文献翻译-城市污水处理自动控制系统的应用以及重要性
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城市污水处理自动控制系统的应用以及重要性
在经济水平日益提高的情况下,人们的生活水平也逐渐提高,随之而来的环境问题也日益突出,尤其是生活用水和工业用水污染程度大幅度提高,严重的威胁到了生活质量和健康。随着全球对环境问题的关注,减排节能和低碳经济被高度重视,在这样的环境下,水污染的问题成为整个社会重视的焦点。同时国际社会和国家在环保等生态上不断增加的投入和对相关企业的改革快速推进,解决水污染问题的措施和能力得到了极大的提高。在提高运行效率、降低运行成本的问题上,通过引进智能控制系统,实现自动控制和远程监控,便是一个重要的解决方案,因此在企业化、规模化和专业化的发展趋势下,引入相关的监控和控制系统对提升整体运营效力和品质具有重要的意义。
在城市污水处理厂的自动控制系统中通常采用集中监测方式，同时辅以分散控制方式，中控室可以实时监控整个污水处理厂的工作情况，具体的生产工艺控制采用就地单独控制的方式。
1.1自动控制系统的特点
污水处理自动控制系统比较复杂，涉及到的物理量也比较多，既有模拟量也有数字量；同时控制方式也多种多样，包括实时控制和顺序控制等，还有闭环控制和开环控制。同时，其最终控制对象是CODCr、BOD5、SS和pH值，这不同于一般控制系统。为了使污水处理过程中的上述参数合格，需要对处理设备的运行状态、进泥量和排泥量、各工艺段的处理时间、加药量、进水量及排水量等进行综合控制，这些都大大增加了自动控制系统的复杂性。目前，污水处理自动控制系统已经由简单的逻辑控制发展到更为发展的分散控制阶段，这使得自动控制系统有更好的开放性、适应性和经济性及扩展性等。
1.2自动控制系统的组成与结构
现代污水处理自动控制系统通常设置有总站和子站，总站是指厂级的计算机系统，子站指的是现场级的计算机系统，实行的二级监控集散模式。厂级的计算机系统主要是对污水处理厂的运行管理情况进行集中监测，对全厂所有工艺设备的控制和监测主要通过对PLC的管理来实现。自动控制系统的子站主要包括以下几个：鼓风机子站、污泥回流泵房子站、鼓风机子站、一级处理子站、回用水加压泵房子站、污泥脱水间子站、配电子站等。自动控制系统采用通讯技术、自动化技术、网络技术、计算机技术、图形显示技术、数据库技术构建成等综合技术以实现自动化远程监控。
硬件构成包括COD、pH值、溶解氧等传感器；采集控制单元包括PLC和数据采集模块；中央监控单元包括服务器等，另外还有一些辅助设备，如显示器和打印机等。软件构成包括自行研发的软件，还有主流的INTOUCH、FIX、WIZCON,KINGVIEW 等。国内自动化系统基本上都在Windows或NT上开发运行，用于Windows和NT 上的数据库引擎通常有SQLServer,MySQL,Interbase等。
1.3自动控制系统的功能
污水处理控制系统的功能包括:生产过程自动控制、实时在线监视、故障显示报警、联锁保护、自动生成报表等。这些功能能够提高污水厂的处理效率，提高企业的管理水平和劳动生产率，保证设备正常运行，减轻工人的劳动强度。
(1)在线监视功能在线监视功能是自动控制系统的重要功能之一，借助该功能动态的工艺流程图都可以在中控室的计算机屏幕上显示，同时现场设备的运行状
态、一些重要工艺参数的变化情况及仪表监测数据等也可以很清楚地显示在子站界面上。可以很方便地利用鼠标和键盘根据设备的运行状态对系统进行干预。
(2)实时管理显示管线状态参数，全线工艺流程图，方便系统的维护。并且可以实时记录操作过程，将操作行为按时间顺序存入历史数据库，以便有据可查，责任到人。
(3)控制方式的选择污水处理厂第一级由控制中心集中监控，第二级由各子站PLC控制，对各操作设备进行手动或自动选择在控制系统中就可以完成。同时，应将手动操作方式作为自动控制方式的一个补充。
(4)报警处理有设备出现故障时，首先预先设定的操作命令会对故障进行初次处理，并且系统会显示报警画面，来提示操作人员对故障进行处理。报警窗口分为两部分：当前报警和历史报警。当前报警会显示目前存在的报警，已处理的报警消失后和它相关的报警信息都会从当前报警中消失；历史报警不仅显示目前存在的报警并且报警得到处理后其相关的报警信息仍可以显示和查询。
2结语
自动控制系统与传统的人工控制方式相比，大大提高了污水处理自动化水平和管理水平，同时也大大提高了污水处理的质量、减少了有害物质的排放，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。由于污水处理的自动化技术在起步比较晚，我国在这方面与西方发达国家仍然有很大的差距，集中体现在缺乏自主研发的控制系统、核心设备和精密仪表的生产质量较低、设备故障率较高、国产设备与国外设备的接口配套方面存在问题等。因此我们要加大这方面的研发投入，以进口缩小与世界先进水平的差距。
Applications as well as the importance of urban sewage treatment automatic control system
In the case of increasing the economic level, people's living standards have gradually improved, the attendant environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, especially domestic water and industrial pollution degree greatly improved, serious threat to the quality of life and health. With the global concern for environmental issues, energy efficiency and low carbon emissions economy is highly regarded in such an environment, water pollution problems become the focus of attention of the whole society. Meanwhile the international community and national environmental and other ecologically increasing investment and reform-related businesses fast forward, to solve the problem of water pollution measures and capacity has been greatly improved. On improve operational efficiency, reduce operating cost, through the introduction of intelligent control system, automatic control and remote monitoring, is an important solution, so in enterprise, scale and specialization trends, the introduction of related monitoring and control system is of great significance to enhance the overall operational effectiveness and quality.
