Ron Thornburgh

Prepared by the Office of Secretary of State Ron Thornburgh

First Floor, Memorial Hall

120 SW 10th Ave.

Topeka, KS 66612-1594

(785) 296-2239

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c39886895.html,

kssos@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c39886895.html,

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

Table of Contents

Page I. Basic Notary Public Information (5)

II. Guidelines for Notaries Public (6)

III. Questions and Answers (10)

IV. Notarization Forms (18)

V. Kansas Statutes (20)

VI. Glossary of Terms (30)

VII. Test Your Notarial IQ (32)

VIII. Notary Public Change of Status Form

(Clip and Mail) (35)

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

I. Basic Notary

Public Information

As a notary public, you hold an important position in the state of Kansas. It is essential that you understand the notary duties and responsibilities given in Kansas law. The purpose of this handbook is to help you understand notary laws so that you can perform your duties correctly.

The purpose of a notary public is to prevent fraud and forgery. The notary acts as an official, unbiased witness to the identity of the person who signs the document. A Kansas notary public has six major duties:

1. Take acknowledgments,

2. Administer oaths and affirmations,

3. Take a verification upon oath or affirmation,

4. Witness or attest a signature,

5. Certify or attest a copy and

6. Note a protest of a negotiable instrument.

Acknowledgment

If the document requires an acknowledgment, the person must personally appear before you and ac-knowledge to you that he or she signed the document.

Verification

If the document requires a verification, the person must personally appear before you and be adminis-tered the appropriate oath, and sign the document in your presence.

Witnessing

If the document requires witnessing or attesting, the person must personally appear before you and sign the document in your presence.

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Certified Copy

A notary public can certify a copy only if the notary personally has custody of the original document and makes the copy from the original.

Protest of a Negotiable Instrument This notary duty is outdated and is no longer required.

Compliance with these legal requirements is im-portant to assure the signing party that his or her document will be legally effective, and to eliminate any liability for the notary public.

II. Guidelines for Notaries Public For your convenience, the statutory provisions relating to notaries are summarized below:

Personal Appearance Required

All notary acts require that the person signing the document appear before the notary public. Never notarize a document outside the presence of the signing party. A notary is required to properly identify the person to ensure that he or she signed the document; the only way to perform this duty is to have the person appear before you. Failure to require a personal appearance by the signing party is the leading cause of notary civil and criminal liability and loss of their notary commission.

Notary Seal; Signature; Date of Expiration

Each notary public must have a notarial seal, which shall contain the notary’s name exactly as it appears on the notary application. The seal must include the words “Notary Public” and “State of Kan-sas.” This seal should be used whenever a notary performs an official act. When notarizing a document, the notary public must add to the document the date of expiration of his or her appointment. The notary

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

public’s seal must be either a seal press or a rubber stamp. If a sealed press, the impression from the seal must be inked or blackened. If a rubber stamp, the stamp must have permanent ink. Both the seal press and the rubber stamp must be capable of legible reproduction after copying. No seal can be used until an impression of it has been filed with the Secretary of State’s Office.

Failure to Attach Date of Expiration If the notary public willfully neglects or refuses to attach his or her date of expiration of appointment when notarizing a document, the notary public shall be deemed guilty of a class C misdemeanor. (K.S.A. 53-106) Failure to attach the date of expiration may also be grounds for revocation of the notary’s appointment. (K.S.A. 53-118)

Powers and Duties; Verification

A notary public in the state of Kansas has the authority to take acknowledgments, administer oaths and affirmations, and perform other acts permitted by law. When notarizing a document, the notary public must exercise reasonable care in determining the identity of the person whose signature is being notarized. This is important because, by completing the notarization requirements (K.S.A. 53-105), the notary makes it possible for the public to rely on the authenticity of the person’s signature on the document. (K.S.A. 53-107)

Financial or Beneficial Interest

A notary public can not perform any notarial act if the notary has a direct financial or beneficial interest in the transaction. A notary public has a direct financial interest if the notary is named individually as a principal to the financial transaction. If the transaction involves real property, the notary has direct financial or beneficial interest if named indi-vidually as a party to the transaction (i.e., grantor,

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grantee, mortgagor, mortgagee, etc.) A notary public does not have any financial or beneficial interest in a transaction when the notary public acts in the capac-ity of an agent, employee, insurer, attorney, escrow agent or lender for a person having a direct financial or beneficial interest.

Change of Name, Address, Phone Number, or Seal If a notary public legally changes his or her name, he or she must obtain a new notary seal. The seal must meet all the requirements of the previous seal, but shall contain the new name of the notary public on it, in place of the previous name. Before performing any notarial acts, the notary public must mail or deliver to the Secretary of State a notice of the change in name. The notice shall include an impression of the new seal and a specimen of the notary’s new signature. In addition to a change in the notary public’s name, if the notary public changes his or her seal for any reason, the notary public shall mail or deliver the impression of the new seal to the Secretary of State’s office. A notary public must notify the Secretary of State’s office within 30 days after any such change. The notification forms will be supplied by the Secretary of State’s office upon request. A copy is attached in the back of this handbook. (K.S.A. 53-114)

Resignation of Notary Public Appointment

If a notary public no longer wants to be a notary public in Kansas, he or she shall send a letter of resignation to the Secretary of State. (K.S.A. 53-116)

Reappointment

A notary public is not automatically renewed or reappointed. A notary public must reapply for a notary commission every four years. You may submit a new application six months before your expiration date. It is important to renew early so that your commission does not expire because you cannot perform notary duties after your commission has

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expired. Also, you may want to reapply early so that you can keep the same expiration date.

Refusal or Revocation of Appointment

The Secretary of State may refuse to appoint any person as a notary public or may revoke the appointment of any notary public upon the following grounds: (1) A material misstatement or omission in the application; (2) conviction of a felony or a lesser offense involving moral turpitude or of a nature that would be incompatible with the duties of a notary public; a plea of nolo contendere is deemed a conviction;

(3) revocation, suspension or denial of a professional license if such action could substantially relate to the duties of a notary public; (4) applicant or notary is or becomes incapable of reading or writing the English language; or (5) a notary fails to exercise the powers and duties of a notary public in accordance with the statutes. Any person whose notary public appointment has been revoked may not apply for another appointment until four years from the date of revocation. (K.S.A. 53-118)

Oaths or Affirmations

All oaths must be administered with the person’s right hand either uplifted or upon the Holy Bible. (K.S.A. 54-102) An oath must begin with “You do solemnly swear” and conclude with “So help you God.” A person having religious or conscientious objections to oaths may affirm. An affirmation must begin with “You do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm” and conclude with “And this you do under the pains and penalties of perjury.” (K.S.A. 54-103, 54-104)

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III. Questions and Answers

1. What is a Kansas Notary Public?

A Kansas notary public is a person appointed by the Kansas Secretary of State to acknowledge and witness the signing of documents, administer oaths and affirmations, take verifications, and certify copies.

2. When may I begin notarizing documents?

An appointed notary public may begin notarizing documents after receipt of a certificate of appointment from the Secretary of State.

3. What types of notary seals are acceptable in Kansas?

The notary public’s seal shall either be a seal press or a rubber stamp. In either case, the notary public’s seal must contain the notary public’s name, and the words “Notary Public” and “State of Kansas.” If a seal press is used, the impression must be inked or blackened so that it may be photocopied.

4. What is the difference between commercial sureties and personal sureties?

A commercial surety is a surety that has been licensed with the Kansas Department of Insurance and actively participates in the surety bond field. A fee is usually charged to the applicant for guaranteeing a bond. Personal sureties may be any two individuals. All sureties guarantee that if the notary public fails to properly perform a notarization they will indemnify a third party for any damages caused by the notary’s negligence or misconduct, up to $7,500.

5. Can information about my notary application or appointment be given to other people?

Yes. All notary public applications and

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook appointments are required to be open to public inspection pursuant to Kansas law.

