的家庭，要经常带孩子到书店购书，到图书馆借书，拓宽读书渠道，倡导家长在孩子过生日时以书为礼品。 二、“好书大家读活动”。 学校根据各年级实际情况，制定出各年级每学期的必背、必读书目和推荐读书内容，各班充分利用早读、读书课或课余时间开展读书活动，如：好书推荐、课前3—5分钟“说”名著活动（介绍内容、讲情节、讲心得等均可）、经典回味、美文共享、心得交流、诗文诵读、读书方法大擂台等，此项活动须长期坚持，形成制度，形成特色。 三、“书香班级”、“阅读之星”的评选活动。 1.环境布置 搞好班级图书角的建设：在各班教室后方放置统一的图书柜，鼓励学生捐书，

新视野大学英语2第三版unit8 textA课文翻译.doc

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice 动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择 1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury — circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. 1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。这些谣言刺痛了我，因为我从来没想到自己是一个邪恶的人。我成为一位儿科医生，因为我爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。在医学院学习和住院医生实习时，我看到了许多儿童死于癌症和受伤流血——虽然对此医学正取得很大进步，但远非完善。更重要的是，我还看到孩子们能保持健康得益于医学的进步，如婴儿呼吸支持器，功效强大的新药物和外科手术技术及整个器官移植领域的发展。我希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我从事医学研究。 2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. 2 控诉我的人把真相歪曲成一则神话，并把我描写成恶魔。他们声称我没有道德界限，我折磨那些无辜动物的唯一目的就是为了自己的职业升迁，而我的实验根本与医药毫不相关。与此同时，无动于衷的公众几乎不闻不问，相信这个议题毫无意义，而具有宣传意识的参议员和政治家们却对动物权利活动家的游说不断作出让步。 3We,in medical research,have also been unbelievably uncaring.We have allowed the most extr eme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of"animal fraud"and hatred. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health.Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emoti onal tone of the argument.Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 3我们这些从事医学研究的人也显得令人难以置信的冷漠。我们允许最极端的动物权利活动家渐渐侵入，任凭他们把此类研究诬陷为“动物欺诈”和对动物的仇恨。我们一直坚信，有知识的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要性。也许我们的错误是没有对这场争论的感性基调作出反应。也许我们早应该挥动着儿童死于癌症或外伤的同样令人伤心的海报，来回应那些关于动物受害的伤感标语及海报。 4In the animal rights forum,much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science.Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our ev il and cruel nature.A more reasonable argument,however,can be advanced in our defense.Life i