In the city sewage treatment plant automatic control system usually centralized monitoring approach, supplemented by decentralized control, the control room can be real-time monitoring of the entire operation of the sewage treatment plant, the specific production process is controlled by a separate place in a controlled manner.
1.1 Features automatic control system
Sewage treatment control system is more complex, involving physical quantity more, there are both analog digital; simultaneously control are also diverse, including real-time control and sequence control, as well as closed-loop control and open-loop control. Meanwhile, the ultimate control object is CODCr, BOD5, SS and pH, which is different from the general control system. To make the sewage treatment process qualified the above parameters, you need to deal with the operational status of the device, into mud and sludge quantity, the processing time for each process segment, dosage, etc. into the water and the displacement of integrated control, which greatly increases the complexity of the automatic control system. Currently, sewage treatment control system is controlled by a simple logic has been developed to a more decentralized control phase of development, which makes automatic control system for better openness, adaptability and economy, and scalability.
Composition and structure of the automatic control system
1.2 Modern sewage treatment control system is usually provided with the station and sub-station, terminus refers to the plant-level computer systems, sub-station refers to a field-level computer system, monitor the implementation of the two distribution modes. Plant-level computer systems mainly for the operation and management of sewage treatment plants for centralized
monitoring, control and monitoring of all the whole plant process equipment primarily through the management of the PLC. Sub-station automatic control system includes the following: blower sub-stations, sludge return pump house station, blowers sub-station, primary processing sub-station, back to the house water pressure pump station, sludge dewatering stations with electronic station. Automatic control system using communication technology, automation technology, network technology, computer technology, graphics, database technology to build a comprehensive remote monitoring technology to automate.
Hardware components including COD, pH, dissolved oxygen and other sensors; acquisition control unit includes PLC and data acquisition module; central monitoring unit includes servers, there are some auxiliary equipment, such as monitors and printers. Constitute a self-developed software, including software, there are mainstream INTOUCH, FIX, WIZCON, KINGVIEW so on. Domestic automation systems are basically developed to run on Windows or NT, and Windows NT for the database engine on the usually SQLServer, MySQL, etc.
1.3 features automatic control system
Sewage treatment control system features include: automatic control of the production process, real-time online monitoring, fault alarm, interlock protection, automatic generation of reports. These features can improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, improve enterprise management level and labor productivity, and ensure the normal operation of equipment, reduce labor intensity.
(1) On-line monitoring of online monitoring function is an important function of the automatic control system, with the function of dynamic flow chart can be displayed on a computer screen in the control room, while operating status of field devices, some of the important process parameters changes and instrumentation monitoring data, etc. can also be clearly displayed on the sub-station interface. You can easily use the mouse and keyboard on the system to intervene in accordance with the operating state of the device. (2) Real-time management to maintain the pipeline status parameter display, the full range of process flow diagram, convenient system. And can be recorded in real time during the operation, the operating behavior history database stored in chronological order, so well documented, responsibility to the people.
(3) Control mode selection by the first stage of the sewage treatment plant control center for centralized monitoring, the second stage by the sub-station PLC control device for each operation manual or automatic selection in the control system can be completed. Meanwhile, the manual mode of operation should be used as a supplement to the automatic control mode.
(4) There is equipment failure alarm processing, the first pre-set command will be the initial treatment failure, and the system will display the alarm screen to prompt the operator to handle the fault. Alarm window is divided into two parts: