美国文学史整理资料
Colonial Period殖民时期
Background:Puritanism背景：清教主义
1.features of Puritanism特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情
(1).Predestination:God decided everything before things occurred.
(2).Original sin:Human beings were born to be evil,and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪
(3).Total depravity性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代
(4).Limited atonement:Only the“elect”can be saved.只有选举才能得救
2.Influence影响
(1).A group of good qualities–hard work,thrift,piety,sobriety(serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。
(2).It led to the everlasting myth.All literature is based on a myth–garden of Eden.它导致了永恒的神话。所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。
(3).Symbolism:the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。关于他们的写作,风格清新,简单而直接,修辞是平原和诚实的, (4).With regard to their writing,the style is fresh,simple and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest,not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.不是没有一点贵族通常起源于圣经的直接影响。
Colonial period and Revolutionary period殖民时期和革命时期
Benjamin Franklin Jonathan Edwards本杰明·富兰克林和乔纳森·爱德华兹1.writers of colonial period Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺Anne Bradstreet,Edward Taylor,Roger Williams,John Woolman,Thomas Paine,
安妮?布拉德斯特里特爱德华?泰勒罗杰?威廉姆斯乌尔曼托马斯?潘恩2.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森?爱德华兹
last important figure in Puritan tradition最后一个重要人物清教徒的传统Works：The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended《论原罪的教义辩护》
The Nature of True Virtue《论真实德行的本原》
ideas–pioneer of transcendentalism思想——先验论的先驱
(1).The spirit of revivalism信仰复兴运动的精神
(2).Regeneration of man人的再生(3).God’s presence上帝的存在(4).Puritan idealism清教徒的理想主义
3.Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林
Works：Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德历书》
Autobiography《自传》
Poor Richard’s Almanac:Maxims(谚语，格言)and axioms(哲理，格言)
Lost time is never found again.光阴一去不复返。
A penny saved is a penny earned.省一文等于挣一文。
God help them that help themselves.上帝帮助那些帮助自己。
Fish and visitors stink in three days.臭鱼和游客在三天。
Early to bed,and early to rise,makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.
Ale in,truth out.啤酒,真理。早睡早起,使人健康、富有和聪明。
Eat not to dullness.Drink not to elevation.吃不饱,喝不醉。
Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck.勤奋是好运之母。
One Today is worth two tomorrow.一个今天胜似两个明天。
Industry pays debts.Despair encreaseth them.行业支付债务。绝望他们。
Autobiography:It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.自传：它可能是第一个真正的革命后美国写作以及第一个真正的英文自传。
contribution
(1).He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.他帮助发现宾夕法尼亚州的医院和美国哲学协会。
(2).He was called“the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case) from heaven”.他被称为“新普罗米修斯偷了火从天上(在这种情况下电)”。(3).Everything seems to meet in this one man–“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him“master of each and mastered by none”.一切似乎在这一个人——“杂”的赫尔曼·麦尔维尔。因此称他“没有每掌握大师”。Evaluation评价
(1).He was a rare genius in human history.他是人类历史上罕见的天才。
(2).He was the first great self-made man in America,a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize.第一个在美国伟大的白手起家的人,一个贫穷的民主党人出生在一个贵族时代,他的好例子帮助自由化。
(3).Politically he brought the colonial era to a close.For quite some time he was regarded as the father of all Yankees,even more than Washington was.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:the declaration of Independence,the treaty of alliance with France,the treaty of peace with England,and the constitution.政治上,他带来了殖民时代结束。在相当长的一段时间内他的父亲被认为是所有的洋基队,甚至比华盛顿。他是唯一的美国人签署了美国的四个文件:独立宣言,条约与法国结盟,与英格兰和平条约,宪法。
(4).Scientifically,as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment,he invented
a lot of useful implements.His research on electricity,his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.
科学,作为美国的象征在启蒙时代,他发明了很多有用的实现。他在电力方面的研究,他的著名的实验他的风筝线和许多其他使他杰出的科学家。
(5).Literally,he really opened the story of American https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb12400185.html,wrance agreed that Franklin was everything but a poet.In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s“first great man of letters”.
