test2

学生自测练习题

第2章 化学键与分子结构

是非题（判断下列各项叙述是否正确，对

的在括号中填“√”，错的填“×”）

1．1 金属和非金属原子化合物必形成离子键化合物。 （ ）

1．2 离子键化合物中, 离子总是形成8电子结构。因为只有8电子结构是 稳定的。 （ ）

1．3 Li +和H -这两个阳、阴离子不论相距多少距离，总是相互吸引的。 （ ）

1．4 当2个原子形成共价键时，可以是σ加π键，也可以都是σ键。 （ ）

1．5 C 和O 的电负性差值很大，为此CO 中键的极性很大。 （ ）

1．6 破坏NH 3中三个键需要的能量(1170 kJ·mol -1)大于破坏N 2的键(941 kJ·mol -1)，

但常温下N 2却比NH 3稳定得多，这是因为分子的反应性

主要与破坏第一个键所需的能量有关。 （ ）

1．7 ?

+?22222O ,O ,O ,O 的键级分别为1，2，2.5和1.5，因此它们的稳定性次序

为??+>>>22222O O O O 。 （ ） 1．8 下列化合物中正离子的极化能力大小顺序为

ZnCl 2 > FeCl 2 > CuCl 2 > KCl （ ）

1．9 相同原子的双键的键能等于其单键键能的2倍。 （ ）

1．10 SnF 4，XeF 4，CCl 4，SnCl 4分子的几何构型均为正四面体。 （ ）

1．11 NaCl 和NaH 都是离子晶体，但后者远不如前者稳定。 （ ）

1．12 由于Si 原子和Cl 原子的电负性不同，所以SiCl 4分子具有极性。 （ ）

1．13 与共价键相似，范德华力具有饱和性和方向性。 （ ）

1．14 在S-Cl ，Si-Cl ，Al-Cl ，P-Cl 四种化学键中，键的极性最大的是Si-Cl 键。

（ ）

1．15 根据原子基态电子构型，可以判断若有多少个未成对电子就能形成多少个

共价键。 （ ）

1．16 直线形分子X-Y-Z 是非极性的。 （ ）

1．17 SF 4，N 2O ，XeF 2，IF 3价层均有5对价电子对，但这些分子的空间构型却

不相同，这些分子的空间构型分别是变形四面体、直线形、直线形、T 形。

( )

1．18 原子在基态时没有成对电子，就不能形成共价键。 （ ）

1．19 分子中的π键电子，不决定分子的几何构型，只能影响键角的大小。

Exercises

（）1．20 H3BO3分子中存在O-H键，因此在H3BO3的分子间或分子内都能形成氢键。

（）

选择题

（选择正确答案的题号填入）

2．1 OF2的杂化类型为（）

a. sp2

b. sp

c. sp3

d. p轨道成键

2．2 ClO?3的几何构型是（）

a. 三角锥形

b. V形

c. 四面体形

d. 平面三角形

2．3 下列各组氟化物，全不是用杂化轨道成键的是（）

a. HF，CaF2，LiF

b. OF2，BF3，PF5

c. LiF，SF6，SiF4

d. NF3，BeF2，AlF3

2．4 按VSEPR理论，BrF3分子的几何构型为（）

a. 平面三角形

b. 三角锥形

c. 三角双锥形

d. T字型

2．5 按VSEPR理论，NO?2的键角∠ONO应是（）

a. 大于120°

b. 等于120°

c. 介于109.5 ～ 120°

d. 小于109°

2．6 分子中有两种键角的是（）

a. OCF2

b. CH3Cl

c. PCl3

d. 都有

2．7 键角按由小到大顺次排列的一组化合物是（）

a. SCl2，PCl3，BCl3

b. SF6，SF4，BeF2

c. H2O，SO2，CO2

d. 三组都是

2．8 极性由小到大顺次排列的一组分子是（）

a. CO，SCO

b. PF5，PF3

c. H2S，H2O

d. 都是

2．9 都能形成氢键的一组分子是（）

a. NH3，HNO3，H2S

b. H2O，C2H2，CF2H2

c. H3BO3，HNO3，HF

d. HCl，H2O，CH4

2．10 一个离子应具有下列哪一种特性，它的极化能力最强（）

a.离子电荷高、离子半径大

b.离子电荷高、离子半径小

c.离子电荷低、离子半径小

d.离子电荷低、离子半径大

2．11 下列分子中相邻共价键的夹角最小的是（）

a. BF3

b. CCl4

c. NH3

d. H2O

2．12 下列哪个分子中至少有二个不同长度的键（）

a. CO2

b. SO3

c. SF4

d. XeF4

2．13 在气态C2中，最高能量的电子所处的分子轨道是（）

a. σ2p

b. ?2p

π

σ c. π2p d. ?2p

2．14 互为等电子体的是 （ ）

a. CO ，NO ，NaH ，N 2

b. ??+OCN ,N ,NO ,SO 322

c. 333-23SO ,BCl ,NO ,CO ?

d. NH 3，PH 3，HCl ，C 2

2．15 氯苯的偶极矩是1.73 D ，预计对二氯苯的偶极矩是 （ ） a. 4.36 D b. 1.73 D c. 0 d. 1.00 D

填空题

3．1 按顺序（用符号 > 或 < ）排列下列各组物质的性质

a. BaO ，CaO ，NaI ，MgO ，NaBr 的晶格能大小 。

b. K ，As ，Cl ，Cs ，Ni 的电离能大小 。

3．2 COCl 2（∠ClCCl = 120°，∠OCCl =120°）中心原子的杂轨道类型是 ， 该分子中σ键有 个，π键有 个。PCl 3（∠ClPCl = 101°）中心原子 的杂化轨道是 ，该分子中有 个σ键。

3．3 用VSEPR 理论判断

物质 成键电子对数 孤电子对数 分子或离子的形状

XeF 4

?34AsO 3．4 原子轨道线性组合分子轨道的三条原则是

a. b. c.

3．5 下列分子或离子中，离域π键的类型（用符号标出）分别是：

a.SO 2

b. NO 2

c.ClO 2

d.?3NO d.?23CO

3．6 O 2的分子轨道式为 键级为 ，有无磁性 。

3．7 现有下列物质：BrF 5，CO 2，PCl 3，OF 2，HCHO ，H 3O +，SF 4

a. 分子中有π键，又是极性分子的是 。

b. 中心原子以sp 3杂化轨道成键，分子或离子的空间几何构型为V 型的是

。

c.中心原子以sp 3杂化轨道成键，分子或离子的空间几何构型为变形四面体 的是 。

d.中心原子价层电子对空间分布为八面体构型，分子或离子的空间几何 构型为四方锥的是 。

3．8 因为Ca 2+的极化作用 Mg 2+，所以CaCO 3的分解温度 MgCO 3。

3．9 冰融化要克服H 2O 分子间 、 、 和 作用力；S 粉溶于CS 2中要靠它们之间的 作用力。

3．10 下列各对分子间存在的相互作用力分别是：

a. CH 3Cl 和CCl 4分子之间存在

b. CH 3Cl 和CH 3Cl 分子之间存在

c. CCl 4和CCl 4分子之间存在

d. CH 3OH 和C 2H 5OH 分子之间存在

e.

计算题

4．1 从以下热力学数据计算AlF 3的晶格能：

反 应

反应焓变1θm mol kJ ??/Δr H ①Al(g)→Al(g)

+326 ②Al(g)→Al 3+(g)+3e

+5138 ③2Al(s)→3F 2(g)→2AlF 3(s)

-2620 ④F 2(g)→2F(g)

+160 ⑤F(g)+e →F -(g) -350

4．2 查找BaO 的标准生成焓及其他有关数据，按Born-Haber 循环计算氧的第二 电子亲合能。

1．是非题

1．1（×） 1．2（×） 1．3（×） 1．4（×） 1．5（×）

1．6（√） 1．7（√） 1．8（√） 1．9（×） 1．10（×）

1．11（√） 1．12（×） 1．13（×） 1．14（×） 1．15（×）

1．16（×） 1．17（√） 1．18（×） 1．19（√） 1．20（×）

2．选择题

2．1（c ） 2．2（a ） 2．3（a ） 2．4（d ） 2．5（c ）

2．6（d ） 2．7（d ） 2．8（d ） 2．9（c ） 2．10（b ）

2．11（d ） 2．12（c ） 2．13（c ） 2．14（c ） 2．15（c ）

3．填空题

3．1 a. MgO > CaO > BaO > NaBr > NaI 。

b. Cs < K < Ni < As < Cl 。

3．2 sp 2, 3, 1, sp 3, 3。

自测练习题答案

3．3 4, 2, 四边形，4，0，正四面体。

3．4 能量相近，轨道最大重叠，对称性匹配。

3．5 6464533343Π ,Π ,Π ,Π ,Π。

3．6 ,)()()()()()()KK(1p 212P 22P 22P 22P 22s 22s y

Z y X z πππσσσ???π 2, 有。 3．7 a. HCHO, b. OF 2 c. SF 4 d. BrF 5

3．8 小于，高于。

3．9 取向力、诱导力、色散力、氢键, 色散力。

3．10 a. 诱导力、色散力； b. 取向力、诱导力、色散力；

c. 色散力；

d. 取向力、诱导力、色散力、氢键。

4. 计算题

4．1 –5 964 kJ·mol -1。

4．2 –742 kJ·mol -1。

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