《骑桶者》电子课文

骑桶者 【奥地利】卡夫卡 煤全部烧光了;煤桶空了;煤铲也没有用了;火炉里透出寒气，灌得满屋冰凉。窗外的树木呆立在严霜中;天空成了一面银灰色的盾牌，挡住向苍天求助的人。我得弄些煤来烧;我可不能活活冻死;我的背后是冷酷的火炉，我的面前是同样冷酷的天空，因此我必须快马加鞭，在它们之间奔驰，在它们之间向煤店老板要求帮助。可是煤店老板对于我的通常的请求已经麻木不仁;我必须向他清楚地证明，我连一星半点煤屑都没有了，而煤店老板对我来说不啻是天空中的太阳。我这回前去，必须像一个乞丐，由于饥饿难当，奄奄一息，快要倒毙在门槛上，女主人因此赶忙决定，把最后残剩的咖啡倒给我;同样，煤店老板虽说非常生气，但在十诚之一“不可杀人”的光辉照耀下，也将不得不把一铲煤投进我的煤桶。 我怎么去法必将决定此行的结果;我因此骑着煤桶前去。骑桶者的我，两手握着桶把一一最简单的挽具，费劲地从楼梯上滚下去;但是到了楼下，我的煤桶就向上升起来了，妙哉，妙哉;平趴在地上的骆驼，在赶骆驼的人的棍下摇晃着身体站起来时，也不过尔尔。它以均匀的速度穿过冰凉的街道;我时常被升到二层楼那么高;但是我从未下降到齐房屋大门那么低。我极不寻常地高高飘浮在煤店老板的地窖穹顶前，而煤店老板正在这地窖里伏在小桌上写字;为了把多余的热气排出去，地窖的门是开着的。 “煤店老板!”我喊道，那急切的声音裹在呼出的热气里，在严寒中显得格外沉浊，“煤店老板，求你给我一点煤吧，我的煤桶已经空了，因此我可以骑着它来到这里。行行好吧，我有了钱，就会给你的。” 煤店老板把一只手放在耳朵边上。“我没有听错吧?”他转过头去问他坐在火炉旁边的长凳上织毛衣的妻子，“我没有听错吧?是一位顾客。” “我什么也没有听见。”妻子说，她平静地呼吸着，一面编织毛衣，一面舒服地背靠着火炉取暖。 “噢，是的，”我喊道，“是我啊;一个老主顾;向来守信用;只是眼下没钱了。” “我的老伴，”煤店老板说，“是的，是有人；我不会弄错的;一定是一个老主顾，一个有年头的老主顾，他知道怎样来打动我的心。” “你怎么啦，当家的?”妻子说，她把毛衣搁在胸前，暂歇片刻，“没有人，街上空空的，我们已经给所有的顾客供应了煤;我们可以歇业几天，休息一下。” “可是我正坐在这儿的煤桶上，”我喊道，寒冷所引起的没有感情的眼泪模糊了我的眼睛，“请你们抬头看看，你们就会发现我的；我请求你们给我一铲子煤；如果你们给我两铲，那我就喜出望外了。所有别的顾客你们确实都已供应过了。啊，但愿我能听到煤块在这只桶里滚动的响声!” “我来了。”煤店老板说。他正要迈动短腿走上地窖的台阶，他的妻子却已经走到了他的身边，拉住他的手臂说:“你待在这儿。如果你还固执己见的话，那就让我上去。想想你昨天夜里咳嗽咳得多么历害。只为一件买卖，而且只是一件凭空想象出来的买卖，你就忘记了你的妻儿，要让你的肺遭殃。还是我去。” “那么你就告诉他我们库房里所有煤的品种;我来给你报价格。” “好。”他的妻子说。她走上了台阶，来到街上。她当然马上看到了我。“老板娘，”我喊道，“衷心地向你问好;我只要一铲子煤;放进这儿的桶里就行了;我自己把它运回家去;一铲最次的煤也行。钱我当然是要全数照付的，不过我不能马上付，不能马上。”“不能马上”这两个词多么像钟声啊，它们和刚才听到的附近教堂尖塔上晚钟的声响混合在起，又是怎样地使人产生了错觉啊！

学校阅读工作总结 汇报.docx

为提高办学品质，打造特色学校，营造“书香校园”，走内涵发展之路，我校开展了以“全员诵读海量阅读”为主题的阅读工作，现总结汇报如下： 一、营造氛围优化阅读环境 为积极营造以人为本的育人环境，我校加大资金投入从五个方面优化阅读环境，营造浓厚的阅读氛围，让师生融入浓浓的书香氛围中。 1.营造班级阅读环境。建立班级图书角35个，及时更新适合孩子阅读的书籍。加强班级“悦读”主题文化建设，手抄报、读书体会、好书推荐、名言警句、个人读书照片等等应有尽有，精彩纷呈，每月更换。 2.营造教师办公室阅读环境。教师办公室里增设书柜、报刊架，针对性摆放书籍，方便教师随时阅读。 3.营造楼道阅读环境。教学楼过道因地制宜设立开放阅读区，孩子们在课余时间随时阅读自己喜欢的书籍。并在楼道内布置了新书推荐、读书方法、名人读书故事等内容的版面，营造了阅读氛围。 4.营造图书阅览室环境。改扩建图书阅览室100余平米，增加书架14个，书桌18套。美化墙壁，布置展板，摆放盆景花卉，环境优雅，温馨贴心，使孩子们静心畅游书海。 5.营造校园阅读环境。在校园突出位置温馨提示“今天你读书了吗？增设四块好书推荐、我爱读书、我会读书、读书名人名言主题板报，激发师生读书欲望。 二、强化保障培养读书习惯 2017年是我校的“读书习惯养成年”。围绕年度目标，成立了以校长为组长的“创建书香校园”活动领导小组，统一思想，加强领导，责任到人，强化物质保障、制度保障、时间保障。 1.制度保证 制定、完善了《新建小学阅读十三五规划》《2017年年度阅读行动规划》《2017年阅读考核评价办法》《阅读先进工作者、书香班级、书香少年评选方案》等，规定小学六年，每个孩子至少背诵2000首古诗，阅读90本书；教师每学期至少读两本教育教学类书籍或经典名著，读学生书目两本。 2、物质保障 为满足师生读书要求，上学年投资7万元新增图书5000余册，开放图书阅览室，延长服务时间，保证师生能读到适合自己的书籍，免费为师生设计、定制阅读笔记本，培养学生做读书笔记的号习惯。 3、时间保障 晨诵20分钟、课前2分钟诵读、路队诵读5分钟、课间操后诵读2分钟，每天下午最后一节课师生共读40分钟、每天晚上亲子共读30分钟、假期每天阅读1小时以上。学校领导和教导处专人检查量化，检查结果及时公布并计入绩效考核。 三、纳入课程构建“悦读”课程体系 构建了“悦”读课程体系，真正让学生“少做题，多读书，好读书，读好书，读整本的书”，努力打造“书香校园”。 1.每天一节自主阅读课（每天下午最后一节课）。 教师提前阅读学生阅读的书目，预设完全阅读这些书需要几个课时，每节课阅读的量（从哪一篇到哪一篇，从多少页到多少页）。 学生采用默读的方法，一、二年级要读一至二个故事或文章；三、四年级不少于10页；五、六年级不少于15页，积累生字新词、好句好段（摘录在积累本上）；大致把握文章的主要内容；养成边读边想边做批注的好习惯，简单批注“精彩句段”“我的感想”“我的收获”“我的疑问”等。教师在课堂上静静地和孩子一起读书、批画、谈体会。