他真的开了美国文学的故事。同意富兰克林是一切,但诗人。在苏格兰哲学家大卫?休谟的眼睛他美国的“第一伟人的信件”。
American Romanticism美国浪漫主义
Section1Early Romantic Period早期浪漫主义时期
Time:the Independence War----the Civil War1783--1861
1.What is Romanticism?
An approach from ancient Greek:Plato一种方法从古希腊:柏拉图
A literary trend:18c in Britain(1798~1832)文学趋势
Schlegel Bros.施莱格尔兄弟
2.Characteristics of romanticism浪漫主义的特征
(1).Subjectivity主体性
feeling and emotions,finding truth感觉和情绪,发现真理
emphasis on imagination强调想象力
emphasis on individualism–personal freedom,no hero worship,natural goodness of human beings强调个人主义,个人自由,没有英雄崇拜、自然人类的善良(2).back to medieval,esp medieval folk literature回到中世纪,尤其是中世纪unrestrained by classical rules不受古典规则的民间文学
full of imagination充满了想象力
colloquial language口语化的语言
freedom of imagination自由的想象真正的感情:
genuine in feelings:answer their call for classics回答他们呼吁经典
(3).back to nature回归自然卢梭
nature is“breathing living thing”(Rousseau)呼吸的生物
3.American Romanticism Background美国浪漫主义背景
(1).Political background and economic development政治背景和经济发展
(2).Romantic movement in European countries浪漫主义运动在欧洲国家
Derivative–foreign influence衍生品——外国影响
4.Features特征
(1).American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience and contained“an alien quality”for the simple reason that“the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien.美国浪漫主义在本质上的表达“一个真正的新的经验和含有“外星人”原因很简单,“质量”的精神是全新和外星人。
(2).There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American romantic authors tended more to moralize.Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.美国清教主义作为一种文化遗产需要考虑。浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德。许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了。
(3).The“newness”of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.美国作为一个国家的“新鲜感”与美国的浪漫主义。
(4).As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work,American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
作为一个逻辑外国和本地的因素在起作用的结果,美国浪漫主义既模仿和独立。
5.The Romantic Period,one of the most important periods in the history of American literature,stretches from the end of the18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
浪漫主义时期的美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战。它始于华盛顿·欧文的速写本的出版,以惠特曼的草叶集结束。
6.(1).Romanticism:Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper欧文和库伯(2).Summit of Romanticism-Transcendentalism(American Renaissance)
峰会的浪漫主义先验论(美国文艺复兴)
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Fillip Thoreau爱默生和梭罗
(3).Late Romanticism:Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville
(4).Romantic Poets:Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson惠特曼和迪金森
(5).the most controversial&the most misunderstood:Edgar Allen Poe
最具争议和最被误解的:埃德加·艾伦·坡
The Fall of the House of Usher and The Raven《乌鸦》
7.The theme of journey as a declaration of independence旅行作为《独立宣言》Irving is the Father of American Literature欧文是美国文学之父的主题Cooper is the Father of the American novel库珀是美国小说之父
Poe is the inventor of the American Short Story爱伦坡是美国短篇小说的发明者Emerson is the Father of American Transcendentalism爱默生是美国先验论之父Thoreau is a famous practical transcendentalist梭罗是一个著名的实用先验论者Melville and Hawthorne are Anti-Romantics梅尔维尔和霍桑是反浪漫主义Dickinson and Whitman are bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century迪金森和惠特曼是20世纪与美国浪漫主义诗人之间的桥梁
The rationalistic view of urban life was replaced by the Romantic view Rationalists saw cities as a place to find success and self-realization
Romantics saw the city as a place of moral corruption,poverty,and death
城市生活的理性主义的观点是浪漫的观点所取代
理性主义者将城市视为一个地方找到的成功和自我实现
浪漫主义者看到了城市的道德腐败、贫穷,和死亡
The Romantic journey is to the countryside浪漫的旅程是农村
The Romantics associated the country with independence,moral clarity,and purity Irving saw the country as idyllic and as an escape欧文看到了国家作为田园
相关的浪漫的国家独立,道德明确性和纯度和逃避Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文
1.Several names attached to Irving欧文的几个名称
(1).first American writer第一个美国作家从旧世界到新世界的使者
(2).the messenger sent from the new world to the old world
(3).father of American literature美国文学之父
(4).Father of the American short stories美国短篇小说之父
He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
他是第一个富有想象力的文学作品获得国际声誉的美国作家。
Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who"perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith"for his literary craftsmanship.
