unit4 Astronomy;the science of the stars。

Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars

Period 2 language points

Guiding paper (before class)

编写人: 姜雪韩洋审核人：高一英语组

【Learning aims】

Enable students to master some language points through context.

Develop students’ sense of understanding words from the English point of view

【Learning importance】

Enable students to master language points through context

Get students to realize the importance of context

【Learning difficulty】

Enable students to use the words and expressions correctly and freely

Develop students’ sense of understanding words from the English point of view

【Learning methods】

Study by oneself and cooperate in the team

【Learning procedures】

Word study

1. harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的

Your smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.你吸烟会危害到你小孩的健康。

We should wipe out harmful insects．我们应该消灭害虫。

归纳拓展harm n.& vt．损伤，伤害

do sb．harm／do harm to sb．对某人有害do more harm than good弊大于利

I t does no harm (for sb．)to do sth．做某事无害处

harmless adj.无害的harmlessly adv．无害地harmlessness n．无害

巩固提高

Everyone knows smoking is_____ to their health，but many of them can’t tear themselves away from it．A．harmful B．good C．helpful D．bad 2. exist vi. 存在；生存；活着；有

The Roman Empire existed for several centuries. 罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪。

One can’t exist without air. 没有空气人就不能生存。

归纳拓展

existence n. 存在，生存in existence 现存的，现有的；

come into existence/being 出现；产生

巩固提高

Many species of animals which once lived on the earth are no longer in _____.

A.evidence

B. effect

C. essece

D. existence.

3.multiply v.

词义（1）_________________

It is possible to multiply these bacteria in the laboratory.

词义（2）________________

Our problem have multiplied since last year.

词义（3）________________

Two multiplied by four is / makes / equals eight.

相关拓展

add v. 加，增加plus prep. 加（上）

subtract v. 减，减去，扣除minus prep. 减（去）

times prep. 乘以divide v. 除；（使）相除

思考：加减乘除简单的表达法？

4.puzzle

（1）难题，难解之事；谜词性_______

be in a puzzle 感到困惑These computers are a puzzle to me.我不懂这些电脑。（2）(使)迷惑，(使)为难词性_______

puzzle about/over 苦苦思索

What puzzles me is why she didn’t come.令我不解的是为什么她没来。

巩固提高

He was ___________________as to how to deal with the new situation.

The________look on his face suggested that he ______ ___________ ________/________

the puzzling problem.

相关拓展

puzzled adj. 感到迷惑的，困惑的puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的

Phrases

课文语境：They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.

最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。1. in time

终于，迟早，最后；（单独使用，作____语）

1)You’11 learn how to do it in time．你早晚能学会做这件事的。

及时，来得及（后常跟______或________.）

2)Will I be in time for the train? 我赶得上那趟火车吗?

3)I should be back in time to watch the football match.我应该能及时赶回来去观看那场足球赛巩固提高

You’ll succeed _________ because you are always working hard．

I hope you can arrive here _________ to see Mr Green before he leaves this afternoon.

相关短语(互译)

ahead of time_____________ ___________按时；准时

all the time _____________ ______________________同时，然而

in no time ___________ _________________从前

at no time __________ for the time being暂时

at times / sometimes / from time to time __________ at one time 一度；从前课文语境: Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.

于是，它们接着成为这个行星上最重要的动物。

2. in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着（常作插入语）

They, in their turn, made a proposal. 接着，他们提出了一个建议。

相关拓展

It is/was one’s turn to do sth. ______________ in turn 反之，反过来；依次相继地take turns to do = take turns doing sth 轮流做某事by turns _________

课文语境: They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.

他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。

3. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

f rom可省略，但用于_____语态时，from 不能省略。

Nothing can prevent us(from)going. 什么也阻挡不了我们去。

I was prevented from starting by the bad weather. 坏天气使我不能动身。

巩固提高

He had a best way____ price from keeping ____.

A.preventing; raising

B. to prevent；raising

C. preventing；rising

D. to stop；rising 相关链接

keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事

stop sb．(from) doing sth．阻止某人做某事

注意：在______语态中，三个短语中的______都不能省略。

短语拓展

protect…from表示保护…不受……侵袭，挡住，防御，from后接能带来伤害或损害之物。

巩固提高

1)All the visitors were __________________ from entering the building.