6. May I notarize my own signature and the signatures of my spouse, children, parents or other relatives?

A notary public may not notarize his or her own signature, but may notarize the signatures of his or her spouse, children, parents or other relatives. However, the power is limited by the provisions of K.S.A. 53-109. The limitations are set out in the general information section under Financial or Beneficial Interest.

7. May I notarize documents that originate from out-of-state?

Yes. Documents originating from another state may be notarized as long as you perform the notarial act in Kansas and the notarial certificate indicates “State of Kansas, County of ______________” to identify the jurisdiction in which the notarial act took place.

8. May I notarize documents when I am physically outside the state of Kansas?

No. A notary public only has jurisdiction to perform notarial acts while the notary public is in the state of Kansas.

9. Why does the notary block have blanks for state and county, and how do I fill them out?

The beginning of each notarial certificate should include jurisdictional information that indicates where the document was notarized, similar to the following: State of___________)

)

County of ___________)

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This information indicates where the notarization took place. The notary public completes the venue block by inserting “Kansas” and adding the county where the notarization occurred. A Kansas notary can notarize documents in all counties of Kansas, but cannot notarize outside the state of Kansas.

10. Should I charge a fee for my services as a notary public?

There is no statutory fee schedule in Kansas that a notary public must follow, nor is there a prohibition against a notary public charging a fee. Therefore, a notary public may charge a reasonable fee for the performance of a notarial act.

11. Should I keep a log book of notarizations which

I perform?

There is no statutory requirement in Kansas that a notary public keep a log book or journal. However, it is recommended that a notary public keep one for his or her own records and protection from liability.

12. Can my employer keep my journal or notary stamp after I leave my job?

No. A notary commission is personal to the notary public. The stamp and journal belong to the notary public and must be safeguarded by the notary in order to prevent forgeries and other misuse. Even if an employer pays for the notary commission, the em-ployer cannot convert the stamp and journal. How-ever, if the employer provided the notary’s bond, the employer can cancel the bond.

13. How do I report a change in my name, address, or seal while I am serving as a notary public?

You must report the change to the Secretary of State on a form supplied by that office. One change of status form is attached in the back of this handbook.

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

14. What are the most common errors or omissions made by notaries public in notarizing documents?

The most common errors by notaries public in notarizing documents are: (1) Failing to attach the notary seal; (2) neglecting to attach the notary public’s date of expiration of appointment; (3) failing to sign the notarized document; (4) omitting names and dates from the acknowledgments, oaths and affirmations, etc.; and (5) failing to properly administer the oath.

15.What is the most serious error made by notaries in notarizing documents?

The most serious error made by notaries is failure to require the person to appear before the notary before notarizing the document. The person who signed the document must always appear in person. Failure to observe this requirement can result in criminal and civil liability and the loss of the notary’s commission.

16.What are the liabilities and penalties for notary public misconduct?

A notary public who fails to carry our notary duties correctly may be subject to civil liability for any damages caused by the failure or error. If the notary’s error enables a forgery, false writing, or other crime to occur, the notary may also be held criminally liable as an accessory to the crime. The Secretary of State may also revoke the notary’s commission. Failure to attach the date of expiration to a notarization is a class

C misdemeanor.

17.What if my boss insists that I notarize a document when the person has not signed or acknowledged his or her signature in my pres-ence?

Explain to your boss that Kansas law requires that the person appear before you personally before

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you can notarize the document. Failure to follow this procedure could result in civil and criminal liability for both you and your boss. Also, the document may be invalidated by a court if it is improperly notarized.

18. If my notary appointment expires but I have applied for a new appointment, may I continue to exercise my notarial powers?

No. There is no carryover or grace period for a notary public once his or her appointment has expired.

A person whose notary public appointment has expired may not perform any notarial acts until he or she has received a new certificate of appointment.

19. As a Kansas notary, can I take a person’s acknowledgment in Oklahoma, then return to Kansas and complete the notarial certificate here?

No. Your authority extends no further than the geographic boundaries of Kansas. You cannot perform one part of a notarial act outside the state and the other part inside the state. Both parts must be executed at the same time and the same place inside Kansas. If the Oklahoma resident cannot come to Kansas, he should find an Oklahoma notary public.

20. A person whose identification indicates a first name of “Robert” has asked me to take his acknowledgment on a document he has signed as “Bob.” Should I insist that he sign as “Robert?”

Yes. The notary should insist that a person’s signature agree exactly with the name printed on the person’s identification -- such as a driver’s license --and the name used on the document.

21. Can I notarize documents that I will be signing

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

as an officer on behalf of that corporation?

No. You can never notarize your own signature, whether you are signing for yourself or for a corporation.

22. May a notary give legal advice or draft legal documents?

No. Unless the notary is also an attorney, the notary cannot act as a legal advisor and cannot prepare legal documents. For example, if a document does not contain a notarial certificate, the notary public cannot advise as to the proper types of notarization. An attorney should be consulted as to the proper notarization that is required for the document (acknowledgment, witnessing or verification).

23. Is notarization required by law?

Notarization is required for many documents. The Kansas law governing the document will state whether the document must be notarized. The determination of whether a document is required to be notarized cannot be made by the notary public.

24. How does a notary identify a signer?

A notary identifies a signer by carefully examining the identification presented by that person and comparing the signatures the person has made on the document with the signature on the identification. Proper “ID” should include a photograph and signature on a reliable indentification card such as a driver’s license. It is also considered sufficient identification if, under oath, a credible witness personally known by the notary identifies the person.

25. Must a notary determine the competence of

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the person signing the document?

Although there are differing opinions on whether a notary public has a duty to determine the person’s competency, many experts recommend that the no-tary make a limited inquiry into the person’s ability to understand the contents of the document that the person is signing. The notary can make a quick assessment by asking the person if he or she under-stands the document. Clearly, a notary should refuse to notarize the signature of a person who unquestion-ably has no ability to understand the document (unconscious, mentally disabled).

26. Where does a person report illegal, improper, or questionable acts by a notary public?

Persons who suspect any wrongdoing or mistake by a notary public should report it to the Kansas Secretary of State, First Floor, Memorial Hall, Topeka, KS 66612-1594, (785) 296-2239.

27. How do I renew my notary appointment?

There is no automatic reappointment in Kansas.

A notary public must apply for appointment and follow the same procedures required for a new appointment. Application should be made sufficiently prior to expiration to ensure uninterrupted authority.

28. Can I only notarize documents in my own county?

A Kansas notary public has authority throughout Kansas. The county in which the notarial act took place should be inserted in the appropriate blank above the notary’s signature.

29. Must the person sign the document in my

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presence?

If the document is an affidavit, verification or other document requiring an oath, the person must be properly sworn-in and sign the document in your presence. If the document requires acknowledgment, it is sufficient for the person to appear before you and acknowledge execution of the document. If the document requires witnessing, you must personally see the person sign the document. Never notarize an unsigned document, and never notarize a document outside the presence of the person. Do not notarize a document in which the notarial certificate contains untrue statements. You cannot take a notarization over the telephone (because the person has not appeared in person before you). You cannot notarize a document just because someone else assures you that the signature is genuine. You cannot take an acknowledgment just because you recognize the person’s signature.

30. What should I do when I have a question about performing a notarial act?

Contact the Secretary of State's office for assistance or your legal counsel for advice.

IV. Notarization Forms

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Notary forms are given in K.S.A. 53-509. The following forms are sufficient for the purposes indi-cated, if completed with the information as required by law:

(a) For an acknowledgment in an individual capac-ity:

State of ___________)

County of _________)

This instrument was acknowledged before me on (date) by name(s) of person(s) .

_________________________________

Signature of notary public (Seal)

My appointment expires: ____________

(b) For an acknowledgment in a representative capacity:

State of ___________)

County of _________)

This instrument was acknowledged before me on (date) by name(s) of person(s) as type of authority, e.g., officer, trustee, etc. of name of party on behalf of whom instrument was executed.