华盛顿·欧文一直被认为是一个作家,“完善最好的美国文学经典的风格。”他值得被“美国金匠”的荣誉文学工艺。
2.Works作品
(1).A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty《纽约外史:从殖民地开始到荷兰统治时代的结束》《见闻札记》(2).The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.(He won a measure of international
recognition with the publication of this.)他获得了国际认可的衡量出版
(3).The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus
《哥伦布生平及航海史》《格兰纳达征服史事》
(4).A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
(5).The Alhambra《阿尔汗伯拉》(7).Life of Washington《华盛顿传》
(6).The Life of Goldsmith《奥利佛?哥德斯密传》
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent include some stories:
Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
《见闻札记》的两个著名故事:《瑞普?凡?温克尔》与《睡谷的传说》
3.Literary career:two parts文学生涯
1809~1832
a.Subjects are either English or European主题是英国货欧洲
b.Conservative love for the antique保守的爱的古董
1832~1859:back to US
4.style–beautiful风格——美丽的
(1).gentility,urbanity,pleasantness文雅,有礼貌,和蔼可亲
(2).avoiding moralizing–amusing and entertaining避免说教——有趣的
(3).enveloping stories in an atmosphere包络故事的氛围
(4).vivid and true characters生动和真实的人物
(5).humour–smiling while reading幽默——微笑而阅读
(6).musical language音乐语言
James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库珀
1.Works《警觉》模仿奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》
(1).Precaution(1820,his first novel,imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)
(2).The Spy(his second novel and great success)《间谍》《皮袜子故事集》
(3).Leatherstocking Tales(his masterpiece,a series of five novels)《皮袜子五部曲》The Deerslayer《猎鹿者》,The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》,
The Pathfinder《探路者》,The Pioneer《拓荒者》,The Prairie《大草原》
2.Point of view观点
the theme of wilderness vs.civilization,freedom https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb12400185.html,w,order vs.change, aristocrat vs.democrat,natural rights vs.legal rights荒野与文明的主题、自由与法律、秩序和变化,贵族与民主党人,自然权利和合法权益
3.Style风格
highly imaginative非常有想象力
good at inventing tales擅长发明故事
good at landscape description擅长景观描述
conservative保守的
characterization wooden and lacking in probability描述僵硬和缺乏概率
language and use of dialect not authentic语言和方言的使用不真实
4.literary achievements文学成就
He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation.If the history of the United States is,in a sense,the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward,then Cooper’s
Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.他创造了一个神话的形成时期美国。如果美国的历史,从某种意义上说,美国移民过程中探索和推动美国边境永远向西,然后库珀皮袜子五部曲故事有效地接近美国国家冒险进入西方的经验。他把西部和边疆作为一个可用的过去和他帮助介绍西方传统美国文学。Section2Summit of Romanticism--American Transcendentalism
浪漫主义的顶峰美国超验主义
1.Background:four sources背景：四个来源
(1).Unitarianism上帝一位论
Fatherhood of God神的父亲Brotherhood of men兄弟会的男人
Leadership of Jesus耶稣的领导救恩的字符(一个人的性格的完美)
Salvation by character(perfection of one’s character)
Continued progress of mankind人类的不断进步
Divinity of mankind人类的神性Depravity of mankind人类的堕落(2).Romantic Idealism浪漫的理想主义世界的中心是精神、绝对精神
Center of the world is spirit,absolute spirit(Kant)(康德)
(3).Oriental mysticism东方神秘主义
Center of the world is“oversoul”世界的中心是“超灵”
(4).Puritanism清教主义
Eloquent expression in transcendentalism口才表达先验论
2.Appearance出现