所有参观者都被阻止进入那座大楼。

2) An umbrella will________you from the rain．雨伞可以保护你不至于淋雨。

3)We must take measures to stop the river from______by the factories．

A．being polluted B．polluting C．polluted D．been polluted

课文语境：Later when the plants grew into forests，reptiles appeared for the first time.

后来当这些植物章程森林时，爬行动物第一次出现了。

4.for the first time 第一次

It was in Canada that I knew this kind of animal for the first time.

The two students met for the first time at the beginning of this term.

一言辨异：

It was ten years ago that I met Mary ___________________, and I knew we would be good friends ______________ I met her. 我十年前第一次见到玛丽，那时我就知道我们会是好朋友

拓展：

It (/This) is (/was) the first （/seco nd……）time that……

强调到说话时为止某一情况或动作的次数，后接的从句常用_____时态

eg: This is the third time that he has come here.

It was the first time we had visited Beijing. Sentence analysis:

1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago…

随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38亿至45亿年前，……

（1）what it was to become在复合句中充当________成分，因此叫做________从句。

从属连词：that (无词义，不充当句子成分，不可省略); whether（“是否”，不充当句子成分）That the president of Poland died in an air crash is a fact.

Whether we go there by train or by air makes no difference.

连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 充当__ __ __ __语What he did in the earthquake moved everybody.

Whoever comes to China is welcome.

连接副词：when, where, why, how（方式）充当___语

When and where we will set up the factory hasn’t been decided.

How this happened is not clear to me.

（2）“be to+动词原形”的用法归纳：

·表示按_____________要做的事。When are you to leave for home? 你什么时候回家?

We are to meet at the gate at 2：00pm tomorrow.

·表示“___________” . He was to become a pianist after so many years of hard work．

这么多年的训练之后他注定会成为一个钢琴家。

·表示“______”，相当于should/ought to. You are to report to the police．你应该报警。

·表示“______”，相当于must，have to.

You are not to go out without permission. 未经许可不许出去。

巩固提高

In a room above the store, where a party ________, some workers were busily setting the table.

A.was to be held

B.has been held

C.will be held

D.is being he

2.The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

由于主语从句太长，为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作____________,而把主语从句放在句末。

归纳常见的五种句型：

（1）It is clear that the girl told the truth.

It + be + ________+ that-clause

(2) It is a pity that you can’t go with us.

It + be + ________+ that-clause

(3) It is reported that the plane is missing.

It + be + ________+ that-clause

(4) It happened that he was out that day.

It + _____________ + that-clause

(5) It shocked me that he didn’t tell anyone where he was.

It +_____________+ _______ + that-clause

自我检测

I单项选择

1. Everyone knows smoking is _____ to their health ,but many of them can’t bear themselves away from it.

A harmful B. good C helpful D .bad

2. If you_____ five by six ,you’ll get thirty.

A.divide

B.times

C.multiply D .minus

3.—Do you believe that God really _____ ?

—Sorry,I’ve never thought about it.

A .has

B .remains

C .stays

D exists

4. The girl looked at me with a ______ expression.Maybe the problem was quite______

A .puzzled;puzzling B. puzzling; puzzled C. puzzled; puzzled D. puzzling;puzzling

5.—Thank God you’re safe!

—I stepped back,just______to avoid the racing car.

A．in time B．in case C．in need D．in vain

6. Social attention should be paid______ our earth from ______.

A.to preventing;being polluted B . to prevent; polluting

C. to prevent;being polluted

D.to preventing; polluted

7.This is the firsttime,we ______a film in the cinema together as a family.

A.see B .had seen C.saw D have seen

8. People try to avoid public transportation delats by using their owncars,and this______creates further problems.

A. in short

B. in care

C.in doubt

D.in turn

9. In a room about the store,where a party_____some workers were busily setting the table.

A. was to be held

B. has been held

C. will been held

D.is being held II 用方框中所给的短语填空.

1. He lost a game ______in two years.

2. We students clean the classroom every day______.

3. Work hard at your lessons,and you are sure to make progress _____.

【answers】I A C D A A A D D A

II for the first time; in turn; In time . 【Self—summary】

公主岭第一中学高一英语必修三班级：组别：姓名：

【self-reflection】

Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars

Period 2 language points

Guiding paper (during class)

编写人: 姜雪韩洋审核人：高一英语组

【Presentation】

1.Our questions:

2. My harvest

课堂达标检测

I 用单词或短语的正确形式填空

1.They the fire from spreading.(prevent)

2.One can make 12 by 2 and 6 or 4 and

3.(multiply).

3.We cannot without food or water.(exist)

4.In many cases ,too much care for children from parents might even do harm to their growth .Some scientists think it.(harm)

II单项选择.

1. The situation is more than ever.I’m about what to do next.

A . puzzled; puzzled B. puzzling;puzzling C. puzzling; puzzled D. puzzled ;puzzling;

2. ______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger and more prosperous econ omy.

A .As B. That C. This D. It

3. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune.

A .is made B. would make C. was to be made D.had made

4. —Did you fall in love with that girl _____ you met her?

—Yes.Now we lead a happy life.

A .for the first time

B .the first time

C . first time D.by the first time

5. This is that I have seen him.

A .for the first time

B .the first time

C . first time D.by the first time

6. He told us he would see us,each.

A .is our turn B. on the turn C. to a turn D..out of turn

7. In many parts of China,the idea still that boys are more important than girls.

A .existence B. existed C.is existing D.. exists 8. The firefighters were just for rescue ,so only a few people got slightly hurt.

A .at a time B.in time C.at times D. at one time

Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars

Period 2 language points

Guiding paper (after class )

编写人: 姜雪韩洋审核人：高一英语组

I 单项填空.

1.The accident caused some to my car,but it’s nothing serious.

A . harm B.injury C.ruin D. damage

2. During hot summers,the germs(细菌)______ quickly,and can produce food poisoning.

A .affect B. develop C. expand D. multiply

3.She felt about her future.

A .puzzle B. puzzling C. puzzled D. puzzles

4. Once ,there,in the small temple, _____ a big bell,But now it has gone.

A .happened

B .came

C . existed D.stood

5.Will you be home to see the children before they go to bed?

A .on time

B .in time

C . at a time D.at one time

6. Some policemen were sent there to the villagers the trees.

A .keep;cutting down

B .prevent;cutting down

C . prevent;to cut up D.stop;to cut up

7.Fortunately,I was just to catch the last bus to the hotel.

A .at times

B .about

C . in time D.too late

8.The Foreign Minister said,”our hope that the two sides will towards peace.”

A .This is

B . There is

C . That is D.It is II完成句子.

1.在我的家乡有一座又大又精美的汉墓.

There a huge and wonderful Han Tomb in my hometown.

2.没有食物和水我们无法生存.

We can’t without food or water.

3.这是我本学期第一次迟到.

.

4.我第一次见她，我就爱上了她.

.

【answers】

I. D D C C B B C D

II. 1.exists

2.exist

3.This is the first time ,I’ve been late this term.

4.I fell in love with her the first time I met her.

全国卷2019届高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars课时作业新人教版必修3

Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars Ⅰ.阅读理解 A How often have you read a story that a friend or family member has sent you？Very likely you would have skipped the news had it not been pointed out to you. Traditionally newspapers and famous TV channels have been our source of authentic news.But these days with the popularity of social media，sharing stories is increasingly becoming a favorite source of news.In fact，research suggests that more than half the people get their news today from social media such as Facebook，Twitter and Google. Social media sites often aggregate contents for us to see based on trending topics—stories that have been viewed by many others as well as based on our own past searches and analysis of our lik es and dislikes.If you have liked kittens in the past，you may have noticed that you are seeing more news，blogs and analysis about kittens all of a sudden. While advocates of free speech do not want to control any voice，it is certainly harmful when it is difficult to separate truth from fiction.Imagine the influence of fake(虚假的) news when it begins to affect our own lives.Trus ting a piece of news，patients could very easily fall for wrong diagnosis; elders could give money to cheats and reputation of perfectly upright citizens could be easily ruined.What about when we research for a school project and base our analysis on false information or news? Mark Zukerberg has finally acknowledged the issue.Among several projects that the company is considering，Facebook is trying to take powerful measures to crack down on false news.This would include warning labels on fake contents.Fake news also makes a lot of profits from advertising.Google and Facebook have said they will limit advertising profits on their network from such sites. The bottom line—don't believe every word of what you read.Do more research from multiple (多样的) sources to ensure that the news is indeed true before you share with others. [语篇解读] 本文为一篇说明文。现在社交媒体充斥着大量虚假信息，这些信息的传播对人们的生活危害很大。为了治理这种现象，一些社交媒体已经采取了一些措施。 1．What does the underlined word “aggregate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Analyze. B．Cancel.

Unit4 Astronomy

Unit4 Astronomy: The Science of the Stars Part I Vocabulary 1. violent/ violence/ violate 2. explode/ burst/ break/ blow up/ set off 3. unlike/ dislike/ unlikely/ likely/ possibly/ fond of/care for/take to/appreciate/ fancy etc. 4. harmful/harmless 5. fundamental/ essential/ basic/primary/ foundation/ found/ fund 6. lie/ lay/ lain/ laid/ laid/ lie in 7. exist/ exist(lie) in/ on/ by/ there exists(stands/lies/have been etc. )/come into existence(being) 8. thus/ therefore/ consequently/ hence/ so 9. pull in/out/up/down/over/through etc. 10 exhaust/exhausting/exhausted/ tired/worn out 11. spread/extend/ stretch/ scatter/ distribute 12. in time(for)/ on time/ in no time/ at no time/ at a time/ at one time/ at times 13. prevent/stop/keep… from/ protect/shelter… from 14. block out/ off/ up/ one’s way/ sb./sth. in 15. cheer up/on/for 16. now that/ since/ seeing that/ considering that/ in that 17. break in/ out/ up/ down/ into/away/ off 18. watch out/ over/ one’s step/ be on the watch/ keep watch on Part II Sentence Structure 1. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 2. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. Part III Testing Points 1. violent/ violence/ violate 1. Tom’s father is so ______ that Tom is afraid to tell him he has failed. A. violent B. quiet C. happy D. pleasant 2. Like other cities in the world, American cities also contain the very worst parts of a society such as _____ crime, racial conflict (种族冲突) and poverty. A. violent B. intense C. common D. light 3. — Mr. Huang is very angry _____ Jim fought with Peter again. —No teacher likes _____ behaviour. We should try our best to behave well. A. because; violent B. so; violent C. and; guilty D. but; romantic 2. explode/ burst/ break/ blow up/ set off 1. The person said, “We must get rid of the bomb in the street, or when it ______ many people will be hurt.” A. explodes B. exploded C. will explode D. explodes 2. We must take steps to prevent the __________ world population. A. exploded B. exploding C. explosion D. explosively 3. When she heard from the hospital that her father had died, she _____ into tears.

人教版高中英语必修三Unit4Astronomy单元测试题

Unit 4 Astronomy 单元测试题 一、单项选择（10%） 1. Robert is interested in ____ astronomy and he wishes he could make a trip into ____ space one day. A. the, the B. an, the C. an, / D. /, / 2. A sudden noise made all the birds in the trees fly _____. A. in all direction B. from all directions C. in all directions D. to all directions 3. The boy___ when he said that he ___ the eggs___ by the hen in the closet before he ___down to have a rest. A. was lying, had laid, laid, lay B. had laid, lay, laid, was lying C. lay, was lying, lain, lay D. laid, lay, lain, lies 4. Can you believe that in ____ a rich country should be ____ many poor people ? A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such 5. —Shall we go for a picnic this weekend? ---Well, ____. We’ll have to see if the weather is fine . A. it all depends B. it depends on C. O.K. D. I don’t know. 6. All made possible for China to succeed in carrying on its reforms and open-door policy. A. what happened; it B. what happened; that C. that happened; it D. that happened; that 7. It is never harmful ___ you to be polite and gentle to others and___, as is often the case, you can get what you want. A. to; thus B. for; thus C. of; therefore D. with; however 8. They are demanded to finish their work _______. A. all the time B. at the same time C. ahead of time D. for the first time 9. ______ his sister, he is fond of swimming very much. A. Likely B. Unlike C. dislike D. Like 10. To our _____, he did solve the _____ problem in such a short time! A. surprised, puzzled B. surprised, puzzling C. surprise, puzzling D. surprise, puzzled 二、完形填空（30%） From boyhood he was __1__ in Astronomy, __2__ while __3__ Cambridge he would sit up at night to watch the stars. But he was dissatisfied __4__ the telescopes of those days __5__ they didn’t show him a clear picture of things. At first he thought there must be something wrong with the lens(镜头). Bu no matter how hard he tried to improve the lens, the trouble was __6__ there. This set Newton thinking. He began to study the nature of light and colors. In the end he found that sunlight, or white light, is __7__ made up of a row of colors. He counted(数) seven colors __8__. This was of course a great discovery. But Newton still wasn’t __9__. His mind was busy with another problem. __10__ Newton’s time, scientists had already discovered that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe, and they knew that the earth and __11__ planets moved round the sun. but they couldn’t explain __12__ this was so until Newton gave the answer. One autumn evening while Newton was sitting under an __13__ tree __14__ these problems, he saw the moon __15__ in the sky. Why, he asked himself, should the moon round the earth, never leaving the same path? At that moment, he heard an apple __16__ from the tree. Why should the apple drop to the ground? Why didn’t it go sideways or fly up? There __17__ only one reason: The earth was drawing it ---that is the force of gravity. If a stone is tied to the end of a string and whirled（旋转）around, it flies round and round in circles because of the string. __18__, the force of gravity, thought Newton, must be the force that __19__ the moon going round the earth and the __20__ round the sun. 1. A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. interests 2. A. and B. but C. or D. otherwise 3. A. at B. for C. with D. on 4. A. with B. about C. at D. of 5. A. because of B. because C. in case D. in case of 6. A. still B. also C. already D. yet 7. A. actual B. total C. totally D. actually

Web of science数据库分析

摘要：本文主要使用了百度、谷歌等搜索引擎和Web of science数据库对包信和院士的研究内容及其研究成果进行了分析，通过百度、谷歌、个人主页对包信和院士的基本信息进行了解；通过Web of science数据库对包信和院士的研究方向、引文数据、合作者、基金资助机构、出版物进行了了解。并对其2014年5月的一篇文章进行了深入的分析。 一、基本信息 包信和，理学博士，研究员，博士生导师、中科院院士、物理化学家，中国科学院大连化学物理研究所研究员，现任中科院沈阳分院院长，复旦大学常务副校长，兼任中国科学技术大学化学物理系主任。 他的个人工作经历为： 1989年至1995年获洪堡基金资助，在德国马普学会Fritz-Haber研究所任访问学者，1995年应聘回国。 1995年至2000年在中科院大连化学物理研究所工作。 2000年8月至2007年3月任大连化学物理研究所所长。 2003年3月起任中国科技大学化学物理系系主任。 2009年3月起任沈阳分院院长。 2009年当选为中国科学院院士。 2015年9月经教育部研究决定，任命包信和为复旦大学常务副校长 其次在大连化学物理研究所的个人介绍和包信和院士的课题组主页里搜集了对其研究方向的简介： 包信和研究员主要从事表面化学与催化基础和应用研究。发现次表层氧对金属银催化选择氧化的增强效应，揭示了次表层结构对表面催化的调变规律，制备出具有独特低温活性和选择性的纳米催化剂，解决了重整氢气中微量CO造成燃料电池电极中毒失活的难题。发现了纳米催化体系的协同限域效应，研制成碳管限域的纳米金属铁催化剂和纳米Rh-Mn催化剂，使催

化合成气转化的效率成倍提高。在甲烷活化方面，以分子氧为氧化剂，实现了甲烷在80℃条件下直接高效氧化为甲醇的反应；创制了Mo/MCM-22催化剂，使甲烷直接芳构化制苯的单程收率大幅度提高。 二、研究成果分析 利用Web of Science搜索包老师的文章，总共搜索到497篇文章，对检索报告创建引文报告，如图2.1所示。文章被引总频次达到12804次，平均每篇文章被引25.76次，h-index值为56，表示在包老师所发的文章中，每篇被引用了至少56次的论文总共有56篇左图为每年出版的文献数图标，2000年以来，每年出版的文献数量基本稳定，在30篇左右，研究状态保持稳定。其中2015年发表文章篇数最高，2015年是个高产年。 根据每年的引文数图标可以看出，每年的引文数不断上升，表明其发表的文章是有生命力、有价值的。也表明每年发文的质量不断在上涨。 图2.1创建引文报告 对检索结果进行分析。图2.2是对作者进行分析，得到如下图所示的结果，可以看到合作者的信息，其中与293名作者有过合作。其中合作最多的为韩秀文老师（大连化物所）、马丁老师(北京大学)。

英语必修三Unit4Astronomy课文翻译

英语必修三Unit 4 Astronomy课文翻译 作者：未知来源：尚学苑2014-09-20 LIF HOW E BEGAN ON THE EARTH No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a "Big Bang" that threw matter in all directions.After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion years after the "Big Bang", the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young enerally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.

Web of Science数据库的检索与利用

Web of Science 数据库的检索与利用 解放军医学图书馆杜永莉 一、引文检索概述 （一）基本概念 1. 引文（Citation）：文献中被引用、参考的文献(Cited Work),也称施引文献，其作者称为被引著者（Cited Author）。 2. 来源文献（Source）：提供引文的文献本身称为来源文献，其作者称为引用著者（Citing Author）。 3. 引文索引（Citation Index）：通过搜集大量来源文献及其引文，并揭示文献之间引用与被引用关系的检索工具。 4. 引文检索：是以被引用文献为检索起点来查找引用文献的过程。 （二）引文的历史回顾 引文的创始人Dr.Eugene Garfield博士是美国科学信息研究所（ISI）的创始人，现在仍然是科学信息研究所的名义董事长，还是美国信息科学协会的前任主席、The Scientist 董事会的主席、Research America董事会的成员。另外他还是文献计量学的创始人。 Dr.Garfield于1955年在Science上发表了具有化时代意义的学术论文：“Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas.”他在这篇文章中描述科研人员可以利用引文加速研究过程、评估工作影响、跟踪科学趋势；阐明引文是学术研究中学术信息获取的重要工具。1957 他创建了美国科学信息研究所(Institute for Scientific Information， ISI)。

1961 年， ISI 推出了 Science Citation Index ， SCI 。一种5卷印刷型刊物，包括613种期刊140万条引文的索引。1966年，ISI发布磁带形式的数据，1989年推出CD-ROM 光盘版，1992年ISI为汤姆森科技信息集团接管（Thomson Scientific），1997年推出系列引文数据库（Web of Science)，2001年建立具有跨库检索功能的（ISI Web of Knowledge）。 20世纪30年代中期，另外一个著名计量学家布拉德福（S.C.Bradford)在对大量的期刊分布进行研究之后，得出了布拉德福定律(二八定律），揭示出各学科核心期刊的存在，这些核心期刊组成了所有学科的文献基础,重要论文会发表在相对较少的核心期刊上；因此从文献学的角度,没有必要将已经出版的所有期刊全部收录，从数据库的质量上说，则需要有一套科学的流程筛选高质量期刊，为读者提供高质量的学术信息。 Garfield 博士从建立引文数据库开始，经过几十年的时间，建立了一整套期刊筛选的工作流程，每年从全球出版的学术期刊中，筛选出各学科中质量高、信息量大、使用率高的核心期刊。由于这套流程对期刊一些客观指数的长期跟踪，衍生出了另外两个数据库：期刊引证报告（Journal Citation Reports，JCR)和基本科学计量指标（Essential Science Indicators）。 （三）引文的作用 了解某一课题发生、发展、变化过程；查找某一重要理论或概念的由来；跟踪当前研究热点；了解自已以及同行研究工作的进展；查询某一理论是否仍然有效，而且已经得到证明或已被修正；考证基础理论研究如何转化到应用领域；评估和鉴别某一研究工作在世界学术界产生的影响力；发现科学研究新突破点；了解你的成果被引用情况；引文检索为科研人员开辟了一条新颖、实用的检索途径；同时为文献学、科学学、文献计量学等分析研究提供参考数据，如衡量期刊质量、测定文献老化程度、观察学科之间的渗透交叉关系、评价科研人员的学术水平，引文数据库是不可缺少重要工具。 二、Web of Science的检索途径 （一）科学引文索引简介

高中英语Unit4Astronomy教案新人教版必修3

Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 随堂练习 1、Do you know the following subjects? ①Medicine Medicine is a subject that contains biology and chemistry. ②Biochemistry Biochemistry is a subject that contains biology and chemistry. ③Geophysics Geophysics is a subject that contains geology and physics. ④Astronomy Astronomy is a subject which uses knowledge both from mathematics and physics. 2、Think about what you have read and make choices. ①Why was the earth different from other planets?（B） A It produced a lot of heat. B The water remained. C Water disappeared. D It was the oldest planet. ②Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?（C） A The earth had a solid shape. B The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere. C The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets. D The earth was not too hot and not too cold. ③Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?（B）