综合教程课文翻译awoman can learn anything a man canunittexta

Unit 6 Woman, Half the Sky Carolyn Turk works in a profession that has traditionally been a career for men. Here she talks about how she came to do so and how her success just goes to show that a woman can learn anything a man can. 卡洛琳特克从事的职业传统上一直是男人们的天下。在本文，她谈到自己是如何干上这一行的，并通过她的成功表明男人们能学会的事女人们也能做到。 Text A A Woman Can Learn Anything a Man Can Carolyn Turk 男人学得会的，女人也学得会 卡罗琳·特克1 When I was a kid, everything in my bedroom was pink. I have two sisters and we had a complete miniature kitchen, a herd of My Little Ponies and several Barbie and Ken dolls. We didn't have any toy trucks, G. I. Joes or basketballs. We did have a Wiffle-ball set, but you would have been hard-pressed to find it in our playroom. Tomboys we weren't.

英语七上电子课文

Module1 My classmates M1U1 Nice to meet you. Ms Li: Hello, my name is Li Fang. I'm your teacher and you're my students. I'm Chinese. I'm from Wuhan. What's your name Linging: My name is Wang Lingling. Ms Li: Nice to meet you, Lingling. Where are you from Linging: I'm from Beijing. I'm Chinese. Ms Li: How old are you Linging: I'm thirteen years old. Ms Li: Good. Hello, what about you Daming: Hello, Ms Li. My name is Daming and I'm from Beijing too. I'm twelve years old. Ms Li: Thanks. Hello, are you from America Tony: No, I'm not. I'm from England. I'm Tony Smith. Ms Li: Nice to meet you, Tony. Hi, are you English too Betty: No, I'm not. I'm American and my name is Betty King. Linging: Tony and Betty are our friends. Ms Li: Good. Welcome to Class 4 Grade 7! M1U2 I'm Wang Lingling and I'm thirteen years old. Hello, everyone. My name is Li Daming and my English name is David. I'm twelve years old and I'm from Beijing. Beijing is the capital of China. This is Lingling and her English name is Lucy. She's my friend. She's from Beijing too. Hello, I'm Wang Lingling and I'm thirteen years old. Good to see you. Wang Hui is my friend, but he is not in my class. His English name is Henry. He's from Shanghai. Shanghai is a very big city. Hi, my name is Tony Smith. I'm from Cambridge. It's a small city in England. Tony is my first name and Smith is my last name. I'm thirteen years old. It's nice to meet you all. Module 2 My family M2 U1 Is this your mum Linging: Is this your family Tony: Yes, it is. Linging: What a big family! Is this your sister Tony: Yes, it is. Her name is Linda. Linging: Are these your grandparents Tony: Yes, they are. My mum's parents are on the left, and my dad's parents are on the right. Linging: I see. Who's this Tony: That's my dad.