_________________________________

Signature of notary public

(Seal)

My appointment expires: ___________

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Kansas Notary Public Handbook

(c) For a verification upon oath or affirmation: State of ___________)

County of _________)

Signed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me on (date) by name of person making statement.

_________________________________

Signature of notary public (Seal)

My appointment expires: ___________

(d) For witnessing or attesting a signature:

State of ___________)

County of _________)

Signed or attested before me on (date) by name(s) of person(s).

_________________________________

Signature of notary public (Seal)

My appointment expires: ___________

(e) For attestation of a copy of a document: State of ___________)

County of _________)

I certify that this is a true and correct copy of a

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document in the possession of ______________. Dated: ___________________

_________________________________

Signature of notary public

(Seal)

My appointment expires: ___________

V. Kansas Statutes

Notaries Generally

K.S.A. 53-101.

(Appointment; term; qualifications; not state offi-cer) The Secretary of State shall appoint notaries public, who may perform notarial acts in any part of this state for a term of not more than four (4) years, unless sooner removed. Any person who is a citizen of the United States, who is at least eighteen (18) years of age and who is a resident of this state, or who is a resident of a state bordering on this state and who regularly carries on a business or profession in this state or who is regularly employed in this state, shall be eligible to be appointed as a notary public as provided in this act. Notaries public shall not be considered as state officers.

K.S.A. 53-102.

(Requirements for appointment) Every person, before entering upon the duties of a notary public, shall file with the Secretary of State an application for appointment as a notary public, which shall also include an oath of office and a good and sufficient bond to the state of Kansas in the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500), with one or more sureties to be approved by the Secretary of State.

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德语语法：关系代词（Relativpronomen）关系代词是引导关系从句的代词，必须在性、数上与它所限定的名词或代词保持一致。它的格由它在从句中的语法功能决定。关系代词分为三类： 1)der， die， das；die 2)welcher，welche，welches；welche 3)wer，was 关系代词的变格和用法说明如下： 1)以der，die，das为引导词的关系从句只能用作名词或代词的定语。特别需要注意的是，这里的der， die，das是关系代词，不能把它们同定冠词混淆。 der，die，das；die的变格表 用法举例： Man zeigt einen Film, der sehr berühmt ist. 在放映一部很有名的电影。 Herr Meier, dessen Betrieb ich neulich kennen gelernt habe, besucht uns morgen. 迈耶先生明天来访问我们，不久前，我参观了他的工厂。 Das Geb?ude, das Sie dort sehen, war früher das Rathaus. 您在那里看到的那个建筑物，以前是市政厅。 Das ist die Lehrerin, mit deren Sohn ich zur Schule gegangen bin. 这就是那个女教师，我曾与她儿子一起上学。 注意：dessen和deren在句子中不变化，它后面的形容词作强变化。例如： Ein Buch, mit dessen Erscheinen wir rechnen... 我们估计会出版的一本书… Der Turm, dessen feuchtes Fundament… 墙基已潮湿的塔楼…

蛋白酪氨酸激酶简介

蛋白酪氨酸激酶简介 癌症极大威胁人类健康，抗肿瘤研究是当今生命科学中极富挑战性且意义重大的领域。目前，临床上常用的抗肿瘤药物主要是细胞毒类药物，这类抗癌药具有难以避免的选择性差、毒副作用强、易产生耐药等缺点。近年来，随着生命科学研究的飞速进展，恶性肿瘤细胞内的信号转导、细胞周期的调、细胞凋亡的诱导、血管生成以及细胞与胞外基质的相互作用等各种基本过程正在被逐步阐明。以一些与肿瘤细胞分化增殖相关的细胞信号转导通路的关键酶作为药物筛选靶点，发现选择性作用于特定靶点的高效、低毒、特异性强的新型抗癌药物已成为当今抗肿瘤药物研究开发的重要方向。 蛋白酪氨酸激酶是一类具有酪氨酸激酶活性的蛋白质，可分为受体型和非受体型两种，它们能催化ATP上的磷酸基转移到许多重要蛋白质的酪氨酸残基上，使其发生磷酸化。蛋白酪氨酸激酶在细胞内的信号转导通路中占据了十分重要的地位，调节着细胞体内生长、分化、死亡等一系列生理化过程。 蛋白酪氨酸激酶功能的失调则会引发生物体内的一系列疾病。已有的资料表明，超过50%的原癌基因和癌基因产物都具有蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性，它们的异常表达将导致细胞增殖调节发生紊乱，进而导致肿瘤发生。此外，酪氨酸基酶的异常表达还与肿瘤的侵袭和转移，肿瘤新生血管的生成，肿瘤的化疗抗性密切相关。因此，以酪氨酸激酶为靶点进行药物研发成为国际上抗肿瘤药物研究的热点，为此投入的研究经费也是其它任何一个非传统的肿瘤靶点所无法匹敌的。 目前为止，已有十多种蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和抗体进入I-Ⅱ期临床试验阶段，个别的已经上市，并取得了令人鼓舞的治疗结果。基中，Genentech公司和罗氏药厂联合研究和生产的HerceptinTM(Trastuzumab)是一种抗酪氨酸激酶受体HER2/neu的人源化的单克隆抗体。1998年，美国食品的药物管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）正式批准Herceptin用于治疗某些HER2阳性的转移性乳腺癌。2001年5月，N ovartis公司研发的针对酪氨酸激酶Bcr-Abl的抑制剂GleevecTM (imatinib mesylate)由于对治疗慢性髓样白血病（chronic myelogenous leukemia,CML）具有非常好的疗效，尚未完成Ⅲ期临床就被FDA批准提前上市，用于治疗费城染色体呈阳性（Philadelphia chromosome – positive, Ph+）的慢性髓样白血病患者，引起了巨大的轰动。GleevecTM是第一个在了解癌症的病因后鸽是设计开发，并取得了显著成效和的肿瘤治疗药物，它的研发成功可以说是癌症治疗的一个里程碑。这一重大成就被美国《科学》杂志列入2001年度十大科技新闻。纽约《时代》杂志将其作为杂志的封面，称GleevecTM 开创了药物研发的新时代。2002年2月，美国FDA又批准GleevecTM 用于胃肠基质瘤（gastrointestinal stromal tumors, GLST）的治疗。2002年7月，AstraZeneca公司研发的IressaTM (ZD1839又被美国FDA批准用于治疗经过标准含铂类方案和紫杉萜化疗后仍然继续恶化的终未期非小细胞肺癌患者，这也是第一种用于实体瘤治疗的针对特定靶点挑战分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。Herceptin，Gleevec以及Iressa的上市进一步证明了以特定靶点尤其是以酪氨酸激酶为靶点进行抗肿瘤药物的研发是21世纪最有可能获得突破性进展的抗肿瘤药物领域，具有十分广阔的前景。