Web of Science数据库的检索与利用

1、引文的创始者是（A） A、Eugene Garfield B、S.C.Bradford C、Billings,S.A D、Harris,C.J 2、引文的创始单位是（A） A、ISI B、NLM C、CDC D、NIH 3、ISI推出系列引文数据库（Web of Science）的时间是（D ） A、1956年 B、1989年 C、1990年 D、1997年 4、SCI的局限性不包括（B ） A、主要限于基础科学方面 B、不能囊括多数国际多学科高质量科学期刊 C、收录第三世界国家期刊较少 D、论文被引用情况复杂 5、ISI推出了SCI的时间（C） A、1950年 B、1955年 C、1961年 D、1970年 6、关于引文的作用，以下说法错误的是（D ） A、了解某一课题发生、发展、变化过程 B、引文检索为科研人员开辟了一条新颖、实用的检索途径 C、为文献学、科学学、文献计量学等分析研究提供参考数据 D、直接查找全文数据 7、Web of Knowledge包含的数据库有（D） A、Web of Science B、科学会议录索引、化学反应数据库 C、化学索引数据库、Medline数据库 D、以上皆是 8、关于Web of Science的特点，以下说法错误的是（D ） A、跨学科、精选内容，可以进行引文检索

B、增加了分析、跟踪、写作和管理功能 C、从文献相互关系的角度，提供新的检索途径 D、从著者、标题、分类等角度提供检索途径 9、ISI推出CD-ROM光盘版的时间是（A ） A、1970年 B、1961年 C、1982年 D、1991年 10、在SCI中公共卫生所在的数据库是（B ） A、Web of Science Expanded B、Social Sciences Citation Index C、Arts & Humanities Citation Index D、其他

Web of Science使用方法

Web of Science系统 在科技发展与竞争力 分析中应用 周宁丽 2012.10

内容提纲 1.WOS及其功能简介 2.科技文献检索以及分析概念与术语 3.WOS文献检索功能及其利用 4.WOS文献分析功能及其应用 5.WOS引文分析功能及其应用

1. WOS 及其功能简介 ?WOS 简介 WOS（Web of Science)数据库是汤森路透科技集团创建的WOK（ISI web of Knowledge）信息平台中的一个系统。 ?WOS 数据资源 3个引文数据库：Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) --1900-至今 （涵盖8,200种核心期刊） Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) --1996-至今（涵盖2,800种核心期刊） Conference Proceedings Citation Index -Science (CPCI-S) --1990-至今（涵盖60,000个会 议录） 1个化学数据库: Current Chemical Reactions (CCR-EXPANDED) --1986-至今 ?WOS 主要功能 1.收录、引用、主题文献检索 2.文献与引文统计分析 3. 文献管理与跟踪 ?WOS 学科领域 （1）自然科学、工程技术、生物医 学等150 多个学科领域 （2）人文社科50多个学科领域

2. 1 科技文献收引检索概念 ?科技论文收录检索 选用权威的文献检索系统（如：WOS、ISTP、EI、PUMED、 SCOPAS、CSCD、CSSCI），对其数据库系统收录所发表的期刊、会议文献进行检索 ?科技论文引文检索 利用权威的文献检索系统（如：WOS、ISTP、EI、PUMED、 SCOPAS、CSCD、CSSCI），对其数据库系统收录的期刊、会议文献的引用频次进行查询，对其引文进行检索 ?课题（主题）文献检索 利用权威的文献检索系统（如：WOS、ISTP、EI、PUMED、 SCOPAS、CSCD、CSSCI），对某学科、研究主题进行相关文献检索