textA课文翻译

Unit 1 Sources of Energy 参考译文课文A 石油 1 油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。 2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。 3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。 4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。 5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。1859 年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。 6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。 7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。 8 到1 9 世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。9 然而，到19 世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。10 这种内燃机与蒸汽机相比，机身小巧，可以瞬间启动；而蒸汽机需要一定时间，等待储水加热到沸点。11 随着各种带有内燃机的汽车、卡车、公共汽车、飞机等交通工具的使用，对于石油的需求激增。房屋不再用煤，而用燃烧燃料供热；轮船开始使用石油；电力也由燃油提供的能量来供给。12 在1900 年，来自石油的能量只是煤的4%，二战后，由石油的各种不同馏分提供的能量已经超过煤所供给的能量，而现在石油成为推动世界科技发展的主要燃料。13 石油相对于煤的便利却被另一个事实所抵消：地球上石油的数量比煤少得多。（这不足为奇，因为地球上形成石油的脂肪物质，要比形成煤的木质物质少得多。）14 还有另一种复杂情况，即石油的分布不如煤的分布均匀。世界上的主要能源消耗国有足够的煤，却严重缺乏石油。美国有世界石油总储量的10%，数十年来一直是主要石油生产国。现在亦是如此，但是美国大量消耗石油产品，使之成为石油进口国，对于这一重要资源不得不日益依赖其他国家。俄罗斯石油储量和美国相近，但消耗的少，因而可以成为石油出口国。15 地球上已知的石油储备约有3/5 集中在阿拉伯国家。例如，位于波斯湾岬角处的科威特，面积只有麻省那么大，人口只有50 万，却拥有世界已知石油储量的1/5。16 由石油引发的政治问题已经变得至关重要。 Unit 2 Social Science 参考译文课文A 求职面试新趋势 今天的求职者不得不经受当代面试技巧的考验 1 如果你最后一次参加求职面试是在五年或更长时间以前，那么当你重新进入就业市场时，你一定会大吃一惊。求职面试已经不再是舒适温馨的炉边闲谈了；当然，倒也不会走向另一个极端，成为为了检验你应对压力的能力而进行的令人生畏的询问。这些传统的方法已经象英式茶具车和两小时午餐休息一样过时了。 2 精明的现代企业已经明白，雇员选择不当是要付出代价的，因此，面试已经成为多层面，半科学化式的挑选程序的一部分，并且越来越可能由经过高级心理技术培训的经理人员来进行。面试还在加入高科技的内容：不久以后，求职者就会看到，面试小组中至少有一名成员是通过视频会议技术在外地甚至在海外参与面试的。 3 然而，有一点是没有变的。那就是，如果没有同未来的老板面对面接触过，你是很难得到工作的，75%的公司在雇佣每个部门的雇员时都采用面试。还有同样数量的公司认为，在选择雇员的所

劝学电子课文

劝学电子课文 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）

荀子是战国后期杰出的思想家，他发展了古代的唯物主义思想。他反对天命、鬼神的迷信之说，提出了“性恶”的思想，强调教育和后天学习的重要性。《劝学篇》是《荀子》中的第一篇，原文共有15个段落，这里只是节选的一小部分。 文章谈学习的重要意义，阐明了学习的作用，说明了学习的规律，告诉人们，要积累知识，必须专心致志，持之以恒，强调发挥人的主观能动性。 9 劝学○1 ○节选自《荀子·劝学》。《荀子》，战国末期思想家荀况（约前313－前238）所作，一小部分出于其弟子之手，现存32篇。劝，鼓励。○［君子］这里指有学问有修养的人。○［青，取之于蓝］靛(diàn)青，从蓝草中取得。青，靛青，一种染料。蓝，草名，也叫蓼蓝，叶子可制染料。○［青于蓝］比蓼蓝颜色（更）深。○［中（zhònɡ）绳］（木材）合乎拉直的墨线。木工用拉直的墨线来取直。○［輮（r óu）］通“煣”，使弯曲。○［规］圆规。○［虽有(yòu)槁（ɡǎo）暴（pù）］即使又晒干了。有，通“又”。槁暴，晒干。槁，枯。暴，晒。○［挺］直。○［受绳］经墨线比量过。○［金］指金属制的刀剑等。○［就砺］拿到磨刀石上去磨。砺，磨刀石。就，动词，接近，靠近。○［参（cān）省（xǐnɡ）乎己］对自己检查、省察。参，验、检查。省，省察。乎，相当于“于”。○［须臾］片刻。○［跂(qì)］提起脚后跟，指踮起脚。○［博见］见得广。 ○［见者远］意思是人在远处也能看见。○［疾］强，这里指声音宏大。○［彰］清楚。○［假］借助，利用。○［利足］脚走得快。○［致］到达。○［能水］善于游水。水，用作动词，游水。○［绝］横渡。○［生（xìnɡ）非异也］本性（同一般人）没有差别。生，通“性”，资质、禀赋。○［物］外物，指各种客观条件。 ○［兴焉］在这里兴起。兴，起。焉，还有下面“生焉”的“焉”，也是指代词兼语气词，相当于“于此”，可译为“从这里”或“在这里”。○［神明］指人的智慧。○［圣心］圣人之心，通明的思想。○［跬（kuǐ）步］古代称跨出一脚为“跬”，跨两脚为“步”。○［无以］没有用来……的（办法）。○［骐骥(jì)］骏马。○［驽(nú)马十驾］劣马拉车走十天，（也能到达）。据王先谦考证，“驽马十驾”后脱漏一句，可能是“则亦及之”。驽马，劣马。十驾，