蛋白酪氨酸激酶综述

蛋白酪氨酸激酶综述 目前至少已有近六十种分属20个家族的受体酪氨酸激酶被子识别。所有受体酷氨酸激酶都属于I型膜蛋白，其分子具有相似的拓朴结构：糖基化的胞外配体结合区，疏水的单次跨膜区，以及胞内的酪氨酸激酶催化结构域及调控序列。不同受体酪氨酸激酶结合，将导致受体发生三聚化，并进一步使受体胞内区特异的受体酪氨酸残基发生自身磷酸化或交叉磷酸化，从而激活下游的信号转导通路。许多肿瘤的发生、发展都与酪氨酸激酶的异常表达有着极其密切的联系，下面将对几类与肿瘤的发生发展最为密切的受体酪氨酸激酶的研究迸展做一简介。 一、表皮生长因子受体（Epidermal grovth factor receptor, EGFR）家族 EGFRPE包括EGFR、ErbB2、ErbB4等4个成员，其家族受体酪氨酸激酶（RTK）以 单体形式存在，在结构上由胞外区、跨膜区、胞内区3个部分组成，胞外区具有2个半氨酸丰富区，胞内区有典型的ATP结合位点和酪氨酸激酶区，其酪氨酸激酶活性在调节细胞增殖及分化中起着至关重要的作用。 人的egfr基因定位于第7号染色体的短臂（7p12.3-p12.1），它编码的产物EGFR由1210个氨基酸组成，蛋白分子量约为170kDa，其中，712-979位属于酪氨酸激酶区。EGFR的专一配体有EGF、TGF、amphiregulin,与其他EGFR家庭成员共有的配体有（cellulin(BTC)、heparin-binding EGF(HB-EGF)、Epiregulin(EPR) ）等。 EGFR在许多上皮业源的肿瘤细胞中表达，如非小细胞性肺癌，乳腺癌、头颈癌，膀胱癌，胃癌，前列腺癌，卵巢癌、胶质细胞瘤等。另外，在一些肿瘤如恶性胶质瘤、非小细胞性肺癌、乳腺癌、儿童胶质瘤、成神经管细胞瘤及卵巢癌等中还可检测到EGFR缺失。最为常见的EGFR缺失突变型是EGFRⅧ，EGFR Ⅷ失去了配体结合区，但是可自身活化酪氨酸激酶，刺激下游信号通路的激活，而不依赖于与其配全结合。EGFR在许多肿瘤中的过表达和/或突变，借助信号转导至细胞生长失控和恶性化。另外，EGFR的异常表达还与新生血管生成，肿瘤的侵袭和转移，肿瘤的化疗抗性及预后密切相关。EGFR高表达的肿瘤患者，肿瘤恶性程度高，易发生转移，复发间期短，复发率高，患者的存活期短。 ErbB2，又名HER-2/neu，是EGFR家族的第二号成员，ErbB2通过与EGFR家族中其它三位成员构成异源二聚体，而发挥生物学作用，尚未发现能与其直接结合的配体。编码ErbB2的基因neu最早从大鼠神经母细胞瘤中分离得到，人类体细胞内neu基因的同源基因，又称为HER-2或erbB2，位于人第17号染色体的长臂（17q21.1），它编码的产物ErbB2由1255个氨基酸组成，蛋白分子量约为185Kda，其中，720-987位属于酪氨酸激酶区。 ErbB2通常只在胎儿时期表达，成年以后只在极少数组织内低水平表达。然而在多种人类肿瘤中却过度表达，如乳腺癌（25-30%）、卵巢癌（25-32%、肺静癌（30-35%）、原发性肾细胞癌（30-40%）等。过度表达的原因主要是ErbB2基因扩增（95%）或转录增多（5%）。 1987年，Slamon等人首行先报道了ErbB2扩增和乳腺癌临床预后不良之间的显著关系，其显著性高于雌激素、孕激素等指标，并在以后的研究中得到大量证实。随后，ErbB2表达水平和乳腺癌治疗效果间的关系得到广泛研究，人们发现ErbB2高表达乳腺癌患者对他莫昔芬（tamoxifen）治疗、单独的激素疗法、以及环磷酰胺、甲氨喋呤、5-氟脲嘧啶联合化疗产生耐受。研究还表明，ErbB2在细胞的恶性转化中发挥重要作用，并能促进恶性肿瘤转移。ErbB2受体过度表达往往提示乳腺癌恶性程度高，转移潜力强，进展迅速，化疗缓解期短，易产生化疗和激素治疗抗性，生存率和生存期短，复发率高。 和ErbB4对肿瘤的作用目前尚不清楚，但在肿瘤形成模型的临床前研究发现，ErbB3、Erb3与EGFR、ErbB2共表达后会使肿瘤恶性程度明显增加。 二、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体（Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR）家族VEGFR家族的成员包括：VEGFR1（Flt-1）、VEGFR2（KDR/Flk-1）、VEGFR3（Flt-4）,这一家族的受体在细胞外存在着7个免疫球蛋白样的结构域，在胞内酪氨酸激酶区则含有一段亲水手插入序列。

(精校版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表

(完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表 编辑整理： 尊敬的读者朋友们： 这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。 本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为(完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表的全部内容。

沪教版七年级上单词表 Unit 1 German adj. 德国的 blog n. 博客 grammar n。语法 sound n. 声音complete v。完成 hobby n. 爱好 country n. 国家 age n。年龄 dream n.梦想 everyone pron. 人人；所有人 Germany n. 德国mountain n。山；山脉elder adj. 年长的friendly adj。友爱的；友好的 engineer n.工程师 world n. 世界 Japan n。日本 flat n. 公寓 yourself pron.你自己 US n. 美国close to （在空间、时间上） 接近 go to school 去上学 （be) good at 擅长 make friends with 与..。... 交朋友 all over 遍及 ’d like to = would like to 愿意 Unit2 daily adj。每日的；日常 的 article n。文章 never adv. 从不 table tennis n.兵乓球 ride v. 骑；驾驶 usually adv。通常地 so conj. 因此;所以 seldom adv.不常；很少 Geography n. 地理 break n. 休息 bell n。钟；铃 ring v。（使）发出钟声， 响起铃声 end v。结束；终止 band n。乐队 practice n. 练习 together adv。在一起 market n。集市；市场 guitar n。吉他 grade n. 年级 junior high school 初级 中学 on foot步行 take part in 参加 have a good time 过得愉快 go to bed 去睡觉 get up 起床 Unit3 Earth n. 地球 quiz n。知识竞赛；小测 试 pattern n。模式;形式 protect v.保护 report n。报告 part n. 部分

蛋白酪氨酸激酶

蛋白酪氨酸激酶(PTK)是多种肿瘤最常见的生长因子受体，抑制其活性可破坏肿瘤细胞的信号传导，抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和新生血管形成，而对正常细胞影响较小。常见的受体型包括表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)家族、胰岛素受体(IGFR)家族、血小板衍化生长因子受体(PDGFR)家族、VEGFR家族、纤维细胞生长因子受体(。FGFR)家族等。非受体型包括SRC、ABL、JAK、ACK、CSK、FAK、FES、FRK、TEC、SYK家族等。以PTK为靶点的单克隆抗体、小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)是近年抗肿瘤药研究的热点。2005年之前，美国FDA批准以PTK为靶点的单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗(1998年)、贝伐单抗(2004年)和西妥昔珠单抗(2004年)和小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼(2001年)、吉非替尼(2003年)、埃罗替尼(2004年)等靶向药物应用于临床。2005年后TKI制剂不断上市，且多靶点药已成为新的研究方向。 Neratinib 伯舒替尼(Bosutinib，惠氏公司)是强效Src和Abl激酶双重抑制剂，既能抑制多种人肿瘤细胞中Src蛋白的自主磷酸化，也能抑制Src和Ab底物的磷酸化过程，具有高效的抗增殖活性，可抑制CMI。细胞的增殖和存活，对伊马替尼、达沙替尼和尼罗替尼等已产生耐药的CML，或ALL患者也取得了较好的疗效。目前，正在进行CML的Ⅲ期临床研究。 Motesanib(安进公司)能选择性地作用于VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、PDGFR和c-kit受体，可致内皮细胞程序性死亡增加和血管面积减少，抑制肿瘤血管生成并诱导肿瘤消退。目前，本品NSCLC的Ⅲ期临床研究正在进行中；其GIST、甲状腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌等适应证的研究也处于Ⅱ期临床研究阶段。 凡德他尼(Vandetanib，阿斯利康公司)是口服小分子EGFR、VEGFR、RET多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。Ⅱ期临床显示，单用或与多西他赛联合用药，其在NSCLC患者的二线／三线治疗中均有效。 Vatalanib(拜耳／诺华)是经高通量筛选出的VEGF、PDGF、c-kit多靶点小分子TKl，对VEGFR-2作用最强。与FOLFOX方案联合治疗转移性结直肠癌的2个Ⅲ期研究正在进行中。目前，发现体内乳酸脱氢酶水平较高的患者疾病PFS显著提高。 BIBtr 1120(勃林格殷格翰公司)是一种新的口服抗血管生成药，抑制VEGF、PDGF、FGF等的作用，目前分别开展了治疗晚期卵巢癌和NSCLC的Ⅲ期临床研究。

