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自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录1:外文翻译

自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。

The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制,其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能,而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。

DIPL.-ING。THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。

持续战略

2014年秋季,欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。这延续了公司自2001年开始战略,通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。因此,他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便,燃油经济性更好的,并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。

变速器的设计

这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的,它的扭矩容量为190Nm。这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L,用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎,但是考虑到成本,目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。

这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档,所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53,这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。由于较大的传动比范围,使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩,使驾驶舒适性能得到提高,且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度,还能够降低噪音,提高燃油经济性。

后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能,因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。变速器需要能够在自动和手动模式中使用同样的离合器。且没有MTA特定的修改是必须要车辆集成显示变速器的基本数据。

与以前的机电系统〔1〕相比,电动液压执行器接管离合器和换档。在新的MTA中操作。其主要部件包括电动机、泵、蓄压器、油箱、带有电磁阀的块和直接与阀门接触的控制模块(机电一体化)。

与较早的电液系统相比,新一代的驱动以更高的集成度来区分。所有的部件都安装在一个底板上,它包括液压管道,因此没有外部液压管路。所有内部传感器(移位/选择)在没有布线的情况下也接触位置和压力。这些特性在成本、质量、封装和系统可靠性方面提供了好处。

为了测量输入轴速度,新的MTA配备了速度传感器,使用霍尔效应原理。以第四齿轮作为目标,不需要单独的目标轮,因此手动变速器中的所有轴在自动应用中都可以使用不变。

在手动变速器中,离合器操作采用液压同心从动油缸(CSC),但不需要主缸,而驱动系统液压通常使用液压油代替制动液。比例阀接管油流量的调节。CSC还配备了非接触式行程传感器(霍尔效应),这给控制器提供了离合器释放行程闭环控制所需的反馈。目标是一个连接到离合器的磁体。CSC位置测量的优点是动态和温度引起的效应。

液压回路包含在控制回路中,而不是测量主缸上的位置。另一方面,CSC的发动机运转的轴向脉动也由传感器检测并叠加在行驶信号上。在传输控制器中的原始信号的处理过程中,适当的滤波补偿了这种影响。

功能

新的MTA提供可选择的自动或手动操作模式,并且还支持运动模式功能以及巡航控制。在自动模式中,具有更多功能的许多移位映射是可用的[2 ]。一个新特性是在低速条件下抑制2-1的降档。它在第二档运行离合器,只要没有更高的牵引力需求,就可以换档至第一档。进一步发展的升档防止功能保证在适当的驱动加速度下也能选择合适的齿轮,例如在上坡行驶或拖曳时,或由于高度或热而减少发动机扭矩。与优化的移位映射一样,这些特殊功能使移位频率显著降低。在欧宝测试周期中,换档次数从现有的欧宝五速MTA的231减少到新版本的195档。这有助于提高驾驶舒适性,降低油耗。

新MTA的另一个目标是优化蠕变,即仅通过控制离合器而不踩下油门踏板来驱动。进入和退出蠕变函数的重新调谐在停车时特别有益。此外,爬行在轻微的上坡和下坡坡度上也更加舒适。后者的改进是通过采用可校准的目标加速度,相对于由MTA算法估计的梯度来实现的。

新引入的冲刺加速功能使加速器加速时尽可能加速。踏板很快被压到击球位置。测量结果表明,最大加速度为1.9M/S,与正常的宽开路节气门关闭相比加速至20kM/h减少了0.3秒。

像欧宝的其他变速器类型一样,新的MTA也有停止/启动功能。与自动变速器一样,在停机期间按下或释放制动踏板是发动机停止和起动的主要触发器。对与自动变速器的一个特殊难题是确保从释放发动机踏板到提供加速的无延迟和舒适的过渡。MTA必须满足自动和双离合器变速器的要求,甚至超过他们比较试验中的性能。决定性因素是停止阶段的转移策略。采用开式离合器保持第一挡,以及各种安全措施,使系统在起动时快速反应,同时防止不希望的断开。

驾驶性能

换档舒适性是决定用户接受自动手动变速器的主要因素,在新MTA的发展过程中,在各个领域都实现了改进(2)。对于升档,车辆加速度的变化是一个重要的舒适参数。这是通过换挡过程中扭矩抛物线形状优化的发动机干预来考虑的。

对于降档,决定性因素是系统的响应性。在这里,新的MTA受益于扩展接口到发动机控制器,从而实现精确的速度控制,示出了不同自动变速器的重要降档特性的比较。

各种措施的成功是显而易见的,提高了大约一个SAE额定值的最小可驾驶性。各种不同的诊断方法都显示这款新的变速器的传动性能和换挡性能都有相当大的提高。

安全性

由具有内部传感器技术的控制模块监控的离合器和换档操作,连接到车辆中的其他电子部件,使自动手动变速器安全性十分可靠,如ISO 26262〔3〕所定义。鉴于该标准的要求,新的MTA的安全概念被开发并集成在其控制中(4)。这个概念包括对涉及到的组件的可靠性的具体要求和对多个级别的诊断,以及在A的情况下的情境系统反应,未能确保安全状态。这样的措施范围从个别功能的停用到中断的功率流。首要目标是保证车辆运行期间的安全性,同时尽可能保持系统可用性。

参考文献

[1] Barnbeck, A.; Becker, G.; Kiefer, M.; Quarg,J.; Zemmrich, T.; Fischer, R.: Automated shift of a conventional base transmission. 9th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, 4 to 6 October 2000

[2] Ramminger, P.; Becker, G.: The new automated 5-speed manual transmission by Opel. International VDI-Congress Drivetrain for Vehicles, Friedrichshafen,24 and 25 June 2014

[3] Czerny, B. J.; D’Ambrosio, J.; Debouk R.;Stashko, K.: ISO 26262 Functional safety draft international standard for road vehicles: Background,Status, and Overview. 28th International System Safety Conference, Minneapolis/MN., 30 August to 3 September 2010

[4] Baron, K.; Ramminger, P.; Becker, G.: The new automated 5-speed manual transmission by Opel. 13th International CTI Symposium, Berlin, 8 to 11 December 2014

附录2:原文

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仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,

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分配是一个经济活动,是企业家基于消费者需求,用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物,并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。它是一个物流活动的方式,结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。在农村地区,农民和农产品独特,所以,与城市物流分配相比,有着一些不同的特点。 1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题 A.低均匀分布率和高运作成本 根据商务部调查,自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来,农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%,但是分配率却只有40%。这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率,也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。均匀分配有利于统一采购。商店不能得益于连锁。这就会导致高物流成本。 B.不合理的物流和分配模式,导致信息读取效率不高 最近,农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。事实上,这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心,因而不能满足分配服务的需求。即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心,也仍然存在很大问题。大多数农村超市规模较小,缺少建立分配中心的资金,因此,一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。农村连锁商店分布较广,单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。 C.分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平 农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库,这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输,缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。这些基础设施不够,也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。电脑信息管理系统也远远不够,导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。很难有效地管理物流信息,所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。 D.不充分的信息共享系统 农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。很难在

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外文翻译 专业机械电子工程 学生姓名张华 班级 B机电092 学号 05 指导教师袁健

外文资料名称:Research,design and experiment of end effector for wafer transfer robot 外文资料出处:Industrail Robot:An International Journal 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

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