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新视野大学英语2(第三版)u n i t8t e x t A课 文翻译 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?— A scientist's choice 动物还是孩子——一位科学家的选择 1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. 1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。这些谣言刺痛了我，因为我从来没想到自己是一个邪恶的人。我成为一位儿科医生，因为我爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。在医学院学习和住院医生实习时，我看到了许多儿童死于癌症和受伤流血——虽然对此医学正取得很大进步，但远非完善。更重要的是，我还看到孩子们能保持健康得益于医学的进步，如婴儿呼吸支持器，功效强大的新药物和外科手术技术及整个器官移植领域的发展。我希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我从事医学研究。 2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. 2 控诉我的人把真相歪曲成一则神话，并把我描写成恶魔。他们声称我没有道德界限，我折磨那些无辜动物的唯一目的就是为了自己的职业升迁，而我的实验根本与医药毫不相关。与此同时，无动于衷的公众几乎不闻不问，相信这个议题毫无意义，而具有宣传意识的参议员和政治家们却对动物权利活动家的游说不断作出让步。 3 We, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. We have allowed t he most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of " animal fraud" and hatred. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable publ ic would consent to the importance of animal research for public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument. Perha ps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 3 我们这些从事医学研究的人也显得令人难以置信的冷漠。我们允许最极端的动物权利活动家渐渐侵入，任凭他们把此类研究诬陷为“动物欺诈”和对动物的仇恨。我们一直坚信，有知识的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要

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6.花孩子们在天上的家是怎样的一个家?请通过想像加以描述。 ____________________________________________________ 答案 1.符合实际。因为作者明写花朵暗写风。 2.指地底下的学校。 3.自然界的电闪雷鸣，对花孩子们的热情。有了雨的滋润，花朵才能自由自在地开放。 5.c 6.那里是他们的天地，充满了欢乐和幸福。 当雷云在天上轰响，六月的阵雨落下的时候，润湿的东风走过荒野，在竹林中吹着口笛。 于是一群一群的花从无人知道的地方突然跑出来，在绿草上狂欢的跳着舞。 妈妈，我真的觉得那些花朵是在地下的学校里上学。 它们关了门做功课，如果他们想在放学以前出来游戏，他们的老师是要罚他们站墙角的。 雨一来，他们便放假了。 树枝在林中互相碰触着，绿叶在狂风里籁籁地着，雷云拍着大手，这时，花孩子们便穿了紫的，黄的，白的衣裳，冲了出来。 你可知道，妈妈，他们的家是在天上，在星星所住的地方。 你没有看见他们怎样的急着要到那儿去吗?你不知道他们为什么那样急急忙忙吗? 我自然能够猜得出他们是对谁扬起双臂来：他们也有他们的妈妈，就像我有我自己的妈妈—样。