德语语法：关系代词(Relativpronomen)

德语语法：关系代词(Relativpronomen ) 关系代词是引导关系从句的代词，必须在性、数上与它所限定的名词或代词保持一致。它的格由它在从句中的语法功能决定。关系代词分为三类： 1)der，die ，das ；die 2)welcher，welche，welches ；welche 3)wer，was 关系代词的变格和用法说明如下： 1)以der，die，das为引导词的关系从句只能用作名词或代词的定语。特别需要注意的是，这里的der，die ，das是关系代词，不能把它们同定冠词混淆。

der , die , das; die 用法举例: Man zeigt einen Film, der sehr ber u hmt ist. 在放映一部很有名的电影。 Herr Meier, desse n Betrieb ich n eulich kennen geler nt habe, besucht uns morge n. 迈耶先生明天来访问我们，不久前，我参观了他的工厂。 Das Geb? ude, das Sie dort sehen, war fr u her das Rathaus. 您在那里看到的那个建筑物，以前是市政厅。 Das ist die Lehrerin, mit deren Sohn ich zur Schule gegangen bin. 这就是那个女教师，我曾与她儿子一起上学

注意：dessen和deren在句子中不变化，它后面的形容词作强变化。例如： Ein Buch, mit desse n Ersche inen wir rech nen … 我们估计会出版的一本书… Der Turm, desse n feuchtes Fun dame nt … 墙基已潮湿的塔楼… Die Busse, dere n alte Motore n … 发动机老旧的公共汽车…… 2）在书面语言中，为了避免重复使用der, die , das; die，可以用welcher、welche、welches ; welche替代它们。它们的变格与疑问代词welcher相同，但没有第二格形式。 用法举例： Der Bote,welcher das Paket brachte, steht noch drau ? en. 那位送包裹的使者还站在外面。 Ein gro? es Bauvorhaben, welches das Gesicht dieser Stadt ?

Pron.初中语法-代词

三、代词 (一) 知识概要 英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。 1、人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。 人称我你他她它我们你们他们 主格i you he she it we you they 宾格me you him her it us you them 2、物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。 人称我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的 形容词性my your his her its our your they 名词性mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 3、反身代词 人称我你他她它我们你们他们 反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 4、指示代词主要有this, that, these, those 5、疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which, 还有疑问副词when, how, where, why。 6、不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any，many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either… 另外还有复合不定代词，something，anything，everything，somebody，anybody，everybody等。

(二) 正误辨析 ［误］Tom's mother is taller than my. ［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine. ［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。 ［误］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them. ［正］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it. ［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it 所代替的是不可数名词homework，所以应用it。 ［误］He and you should go to the library to return the books. ［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books. ［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she, I,而复数时为we, you，they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she …如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用They, you，we, 如：Tom and I are good friends. You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon. We, you and they have been there before. I, he and you have to pay for it. ［误］He or his brother is doing their homework. ［正］He or his brother is doing his homework. ［析］由either…or, neither…nor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词， 如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together. ［误］His brother is taller than him.

(完整word版)人教版2018最新七年级上册英语单词表

七年级英语单词表Starter Unit 1 good /gud/ adj. 好的 morning /'m?:ni?/ n. 早晨；上午 Good morning! 早上好！ hi /hai/ interj. (用于打招呼)嗨；喂 hello /h?'l?u/ interj. 你好；喂 afternoon /,a:ft?'nu:n/ n. 下午 Good afternoon! 下午好！ evening /'i:vni?/ n. 晚上；傍晚 Good evening! 晚上好！ how /hau/ adv. 怎样；如何 are /a:/ v. 是 you /ju:/ pron. 你；你们 How are you? 你好吗？ I /ai/ pron. 我 am /?m/ v. 是 fine /fain/ adj. 健康的；美好的 thanks /θ??ks/ interj.&n. 感谢；谢谢 OK /?u'kei/ interj.& adv. 好；可以 Starter Unit 2 what /w?t/ pron.&adj. 什么 is /iz/ v. 是 this /eis/ pron. 这；这个 in /in/ prep. (表示使用语言、材料等)用；以English /'i?gli?/ n. 英语adj. 英格兰的；英语的in English 用英语 map /m?p/ n. 地图 cup /k?p/ n. 杯子 ruler /'ru:l?/ n. 尺；直尺 pen /pen/ n. 笔；钢笔 orange /'?rind?/ n. 橙子 jacket /'d??kit/ n. 夹克衫；短上衣 key /ki:/ n. 钥匙 quilt /kwilt/ n. 被子；床罩 it /it/ pron. 它 a /?/ art. (用于单数可数名词前)一(人、事、物) that /e?t/ pron. 那；那个 spell /spel/ v. 用字母拼；拼写 please /pli:z/ interj. (用于客气地请求或吩咐)请Starter Unit 3 color /'k?l?/ n. (=colour) 颜色red /red/ adj.& n. 红色（的） yellow /'jel?u/ adj.& n. 黄色（的） green /gri:n/ adj.& n. 绿色（的） blue /blu:/ adj.& n. 蓝色（的） black /bl?k/ adj.& n. 黑色（的） white /wait/ adj.& n. 白色（的） purple /'p?:pl/ adj.& n. 紫色（的） brown /braun/ adj.& n. 棕色（的）；褐色（的）the /ei; e?/ art. 指已提到或易领会到的人或事now /nau/ adv. 现在；目前 see /si:/ v. 理解；明白 can /k?n/ modal v. 能；会 say /sei/ v. 说；讲 my /mai/ pron. 我的 Unit 1 name /neim/ n. 名字；名称 nice /nais/ adj. 令人愉快的；宜人的 to /tu:/ 常用于原形动词之前，该动词为不定式meet /mi:t/ v. 遇见；相逢 too /tu:/ adv. 也；又；太 your /j?:/ pron. 你的；你们的 Ms. /miz/ (于女子的姓名前，不指明婚否)女士his /hiz/ pron. 他的 and /?nd/ conj. 和；又；而 her /h?:/ pron, 她的 yes /jes/ interj. 是的；可以 she /?i:/ pron. 她 he /hi:/ pron. 他 no /n?u/ interj. 不；没有；不是 not /n?t/ adv. 不；没有 zero /'zi?r?u/ num. 零 one /w?n/ num. 一 two /tu:/ num. 二 three /θri:/ num. 三 four /f?:/ num. 四 five /faiv/ num. 五 six /siks/ num. 六 seven /'sevn/ num. 七 eight /eit/ num. 八 nine /nain/ num. 九 telephone /'telif?un/ n. 电话；电话机

受体酪氨酸激酶RTK介绍

1、受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTKs) RTKs是最大的一类酶联受体，它既是受体，又是酶，能够同 配体结合，并将靶蛋白的酪氨酸残基磷酸化。所有的RTKs都是由三 个部分组成的：含有配体结合位点的细胞外结构域、单次跨膜的疏 水α螺旋区、含有酪氨酸蛋白激酶（RTK）活性的细胞内结构域。 已发现50多种不同的RTKs,主要的几种类型包括： ①表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor, EGF）受体； ②血小板生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF）受体和巨噬细胞集落刺激生长因子（macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF）； ③胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1 （insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1）受体； ④神经生长因子（nerve growth factor, NGF）受体； 各类受体酪氨酸激酶 ⑤成纤维细胞生长因子（fibroblast growth factor, FGF） 受体； ⑥血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelial growth factor, VEGF）受体和肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor, HGF）受体等。 受体酪氨酸激酶在没有同信号分子结合时是以单体存在的，并 且没有活性；一旦有信号分子与受体的细胞外结构域结合，两个单 体受体分子在膜上形成二聚体，两个受体的细胞内结构域的尾部相 互接触，激活它们的蛋白激酶的功能，结果使尾部的酪氨酸残基磷 酸化。磷酸化导致受体细胞内结构域的尾部装配成一个信号复合物（signaling complex）。刚刚磷酸化的酪氨酸部位立即成为细胞内 信号蛋白（signaling protein）的结合位点，可能有10～20种不 同的细胞内信号蛋白同受体尾部磷酸化部位结合后被激活。信号复 合物通过几种不同的信号转导途径，扩大信息，激活细胞内一系列

受体酪氨酸激酶分类

受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTKs) 各类受体酪氨酸激酶 RTKs是最大的一类酶联受体，它既是受体，又是酶，能够同配体结合，并将靶蛋白的酪氨酸残基磷酸化。所有的RTKs都是由三个部分组成的：含有配体结合位点的细胞外结构域、单次跨膜的疏水α螺旋区、含有酪氨酸蛋白激酶（RTK）活性的细胞内结构域。 已发现50多种不同的RTKs,主要的几种类型包括： ①表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor, EGF）受体； ②血小板生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF）受体和巨噬细胞集落刺激生长因子（macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF）； ③胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1 （insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1）受体； ④神经生长因子（nerve growth factor, NGF）受体； ⑤成纤维细胞生长因子（fibroblast growth factor, FGF）受体； ⑥血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelial growth factor, VEGF）受体和肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor, HGF）受体等。 受体酪氨酸激酶在没有同信号分子结合时是以单体存在的，并且没有活性；一旦有信号分子与受体的细胞外结构域结合，两个单体受体分子在膜上形成二聚体，两个受体的细胞内结构域的尾部相互接触，激活它们的蛋白激酶的功能，结果使尾部的酪氨酸残基磷酸化。磷酸化导致受体细胞内结构域的尾部装配成一个信号复合物（signaling complex）。刚刚磷酸化的酪氨酸部位立即成为细胞内信号蛋白（signaling protein）的结合位点，可能有10～20种不同的细胞内信号蛋白同受体尾部磷酸化部位结合后被激活。信号复合物通过几种不同的信号转导途径，扩大信息，激活细胞内一系列的生化反应；或者将不同的信息综合起来引起细胞的综合性应答（如细胞增殖）。

pron代词

1．I don’t like this coat，could you please show me ______？ A. other B. another C. the other D. others 2．There are many people in the park，some are playing cards，some are dancing，and ____are taking a walk in it. A. other peoples B. the others C. others D. the other people 3．I have two uncles，one is a doctor and _____ is a teacher. A. the other B. another C. other D. another one 4．Some students hope to enter the best universities while _____ simply wants to learn skills. A. the others B. others C. another D. the other 5．“Do you like these pants sir？”“No，please show me ______.” A. another B. some ones C. some others D. the other 6．I have two TV set，but _____ of them is in good condition. A. both B. none C. neither D. every 7．Walking along the streets，you can see many beautiful flowers on _____ side of the street. A. every B. all C. both D. either 8．_____ of my parents is poor-educated，they both left school when they were 13. A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither 9．_____of us answered the phone，for we were all in the yard. A. Either B. Neither C. All D. None 10．——How many monkeys are there in the cage left？——_____. A. None B. No one C. Nothing D. not some 11．Some students hope to enter the best universities while _____ simply want to learn skills. A. the others B. others C. another D. the other 12．I invited Joe and Linda to dinner，but _____of them came. （2004北京） A. neither B. either C. none D. both 13．I had to buy ____these books because I didn’t know which one was the best. A. both B. none C. neither D. all （2004上海） 14．I have done much of the work. Could you please finish ____in two days？ A. the rest B. the other C. another D. the others 15．Both teams were in hard training；_____was willing to lose the game. （2001上海） A. either B. neither C. another D. the other 用someone/ somebody, anyone / anybody, no one / nobody，something, anything, nothing, none 填空。 1. _________ who feels tired should wear energetic colors. 2. There is ________ in the fitting room. 3. Who is in the classroom? -___________. 4. _________ is knocking at the door. 5. I looked for it everywhere, but I found _______ in the end. 6. Would you like ________ to eat? 7. Did they have _________ important to tell you? 8. How many eggs were there in the basket? There was __________. 2.改写同义句。 1. He would rather work than play. He __________ ________ ________ playing. 2. I like working in the countryside.

最常用2000英语单词(全部标有注释)