1836,“Nature”by Emerson爱默生的自然
3.Features特点
(1).spirit/oversoul精神，上帝
(2).importance of individualism个人主义的重要性
(3).nature–symbol of spirit/God性质：精神的象征
garment of the oversoul服装的超灵焦点的直觉
(4).focus in intuition(irrationalism and subconsciousness)非理性主义和潜意识4.Influence影响
(1).It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.It stressed religious tolerance,called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.它作为一个伦理指南,生活对于一个年轻的国家,带来了人可以完美自然。它强调宗教宽容,来摆脱束缚的习俗和传统和向前发展的一个新的和独特的美国文化。
(2).It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism,and the desire to“get on”obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.它提倡唯心主义是伟大的需要在迅速扩大经济机会常常成为机会主义,和渴望“相处”模糊道德必要性上升到精神的高度。
(3).It helped to create the first American renaissance–one of the most prolific period in American literature.建立第一个美国文艺复兴时期,美国文学中最多产时期之一
Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生
1.Works:Nature《论自然》《论美国学者》《诗人》
Two essays:The American Scholar,The Poet两篇短文
Self-Reliance,Series,Representative Men,The Conduct of Life,Dial
《论自立》《随笔》《代表人物》《生活的准则》《日晷》Nature(a book which declared the birth of Transcendentalism)
The American Scholar(American's Declaration of Intellectual Independence)
自然(一本书宣布先验论的诞生)美国学者(美国的独立宣言的知识
2.Point of view观点
(1).One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.他的哲学的一个主要元素是他的公司相信“超灵”的超越。(2).He regards nature as the purest,and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.他认为大自然是最纯粹,最圣洁的道德影响下的人,提倡直接直觉精神和内在上帝的本性。
(3).If man depends upon himself,cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself,he can hope to become better and even perfect.This is what Emerson means by“the infinitude of man”.如果人取决于自己,培养自己,让自己的神,他甚至可以希望成为更好的和完美的。这是爱默生说的“人的无限”。每个人都应该(4).Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world,and that he makes the world by making himself.明白,他通过他的世界,让世界通过自己。
3.Aesthetic ideas审美理想
(1).He is a complete man,an eternal man.他它是一个完整的人，一个永恒的人
(2).True poetry and true art should ennoble.真正的诗,真正的艺术应该授予爵位
(3).The poet should express his thought in symbols.诗人应该用符号表达他的思想
(4).As to theme,Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.
为主题,爱默生呼吁美国作家庆祝美国本身对他是一个孤独的诗。
4.Emerson is the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism
爱默生是新英格兰超验的首席发言人
Henry David Thoreau亨利?大卫?梭罗
1.Works:A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River
Walden《瓦尔登湖》《康克德和美利马科河上的一周》
A Plea for John Brown(an essay)《为约翰?布朗请命》散文
Civil Disobedience《论公民之不服从》
2.point of view观点
(1).He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.他不喜欢一个唯物主义的美国是发展中国家和强烈上直言不讳的观点。他讨厌人类的不公正所代表的奴隶制度。
(2).He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.
(3).Like Emerson,but more than him,Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.像爱默生,但超过他,梭罗认为自然是一个真正的恢复,对人的健康影响精神健康。他内在的美德和内在的信(4).He has faith in the inner virtue and inward,spiritual grace of man.仰,精神的人。
(5).He was very critical of modern civilization.他非常重要的现代文明。
(6).“Simplicity…simplify!”朴素，简化
(7).He was sorely disgusted with“the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society”.他非常讨厌“肮脏的机构的泛滥的男人的奇怪的社会”。
(8).He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.
他平静的信任在未来和狂热的相信新一代的人。
Section3Late Romanticism晚期浪漫主义
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑Manse 1.Works:Two collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales,Mosses from and Old
两个短篇故事的集合:《故事新编》,《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet Letter《红字》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》
Ranshawe,Famous Old People,The Snow Image《雪的意象》
《范肖》《名人轶事》《祖父业绩全传》《福谷传说》
The Whole History of Grandfather’s Chair,The Blithedale Romance
The Scarlet Letter--American literature first symbolic novel
《红字》——美国文学史上第一部象征主义小说
2.Point of view观点邪恶的人类生活的核心，霍桑的黑暗
(1).Evil is at the core of human life,“that blackness in Hawthorne”
(2).Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation(causality).每当有罪恶,有惩罚。罪或邪恶的世代可以
(3).He is of the opinion that evil educates.他认为邪恶的教育。传递(因果关系)。
(4).He has disgust in science.他厌恶科学。
3.Aesthetic ideas审美理想
(1).He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.他花了一个伟大的历史和古代的兴趣。他这些提供的土壤生长开花结果。他确信爱情是注定的美国叙事的形式。
(2).He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend:That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.说实话,讽刺,但不要冒犯:这正是霍桑的实现。
4.Style–typical romantic writer风格——典型的浪漫主义作家
(1).the use of symbols符号的使用(4).他的故事寓言(比喻通知)
(2).revelation of characters’psychology人物的心理学的启示
(3).the use of supernatural mixed with the actual超自然的和实际的使用
(4).his stories are parable(parable inform)–to teach a lesson——教一个教训
(5).use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty–multiple point of view使用模棱两可的让世界读者的不确定性——多重的观点
5.Imbued with an inquiring imagination,an intense1y meditative mind,and unceasing interest in the"interior of the heart"of man's being.
充满好奇的想象,一个冥想,和不断的兴趣人的“心”的内部的his"black"vision of life and human beings:his concern with human sin and evil
他的“黑色”的生活和人类:关注与人类的罪恶和邪恶
6.Scarlet Letter(A:Adultery to Able to Angel)《红字》通奸，天使
Characters:Hester Prynne(heroine,attractive,active towards the sin)
Roger Chillingworth(Hester's husband,emotionless,only thinking about revenge,real vallain in the novel,signifying pure intellect which was merciless in Hawthorne's mind)海丝特·白兰(女主角,有吸引力,积极向罪)
Arthur Dimmesdale(a handsome and admirable young priest, contraditionary on the sin he made with Hester,being a brave man at last)
罗杰·齐灵渥斯(海丝特的丈夫,没有情感的,只有想着报复,真正的小说,标志着纯粹的智力在霍桑的无情)阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔(一个英俊的和令人钦佩的年轻牧师,罪与海丝特,他是一个勇敢的人最后)
Theme:(Ask students:Is this a love story?No)The theme of the story should be the moral,emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people.
故事的主题是道德、情感和心理的影响人的罪。
Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory,in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism.红字是一种文化象征，即作者间接告诉清教主义的未来。Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.(Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.)红字是一个样本,美国浪漫主义本身适应美国的清教主义。(因为强烈的清教主义在美国社会的影响,霍桑只表达了他的想法罪间接运用象征意义。) Features特征
A.sense of sin and evil(sin and punishment)罪与恶的感觉(罪恶和惩罚)
B.tension between head(intellect)and heart(emotion)头(智力)之间的紧张关系和心脏(情感)(霍桑持有消极态度科学。大多数情况下,他的知识字符)。(Hawthorne held negative attitude towards science.Mostly,his intellectual characters are vallains.)
C.ambiguity（复义性）
D.good at depicting psychology擅长描写心理
E.Symbolism象征主义
F.supernatural elements超自然的元素优秀的工艺(精致的结构,精炼语言)
G.excellent craftsmanship(delicate structure;refined language)
Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
1.Works:Typee《泰比》Omio《奥穆》Mardi《玛迪》Moby Dick《白鲸》
Redburn《雷德伯恩》White Jacket《白夹克》Pierre《皮埃尔》
Billy Budd《比利·巴德》Bartleby the Scrivener《书记员巴特勒比》
Benito Cereno《贝尼托·赛莱诺》The Confidence Men《自信的人》Moby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel,the first American prose epic(散文史诗：a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated),though it is presented in the form of a novel.
《白鲸》是伟大的美国小说,美国第一部散文体史诗的叙事诗告诉的英雄事迹,反映了社会的价值观从它起源,尽管它是小说的形式呈现。
2.Point of view观点
(1).He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life:His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay”(negative attitude towards life).他从未似乎能够说一个肯定的是
生活:他的态度是“永远不”(消极的生活态度)。他的一个主要的主题是异化(远(2).One of the major themes of his is alienation(far away from each other).离对方) Other themes:loneliness,suicidal individualism(individualism causing disaster and death),rejection and quest,confrontation of innocence and evil,doubts over the comforting19c idea of progress其他主题:孤独、自杀的个人主义(个人主义导致灾难和死亡),排斥和追求,纯真的心灵和邪恶对抗,怀疑安慰19c进步的想法3.Style风格像霍桑,梅尔维尔管理实现模糊性的影响通过使用多个(1).Like Hawthorne,Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.视图的技术他的叙述。
(2).He tends to write periodic chapters.他倾向于写周期性章节。
(3).His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.他丰富的有节奏的散文和诗歌力量一直丰富地评价和赞扬。
(4).His works are symbolic and metaphorical.他的作品是象征和隐喻。
(5).He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route(Moby Dick)
他包含了许多非叙事篇章的事实背景或描述的是在船上或路线(《白鲸记》) 4.Moby Dick《白鲸》Analysis:模棱两可(你可以理解他的“莫比敌”不同) ambiguity(You can understand his Moby Dick differently.)首先,它可以被理解为First,it can be understand as a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe.Thus,Captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last.一个悲剧的人对抗压倒性优势的漠不关心,甚至充满敌意的世界里。因此,亚哈船长是一个英雄敢于战斗虽然最后他失败了。
现在一些新研究表明,这个故事意味着人类应该保护自然,
Nowadays some new research indicated that the story means man should protect the nature otherwise man will be punished as those whalers in the story were punished by the whale.否则人类将受到惩罚那些捕鲸者的故事被鲸鱼的惩罚。Symbolism象征航程:追求终极真理的经验
the voyage:the search for the ultimate truth of experience
Moby Dick:the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing《白鲸》:最后的神秘的宇宙,人会停止追求
style:periodical chapters;rich rhythmical prose;great poetical power
风格:期刊章节;丰富的有节奏的散文,诗的强国
Moby-Dick:known as the whaling encyclopedia.被誉为捕鲸的百科全书。Moby-Dick tells the story how Ahab,the captain of a whaling ship,is determined to kill the white whale for it has crippled one of his legs.
《白鲸》讲述了亚哈,捕鲸船的船长,决心杀死白鲸影响了他的一条腿。Romantic Poets浪漫主义诗人
Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼
Work:Leaves of Grass(9editions)《草叶集》9个版本
Song of Myself《自我之歌》
Themes–“Catalogue of American and European thought”美国和欧洲思想的目录Style:“free verse”自由诗
Puritanism清教主义
(1).Simply speaking,American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous moral rigor,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害。这意味着道德严格谨慎,尤其是敌视社会的乐趣和嗜好,严格、严厉和紧缩行为和宗教。
(2).With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life,one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature.To some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes,rather than a set of tenets.随着时间的推移,通过成为主导因素在美国生活,最持久的塑造影响美国思想和美国文学。在某种程度上它是一种心态,民族文化氛围的一部分,美国呼吸,而不是一组原则。
(3).Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level-headed common sense.实际上它是一个值的代码,一种生活哲学的观点,美国的思想,也是一个传统的宗教理想主义和冷静的常识。
American Puritanism美国清教主义
①.Basis of American literature美国文学的基础所有的文学是
All literature is based on a myth–garden of Eden.基于一个神话——伊甸园。
②.Contributing to the development of Symbolism（象征主义）:a technique,widely used导致发展的象征意义:技术,广泛使用
Symbolism means using symbols in literary works.The symbol means something that represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.在文学作品中使用的符号象征意义手段。符号的意思表示或代表抽象的深层含义。
③.Influencing the style of literature:simple,fresh and direct(just as the style of the Authorized Version of Holy Bible)
影响文学的风格:简单、新鲜和直接(就像授权版本的圣经)的风格
American Romanticism美国浪漫主义
(1).Time:from the end of the18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War内战
(2).Reasons(Why Romanticism emerged?)
A.Fast development of the new nation(flood of immigrants;pioneers pushing the frontier further west;industrialization;economic boom;a promising new land with prevailed optimistic moods)新国家的快速发展(大量移民;先驱者进一步推动边疆西部;产业化;经济增长;一个有前途的新土地与乐观情绪盛行)
B.Development of journalism(Some influential periodicals appeared,such as The Atlantic Monthly.They need more literary productions.)发展新闻出现一些有影响力的期刊,如《大西洋月刊》。他们需要更多的文学作品)。
C.Foreign influence(most influential British writers to American Romanticists-Walter Scott)外国影响(美国斯科特最有影响力的英国作家
(3).General features of Romanticism浪漫主义的一般特征
A.Stressing emotion rather than reason强调情感,而不是原因
B.Stressing freedom and individuality强调自由和个性
C.Idealism rather than materialism理想主义,而不是唯物主义
D.Writing about nature,medieval legends and with supernatural elements
写关于自然、中世纪的传说和超自然的元素
(4)Features of American Romanticism
A.Imitative模仿
B.Independent独立
a.peculiar American experience(landscape,pioneering to the West,Indian civilization,new nation's democracy and dreams)独特的美国经验(景观、开拓西部,印度文明,新国家的民主和梦想)
b.Puritan heritage(more moralizing,edifying more than mere entertainment) (careful about love and sex.example:Scarlet Letter)清教徒传统(更多的说教,启迪更多不仅仅是娱乐)(小心爱和性别.例子:红字)
(5).Significance意义创造性的原住民文化和文学的时期
Creative period of a native American culture and literature
famous poets:William Cullen Bryant(first distinctive American lyric poet;writing about nature,religion and life;famous poems-"Thanatopsis"and"To a Waterfowl")威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特(第一个美国独特的抒情诗人,写关于自然、宗教和生活;著名的诗——“死亡观”和“水鸟”)
1.The Romantic Sensibility浪漫的情感浪漫主义:重视感觉和直觉的原因, Romanticism:valuing feeling and intuition over reason.viewing life as we would like it to be,rather than how it really is.观看生活我们会喜欢它,而不是真的Romanticism began in Germany and influenced literature,music,and art Romanticism is a reaction against Rationalism浪漫主义是反对理性主义
浪漫主义开始在德国和影响文学、音乐和艺术浪漫主义者认为,想象、情感Romantics believed that imagination,emotion,spontaneity,feelings,and nature were more important than rational thought自发性、感情,自然比理性思维更重要2.Characteristics of Romanticism浪漫主义的特征
values feelings over intuition值对直觉感受
values the power of the imagination想象的力量值
seeks the beauty of unspoiled nature寻求未遭破坏的大自然的美
values youthful innocence值年轻纯真
values individual freedom个人自由的价值观发现美丽values the lessons of the past过去的经验值的异国风情,超自然的,想象力finds beauty in exotic locales,the supernatural,and in the imagination
values poetry as the highest expression of the imagination值诗歌的最高表values myth,legend,and folk culture值神话、传说和民俗文化达的想象力Transcendentalism超验主义
(1).Features(P57)特点
A.Emphasis on Spirit(Oversoul)(超灵)强调精神
against“world is made of matter”;反对世界是由物质组成的反对忽视精神against“neglecting of spiritual life in capitalist world”生活在资本主义世界B.Emphasis on individuals强调个人老清教徒的看法:自力更生,自我完善
Old Puritan views:self-reliance and self-improvement通过与超灵的沟通,人类Through communication with Oversoul,human being can be divine.可以是神圣的against“total depravity”in Old Puritan doctrines对“性恶说”老清教徒的教义against dehumanization of capitalist world对资本主义世界的非人化
C.Taking nature as the symbol of the Spirit(Oversoul)以自然为精神的象征encouraging people to find goodness and beauty from nature鼓励人们发现善良和美丽的大自然反对唯物主义的社会和行为打破了人与自然之间的和谐against materialism in the society and the actions which broke the harmony between human and nature only for profits只是为了利润
D.Brotherhood of man(equal and liberty)兄弟会的人(平等和自由) interested in social reforms;endeavor to create an ideal society;against“everything for money”in the capitalist world感兴趣的社会改革,努力创造一个理想社会,对资本主义世界的“一切为了钱”
(2).Significance意义
A.influenced a large group of writers一大群作家的影响
B.summit of American Romanticism峰会的美国浪漫主义
C.marked the independence of American literature标志着美国文学的独立
(3).Transcendentalism others:
A literary movement,associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson,says the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the scientific is knowable through intuition. Reaction to Puritanism.文学运动,与拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生说,理想的精神现实的存在,超越了科学可知通过直觉。对清教主义的反应。
Belief that all people can access god(spirituality)through themselves.
相信所有的人都可以通过自己访问神(灵性)。
Belief that people are born good.相信人是天生的好。
All people,animals,things are connected and share the same soul.Called the Over Soul.所有的人、动物、东西连接和共享同一个灵魂。在灵魂。
Belief in idealism相信理想主义
Man is inherently moral人在本质上是道德
Intuition is the best guide.Greater than Reason.直觉是最好的指导。比的原因。One should follow creative impulses每个人都应该遵循创作冲动
Society pollutes man.社会污染了人
believes that the essence of things is more important than the thing itself.
Began by Emerson and Thoreau as a literary movement.
Basic belief:“By meditating,by communing with nature through art,man transcends his senses and finds beauty,goodness,and truth”基本信念:
认为,事物的本质是比事情本身更重要。爱默生和梭罗作为一种文学运动开始。“通过冥想,通过艺术与自然的交流,人超越他的感觉和发现美,善良,和真理”
美国文学史期末参考复习资料
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
美国文学史复习提纲
I. Explain the following literary terms. 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. II. Questions and Answers. Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. 1. What is local color？ an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America‖ 2. What is American Puritanism 1). Total Depravity - the concept of Original Si 2). Unconditional Election - the concept of predestination 3). Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. 4). Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. 5). Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God. 3. Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. themes in autobiography: Self- Improvement Mind: Self-education Body: Physical Activity Behavior: Moral Perfection Religion: The best service to God is to be good to man Benjamin Franklin and aspects of The American Dream Rags to Riches: Impotence to Importance: A Philosophy of Individualism: Freewill vs. Determinism: Hope and Optimism:
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
美国文学史及选读试卷 (1)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be
事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this
美国文学史陶洁序言部分整理
美国文学史序言部分 殖民地时期（colonialism)约1607-1765 时期综述（随便看看，重点没有涉及这部分） 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 3、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 启蒙时期与独立战争时期（reasoning and revolution)1765-18世纪末p1 代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790 Poor Richard's Almanac《格言历书》A Collection of maxims,or proverbs,on the value of work and savings for success. The Autobiography《自传》开创了美国名人写传记的风气 2、William Hill Brown 威廉·希尔·布朗 The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》 浪漫主义时期（Romanicism)1800-1865 一、文学特征： 1、Transcendentalism超验主义 代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕” 二、代表作家： 1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 The Sketch Book《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》取材于德国民间故事，以纽约哈德逊河谷为背景 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 frontier saga 边疆传奇小说----Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》五部曲 创造了原型人物-班波 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特第一个浪漫主义诗人 To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》The Yellow Violet《黄色的堇香花》 4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱p18 作品：Nature《论自然》超验主义理论的“圣经” Essays《论文集》Poems《诗集》The American Scholar《论美国学者》 Representative Men 《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》 5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗p45 In Walden《沃尔登》描写在湖畔的生活，宣传自然的美好 on the duty of Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》