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Unit6 A Valentine Story爱情故事 1.John Blanchard stood up from the bench, straightened his Army uniform, and studied the crowd of people making their way through Grand Central Station. 约翰·布兰查德从长凳上站起身来，整了整军装，留意着格兰德中央车站进出的人群。 2.He looked for the girl whose heart he knew, but whose face he didn't, the girl with the rose. His interest in her had begun twelve months before in a Florida library. Taking a book off the shelf he soon found himself absorbed, not by the words of the book, but by the notes penciled in the margin. The soft handwriting reflected a thoughtful soul and insightful mind. 他在寻找一位姑娘，一位佩带玫瑰的姑娘。他知其心，但不知其貌。十二个月前，在佛罗里达州的一个图书馆，他对她产生了兴趣。他从书架上取下一本书，很快便被吸引住了，不是被书的内容，而是被铅笔写的眉批。柔和的笔迹显示出其人多思善虑的心灵和富有洞察力的头脑。 3.In the front of the book, he discovered the previous owner's name, Miss Hollis Maynell. With time and effort he located her address. She lived in New York City. He wrote her a letter introducing himself and inviting her to correspond. The next day he was shipped overseas for service in World War II. 在书的前页，他找到了前一位拥有人的姓名，霍利斯·梅奈尔小姐。他花了一番工夫和努力，找到了她的地址。她住在纽约市。他给她写了一封信介绍自己，并请她回复。第二天他被运往海外，参加第二次世界大战。 4.During the next year the two grew to know each other through the mail. Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding. Blanchard requested a photograph, but she refused. She explained:"If your feeling for me has any reality, any honest basis, what I look like won't matter. Suppose I'm beautiful. I'd always be haunted by the feeling that you had been taking a chance on just that, and that kind of love would disgust me. Suppose I'm plain (and you must admit that this is more likely). Then I'd always fear that you were going on writing to me only because you were lonely and had no one else. No, don't ask for my picture. When you come to New York, you shall see me and then you shall make your decision. Remember, both of us are free to stop or to go on after that —whichever we choose..." 在接下来的一年当中，两人通过信件来往增进了了解。每一封信都如一颗种子撒入肥沃的心灵之土。浪漫的爱情之花就要绽开。布兰查德提出要一张照片，可她拒绝了。她解释道：“如果你对我的感情是真实的，是诚心诚意的，那我的相貌如何并不重要。设想我美丽动人。我将会一直深感不安，惟恐你只是因为我的容貌就贸然与我相爱，而这种爱情令我憎恶。设想本人相貌平平（你得承认，这种可能性更大）。那我一直会担心，你和我保持通信仅仅是出于孤独寂寞，无人交谈。不，别索要照片。等你到了纽约，你会见到我，到时你可再作定夺。 切记，见面后我俩都可以自由决定中止关系或继续交往——无论你怎么选择......” 5.When the day finally came for him to return from Europe, they scheduled their first meeting — 7:00 p.m. at Grand Central Station, New York. 他从欧洲回国的日子终于到了。他们安排了两人的第一次见面——晚上七点，纽约格兰德中央车站。 6.

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Unit 3 Security Text A Years ago in America, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security systems to protect themselves and their possessions. 许多年前，在美国，家家户户白天黑夜不锁门是司空见惯的。在本文中，格林叹惜人们不再相互信任，不得不凭借设计精密的安全设备来保护自己和财产。 The Land of the Lock Bob Greene 锁之国 1 In the house where I grew up, it was our custom to leave the front door on the latch at night. I don't know if that was a local term or if it is universal; "on the latch" meant the door was closed but not locked. None of us carried keys; the last one in for the evening would close up, and that was it. 小时候在家里，我们的前门总是夜不落锁。我不知道这是当地的一种说法还是大家都这么说；"不落锁"的意思是掩上门，但不锁住。我们谁都不带钥匙；晚上最后一个回家的人把门关上，这就行了。 2 Those days are over. In rural areas as well as in cities, doors do not stay unlocked, even for part of an evening. 那样的日子已经一去不复返了。在乡下，在城里，门不再关着不锁上，哪怕是傍晚一段时间也不例外。 3 Suburbs and country areas are, in many ways, even more vulnerable than well-patroled urban streets. Statistics show the crime rate rising more dramatically in those allegedly tranquil areas than in cities. At any rate, the era of leaving the front door on the latch is over. 在许多方面，郊区和农村甚至比巡查严密的城市街道更易受到攻击。统计显示，那些据称是安宁的地区的犯罪率上升得比城镇更为显著。不管怎么说，前门虚掩不落锁的时代是一去不复返了。 4 It has been replaced by dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and trip wires hooked up to a police station or private guard firm. Many suburban families have sliding glass doors on their patios, with steel bars elegantly built in so no one can pry the doors open. 取而代之的是防盗锁、防护链、电子报警系统，以及连接警署或私人保安公司的报警装置。郊区的许多人家在露台上安装了玻璃滑门，侧有装得很讲究的钢条，这样就没人能把门撬开。 5 It is not uncommon, in the most pleasant of homes, to see pasted on the windows small notices announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that guard company. 在最温馨的居家，也常常看得到窗上贴着小小的告示，称本宅由某家安全机构或某个保安公司负责监管。