注：副词adv.(ad.) 形容词：adj.(a.) 名词：n. 动词：v.（及物：vt 不及物：vi) 介词：prep. 代词：pron. 连词：conj. 数词：num. 第 1 页 共 8 页 最常用2000英语单词 One 1 the [e?, ei:] art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi ] aux. v.(am,is,are 之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v ] prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd ] conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a [ei, ?, ?n, ?n ] art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t ?] prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in ] prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he [hi:, hi ] pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have [h?v,h ?v ] aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it ] pron.它；这；那 11 that [e?t ] a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for [f ?, f ?:] prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they [eei ] pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I [ai ] pron.我 15 with [wie, wiθ] prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z ] ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not [n ?t ] ad.不，没，不是 18 on [?n ] prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she [?i:, ?i ] pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t ] prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai ] prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis ] a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we [wi:, wi ] pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:] pron.你，你们 25 do [du, du:] aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but [b ?t,b ?t ] conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from [fr ?m,fr ?m ] prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or [?:, ?] conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然 29 which [wit ?] pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one [w ?n ] num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud ] aux. v.[will 的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l ] a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil ] aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使 34 there [e??] pron.[与be 连用，“有”] ad.在那里 35 say [sei ] v.说；表明 ad.比如说，大约 n.发言权 36 who [hu:] pron.谁，什么人；[关系代词]…的人 37 make [meik ] vt.做，制造；产生；成为 n.品牌，类型 38 when [wen ] ad./ pron.什么时候；在…时 conj.当…时 39 can [k?n,k ?n ] aux. v.能；可以 n.罐(头) vt.把…装罐保存 40 more [m ?:r ] ad.更(多) a.更多(大)的 n.更多的人(或物) 41 if [if ] conj.如果，假如；是否；即使；无论何时 42 no [n ?u ] ad.不，不是，没有 a.没有的；不许的 43 man [m?n ] n.(成年)男人；人，人类 vt.给…配备人员 44 out aut ] ad.出，向外；在外；出现；完；过时 45 other [??e?] a.别的；其余的 pron.另一个人(或物) 46 so [s ?u ] ad.那么，非常；如此 conj.所以；以便 47 what [w ?t, w ɑ:t ] pron.什么；[关系代词] a.多么；什么 48 time [taim ] n.时间；次；倍[ pl.]时期 vt.为…安排时间 49 up [?p ] ad./ a.向上(的) prep.沿…往上；在…上面 50 go [g ?u ] vi.去；变得；进行；放；通往；消失 n.尝试 51 about [??baut ] prep.关于；在…周围 ad.大约；在附近 52 than [e?n, e?n ] conj.比 53 into [?intu, ?int?] prep.进，入，到…里；成为；很喜欢 54 could [kud ] v. aux.can 的过去式；[虚拟语气等]可以(能) 55 state [steit ] n.状态；国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明 56 only [??unli ] ad.只；反而 a.唯一的；最好的 conj.可是 57 new [nju:] a.新的，新出现的，新生产的；生疏的 58 year [ji ?, j ?:] n.年，年份 59 some [s ?m,s ?m ] a.一些，有些；某个 pron.一些 ad.大约 60 take [teik ] vt.带(去)；做；花费；拿；服用；乘；拍 61 come [k ?m ] vi.来(自)；经过；至；实现；开始；发生 62 these [ei:z ] pron.[this 的复数]这些 63 know [n ?u ] v.知道；认识；会；认出，分辨；懂得 64 see [n ?u ] v.知道；认识；会；认出，分辨；懂得 65 use [ju:z, ju:s ]vt.用；耗费，利用 n.使用，应用；用途 66 get [get ] vt.获得；收到；理解 vi.变得；逐渐；到达 67 like [laik ] v.喜欢 n.[ pl.]相似(物) prep.像 a.相像的 68 then [een ] ad.当时；那么，因而；然后，于是 69 first [f ?:st ] num.第一 a.第一的 ad.首先；第一次；宁可 70 any [?eni ] pron.无论哪个; a.任何的 ad.丝毫 71 work [w ?:k ] v.工作；有效 n.工作；职业[ pl.]著作 72 now [nau ] ad.(到)现在，如今；这时候；马上 73 may [mei ] n.五月 74 such [s ?t ?] a.这样的 ad.那么 pron.这样的人(物) 75 give [giv ] vt.给予；提供 vi.塌下，折断，弯曲；让步 76 over [??uv ?] prep.在…的上；关于 ad.颠倒地 a.结束的 77 think [θi?k ] vt.认为；想；打算 vi./ n.想，思考 78 most [m ?ust ] ad.最；十分 a.最多的；大部分的 n.大多数 79 even [?i:v ?n ] ad.甚至 a.平的；平稳的；双数的 v.(使)平坦 80 find [faind ] vt.发现；感到；判决 n.(有价值的)发现物 81 day [dei ] n.天，一昼夜；白昼，白天；时期，时代 82 also [??:ls ?u ] ad.而且(也)，此外(还)；同样地 83 after [?ɑ:ft?] prep./ conj.在…之后 a.以后的 ad.后 84 way [wei ] n.方法；路；方面[ pl.]习俗 ad.非常 85 many [?meni ] a.许多的，多的 pron.许多人，许多 86 must [m ?st ] aux. v.必须，应该；一定 n.必须做的事 87 look [luk ] v.看；显得；朝着；打量 n.看；脸色 88 before [bi?f?:] prep.在…前 conj.在…以前 ad.以前 89 great [greit ] a.大的；伟大的；好极的；擅长的 90 back [b?k ] ad.回原处 n.背;后面 a.后面的 v.后退 91 through [θru:] prep.穿过；从头到尾；凭借 ad./ a.自始至终 92 long [l ??] a./ ad.长(期)的(地) n.长时间 vi.渴望 93 where [w ??] ad./ conj.在哪里；在…的地方 pron.哪里 94 much [m ?t ?] ad.十分； a./ n.多(的)，大量(的) 95 should [?ud, ??d ] aux. v.[shall 的过去式]；应当；可能 96 well [wel ] ad.好地；完全地 int.那末 a.健康的 n.井 97 people [?pi:pl ] n.人(们)；[the ～]人民；民族 vt.居住于 98 down [daun ] a./ ad.向下(的)，在下面 prep.沿着…而下 99 own [?un ] a.自己的 vt.有，拥有 to 100 just [d ??st ] ad.正好；只是；刚才 a.正义的； 101 because [bi?k?z ] conj.因为 102 good [gud ] a.好的；擅长的； n.善，好处[ pl.]商品 103 each [?i:t ?] pron.各(每)个 a.各，各自的，每 ad.对每个 104 those [e?uz ] pron.[that 的复数]那些 105 feel [fi:l ] vi.觉得；给人以…感觉 vt.摸；认为 n.感觉 106 seem [si:m ] vi.好像，似乎 107 how [hau ] ad.怎么，怎样；多么，多少 108 high [hai ] a.高(级；尚；兴)的 ad.高 n.高峰(潮，水平) 109 too [tu:] ad.也，还；太，过于；很，非常 110 place [pleis ] n.地方；职位；名次 vt.放置；任命 111 little [?litl ] a.小的；短的；不多的 n.极少 ad.毫不 112 world [w ?:ld ] n.(全)世界，地球；世间(人)；界，领域 113 very [?veri ] ad.很；完全地 a.正是的，真实的；完全的 114 still [stil ] ad.还；然而 a.静止的 n.剧照 v.(使)平静 115 nation [?nei ??n ] n.国家，民族 116 hand [h?nd ] n.手；指针；人手；帮助；手艺 vt.交，递 117 old [?uld ] a.老的；过时的；以前的；老练的 118 life [laif ] n.生命；一生；生活，人生；生物；活力 119 tell [tel ] v.讲(述)，告诉；吩咐；认出；显示；生效 120 write [rait ] v.写，写字；写作，作曲；写信(给) 121 become [bi?k?m ] vi.变成，开始变得 vt.适合，同…相称 122 here [hi ?] ad.在(向，到)这里 int.[用于引起注意] 123 show [??u ] v./ n.