Web of Science 各种标号详解

web of Science数据库几个标识（DOI、UT、IDS Number、ISSN、ISBN）的含义 无论是检索机构还是文章作者，对于web of Science数据库记录格式中出现的DOI、UT、IDS Number、ISBN ISSN等英文标识不尽了解，经咨询ＩＳＩ公司及相应的检索后，把这些标识的意思做简要说明。 （1）DOI（Digital Object Unique Identifier）：对象唯一标识符 传统方式是采用URL对因特网上数字资源进行标识，用户点击URL链接即可访问对应的数字资源。然而URL所代表的只是数字资源的物理位置，并不是数字资源本身，一旦资源的物理位置发生变化，原来的URL将成为―死链‖。因此，仅仅使用URL来代表数字对象和链接已经不能适应分布式动态环境的要求。数字对象唯一标识符（Digital Object Unique Identifier）由此产生，它并非只是一个不重复的字符串，真正有用的唯一标识标符系统应该是一套包括名称空间、唯一标识符、命名机构、命名登记系统和解析系统5 个部分的完整体系。 简要地说，对所标识的数字对象而言，DOI相当于人的身份证，具有唯一性。保证了在网络环境下 对数字化对象的准确提取，有效地避免重复。一个网络对象（各种数字资源）一个编号例如——DOI:10.1134/S1061920808010020 （2）UT（Unique Article Identifier）是文章的唯一识别符——收录号 UT –Unique Article Identifier字段是ISI (现在公司名称Thomson Reuters)分配给一篇文章的唯一识别符。可以唯一地识别一条参考文献。它没有显示在Web of Science文章的全记录页里，当输出记录保存为HTML格式时，可以看到UT字段文章的唯一标识符。一篇文章一个编号 例如——UT ISI:000259889100041 （3）IDS Number——检索号 Thomson Reuters Document Solution? 编号。此号码是识别期刊和期号的唯一编号，用于订阅Document Solution 中的文献的全文。一本期刊每一期发表的文章都是一个IDS号。一个期刊的一期对应一个编号 例如——IDS Number:358AR （4）ISSN 国际标准期刊号(International Standard Serial Number)，是标识定期出版物（如期刊）和电子出版物的唯一编号，共八位。一个期刊一个编号 （5）ISBN 国际标准书号(International Standard Book Number) 是一种机器读取的唯一标识符，可准确无误地标识书籍。 例如——ISBN：7-5023-4424-1

Web of Science(SCI,SSCI,AHCI,CPCI)数据库资源介绍

Web of Science (SCIE,SSCI,AHCI,CPCI) 登录https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511220553.html, 资源简介： Web of Science 是汤森路透科技集团（Thomson Reuters）的产品，Web of Science 包括著名的三大引文索引数据库(SCIE,SSCI,A&HCI)。本馆开通试用的数据库如下： 科学引文索引（Science Citation Index Expanded，简称SCIE），被公认为世界范围最权威的科学技术文献的索引工具，能够提供科学技术领域最重要的研究成果。提供8600多种涵盖176 个学科的世界一流学术科技期刊的文献信息。 社会科学引文索引（Social Sciences Citation Index，简称SSCI），收录3100多种涵盖56个学科的世界一流学术性社会科学期刊的文献信息。 艺术与人文引文索引（Arts & Humanities Citation Index，简称A&HCI），收录艺术与人文学科领域内1,600多种学术期刊，数据可回溯至1975年。同时还从Web of Science 收录的8,000多种科技与社会科学期刊中，筛选出与艺术人文相关的学术文献。 会议论文引文索引（Conference Proceedings Citation Index，简称CPCI），汇聚了全球最重要的学术会议信息，包括专著、丛书、预印本以及来源于期刊的会议论文，提供了综合全面、多学科的会议论文资料。其内容分为两个版本：Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S，原ISTP）；Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH，原ISSHP）。 Web of Science (SCIE,SSCI,A&HCI,CPCI)数据库的特色 利用Web of Science可以快速检索科研信息，可以全面了解有关某一学科、某一课题的研究信息。在提供文献的书目与文摘信息的同时，Web of Science(SCIE,SSCI,AHCI,CPCI)设置了"引文索引"（Citation Index），提供该文献所引用的所有参考文献信息以及由此而建立的引文索引，揭示了学术文献之间承前启后的内在联系，帮助科研人员发现该文献研究主题的起源、发展以及相关研究。还可通过Email和RSS定制主题及引文跟踪服务，随时把握最新研究动态,跟踪国际学术前沿。 Web of Science收录各学科领域中权威、有影响力的期刊，由于其严格的选刊标准和引文索引机制，使得Web of Science(SCIE,SSCI,AHCI,CPCI)在作为文献检索工具的同时，也成为文献计量学和科学计量学的最重要基本评价工具之一。 免费学习资源： 数据库使用指南下载：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c511220553.html,/productraining/