表明；出示；演出，放映；展览(会) 124 house [haus ] n.房屋；公司；(H-)议院 vt.给…房子住 125 both [b ?uθ] a.两个…(都) pron.两者(都)，双方(都) 126 between [bi?twi:n ] prep.在…之间；为…所分享 127 need [ni:d ] vt.需要；缺少 aux.v.必须 n.需要；贫困 128 mean [mi:n ] vt.意思是；意欲 vi.特意 a.吝啬的；平均的 129 call [k ?:l ] v./ n.把…叫做;打电话给;叫;访问;电话 130 develop [di?vel?p ] vt.发展；制订；产生 vi.生长；发展 131 under [??nd ?] prep./ ad.在…下面；少于；在…情况下 132 last [l ɑ:st ] a.刚过去的；最后的 ad.最后 vi.持续 133 right [rait ] a./ ad.对(的)；右(的) int.好 n.权利；右 134 move [mu:v ] v.搬；动摇；感动 n.动作；移动，搬家 135 thing [θi?] n.事；物[常 pl.]局面；所有物，用品 136 general [?d ?en ?r ?l ] a.一般的；总的，普遍的；笼统的 n.将军 137 school [sku:l ] n.学校，学院；上学，学业；学派 138 never [?nev ?] ad.从不，永不；决不，千万不 139 same [seim ] a.相同的 pron.[the-]同样的人(物) 140 another [??n ?e?] pron.再(另)一个 a.再一个的;别的 141 begin [bi?gin ] v.开始 142 while [wail ] conj.当…的时；而；虽然 n.一会儿 vt.消磨 143 number [?n ?mb ?] n.数字；号码[常略作N o.]号 vt.编号 144 part [p ɑ:t ] n.部分；零件；作用 v.(使)分开 ad.部分地 145 turn [t ?:n ] v.转动；扭转；(使)变成 n.转向；轮流 146 real [ri ?l ] a.真的，真正的；真实的，现实的 147 leave [li:v ] v.出发；离开；留下 n.准假；许可；告辞 148 might [mait ] aux. v.[may 的过去式]；可能 n.力量；权势 149 want [w ?nt, w ɑ:nt ] v.想要；缺乏 n.不足［ pl.］需要的东西 150 point [p ?int ] n.要点，观点；点；时刻 v.指，指明 151 form [f ?:m ] n.形式；外形；表格 v.形(构)成，产生 152 off [?(:)f ] ad.…掉(下)；离开；停止；休息 a.休息的 153 child [t ?aild ] n.小孩，儿童；子女，孩子 154 few [fju:] a.／ n.[表示否定]很少(的)，几乎没有(的) 155 small [sm ?:l ] a.小的；少的；不重要的 156 since [sins ] conj./ prep.从…以后；因为 ad.后来 157 against [??genst ] prep.逆,反(对),违反；对...不利 158 ask [ɑ:sk ] vt.询问；请求；邀请 vi.(for)请求 159 late [leit ] a.晚的；晚期的；最近的 ad.迟，晚 160 home [h ?um ] n.家(乡)；原产地 a.家庭(乡)的 ad.回家 161 interest [?intrist ] n.兴趣；利息(率)[ pl.]利益 vt.使感兴趣 162 large [l ɑ:d?] a.大的；(数量)多的，众多的 163 person [?p ?:sn ] n.人 164 end [end ] n.末尾；尽头；终止；结果 v.结束，终止 165 open [??up ?n ] a.开的，开放的，公开的 v.开；开始；开放 166 public [?p ?blik ] a.公众的；公共的；公开的 n.公众，民众 167 follow [?f ?l ?u ] vt.接着；遵照；听懂；注视 vi.(紧)接；懂 168 during [?dju ?ri?] prep.在…期间 169 present [pri?zent, ?prez?nt ] a.出席的；现在的 n.现在；礼物 vt.赠(送) 170 without [wi?eaut ] prep.无，没有 ad.在外面 171 again [??gein ] ad.再(又)一次；到原处；而且 172 hold [h ?uld ] v.拿；保持；掌握；主持 n.握住；掌握；船舱 173 govern [?g ?v ?n ] vt.统治，治理，管理；支配，影响 174 around [??raund ] ad.在周围；到处;大约 prep.遍及 175 possible [?p ?s ?b(?)l ] a.可能的，做得到的；可接受的，合理的 176 head [hed ] n.头(脑)；顶部；领导 vt.领导 vi.朝…行进 177 consider [k ?n?sid?] v.考虑，细想；认为，把…看作；考虑到 178 word [w ?:d ] n.(单)词[ pl.]言语，话；传说；诺言 179 program [?pr ?ugr?m ] n.计(规)划；节目(单)；程序 vt.编程 180 problem [?pr ?bl ?m ] n.问题，疑难问题；思考题，讨论题 181 however [hau?ev?] ad.然而，可是；无论如何 conj.不管怎样 182 lead [li:d ] v.带路；领导；致使；通向 n.领导；主角；铅 183 system [?sist ?m ] n.系统；制度，体制；方法；身体 184 set [set ] n.(一)套 a.规定的 vt.放，安装 vi.落山 185 order [??:d ?] n.顺序；定购；秩序；命令 vt.命令；定购 186 eye [ai ] n.眼(睛)；视力；眼力；监督 vt.看，审视 187 plan [pl?n ] n.计划；平面图，示意图 v.(制订)计划 188 run [r ?n ] vi.跑；运转；竞选；流 vt.经营 n.跑步 189 keep [ki:p ] v.(使)保持，(使)继续；阻止；遵守；保有 190 face [feis ] n.脸，面部表情；外表；表面 v.面向；面对 191 fact [f?kt ] n.事实，真相 192 group [gru:p ] n.组，群；集团 vt.把…分组；使聚集 vi.聚集 193 play [plei ] v.玩，打(球等)；播放 n.戏剧；游戏，比赛 194 stand [st?nd ] vi.站；坐落；处于；忍受 n.台；摊；立场 195 increase [in?kri:s, ?inkri:s ] v.增加，增长，增强 n.增加，增长，增强 196 early [??:li ] a.早(期)的，在前的；早熟的 ad.在早期；早 197 course [k ?:s ] n.课程；过程；做法；路线；(一)道(菜) 198 change [t ?eind ?] v.改变；交换；兑换 n.变化；更换；零钱 199 help [help ] v.帮(援)助；有助于；[呼救]救命 n.帮助(手) Three 200 line [lain ] n.(界)线；条纹；方针；线路 v.排队(齐) 201 city [?siti ] n.城市，都市 202 put [put ] vt.放，使处于；表达；提交；记下 203 close [kl ?uz ] v.关；(使)接近 a.近的 ad.接近地 n.结束 204 case [keis ] n.事例；情况；病例；案件；盒；手提箱 205 force [f ?:s ] n.[ pl.]军队;暴力 vt.强迫;用力推动 206 meet [mi:t ] vt.遇见；见面；满足 vi.相遇；开会 n.运动会 207 once [w ?ns ] ad.一次；曾经，一度 conj.一旦…(就…) 208 water [?w ?:t ?] n.水 vt.浇(供，加)水 vi.流泪(口)水 209 upon [??p ?n ] prep. 在...之上. 210 war [w ?:] n.战争；斗争，竞 211 build [bild ] vt.建造；创立 vi.向顶点发展 n.体型，体格 212 hear [hi ?] vt.听见；听到，得知；审讯，听证 vi.听说 213 light [lait ] n.光；灯；火 a.明亮的；轻的 vt.点亮 214 unite [ju(:)?nait ] v.(使)联合，(使)团结，(使)统一 215 live [laiv ] vi.居住；活；难忘 vt.生活 a.活的；直播的 216 live [?evri ] a.每一(个)；每…一次的，每隔…的 217 country [?k ?ntri ] n.国家，全国人民；[the ～]农村，乡村 218 bring [bri?] vt.带来；把…引来；促使；使发生 219 center [?sent ?] n.圆心,正中；中心 v.(around)把…集中于 220 let [let ] vt.允许，让；假设；出租 221 side [said ] n.面；方面；一边 a.边的 vi.站在…的一边 222 try [trai ] vt.试图；审理；考验 vi./ n.努力，尝试 223 provide [pr ??vaid ] vt.供给，提供 224 continue [k ?n?tinju:] v.继续，延续，延伸 225 name [?neim ] n.名字；名声 vt.取名；提名；列举 226 certain [?s ?:t ?n ] a.某(种)；肯定的；确实的；不可避免的 227 power [?pau ?] n.权力；(能)力；电力；幂 vt.使开动 228 pay [pei ] v.付款；给予(注意等)；付出代价 n.工资 229 result [ri?z?lt ] n.结果；成绩，比分 vi.导致；起因于 230 question [?kwest ?(?)n ] n.问题；疑问；难题 vt.询问；怀疑 231 study [?st ?di ] v./ n.学习；调查，研究(成果)；书房 232 woman [?wum ?n ] n.成年女子，妇女 233 member [?memb ?] n.成员，会员 234 until [?n?til, ?n ?til ] conj.直到…时；[用于否定句]直到…(才) 235 far [f ɑ:] ad.远，久远地；很，极；遥远地 a.遥远的 236 night [nait ] n.夜，夜晚 237 always [??:lweiz ] ad.总是，无例外地；永远，始终 238 service [?s ?:vis ] n.公共设施，公用机构；服务；维修 vt.服务 239 away [??wei ] ad.远处，离开 240 report [ri?p?:t ] v./ n.报告(道)；告发；报到；隶属；传闻 241 something [?s ?mθi?] pron.某物(事) n.重要的事物(或人) 242 company [?k ?mp ?ni ] n.公司；陪伴；同伴(们)；(一)群；连队 243 week [wi:k ] n.星期，周 244 church [t ??:t ?] n.教堂；礼拜；教会(组织) 245 toward [t ??w ?:d ] prep.向；朝；接近；将近 246 start [st ɑ:t ] vt.开始；创办 vi.开始；出发；吃惊 n.起点 247 social [?s ?u ??l ] a.社会的；交际的，社交的 248 room [ru:m ] n.房间，室；空间，地方；余地 249 figure [?fig ?] n.数字；算术；轮廓 vi.出现；有道理 vt.计算 250 nature [?neit ??] n.大自然；天性，性格；性质，类型 251 though [e?u ] conj.尽管，虽然 ad.可是，不过，然而 252 young [j ??] a.年轻的，青年的 n.青年人 253 less [les ] a./ ad.[little 的比较级]更少(小)的(地) 254 enough [i ?n ?f ] ad.足够地，充分地；相当，尚 a.足够的 255 almost [??:lm ?ust ] ad.几乎，差不多 256 read [ri:d ] v.读；理解；读数为；读到；写明 257 include [in?klu:d ] vt.包括，包含 258 president [?prezid ?nt ] n.总统，主席；(大学)校长，董事长 259 nothing [?n ?θi?] pron.没有东西(事情) n.无关紧要的人(或事) 260 yet [jet ] ad.还，尚，仍；已经；更 conj.然而 261 better [?bet ?] a.更好的；有好转的 v.改善 ad.更好地 262 big [big ] a.巨大的；重大的；年龄较大的；成功的