主旨要义题的题型特点与解题技巧

主旨要义题的题型特点与解题技巧

高考阅读理解中的主旨大意题包括主题（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）型和标题（title）型两类。

在确定文章的标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托。但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题。文章的中心较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明，而且通常是名词或名词短语。

一. 正确选项的特点

(1)标题概括类题目：体现概括性，（最大程度上覆盖全文）;针对性(标题不能过大或过小);醒目性(可吸引读者)

(2)中心思想类题目：体现全面性，避免以偏概全；

(3)段落大意类题目：体现针对性，避免张冠李戴。

二. 干扰项的特点

1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。

5. 无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

三、解题技巧

(1) 主题句在开头.模式:总---分----分,即开门见山. 新闻报道,说明文,议论文常用此方式.

(2) 主题句在末尾. 模式: 分---分---总,即先摆事实,后作结论.

(3) 主题句在中间. 模式: 分---总---分(引言---主题---解析或提问---回答-----解析)

(4). 根据首尾抓大意(首尾呼应) 模式: 总---分---总

(5) 无住题句,归纳各段要点抓大意..

(6) 找高频词.

四、实例分析

实例分析1：

Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you?ve got to love yoursel f first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we?re the apple of our parents? eyes, and that our Grandmas think we?re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it?s a lot harder to think such nice thou ghts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.

Self-image is your own mind?s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.

The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don?t allow doubts to occur in it.

It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can?t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up

your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If y ou think you?re silly because you aren?t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you?re weak because you can?t run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you?re dull because you don?t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remembe r, just because you think it doesn?t mean it?s true.

The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat (拍) yourself on the back, you?ll know you?re well on your way. Good luck!（2008年广东卷阅读理解B 篇）

49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success.B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image. D. How to develop your good qualities.

实例分析2：

Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.

Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discover y could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.

Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.

The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.

The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008年全国卷阅读理解D篇）

56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Codeine: A New Medicine

B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs

C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case

D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

实例分析3：

Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor”help you create this life of good feelings.

Here?s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.

…

There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it?s easy to think and act honorably again when we?re happy.

While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it?s started, it?s easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.（2007年广东卷阅读B篇）

50．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?

A．How to Live Truthfully B．Importance of Peacefulness C．Ways of Gaining Self-respect D．Happiness through Honorable Actions 实例分析4：

He?s an old cobbler (修鞋匠) with a shop in the Marais, a historic area in Paris…

…

When I got back out into the street, the world seemed brand-new to me. He was something out of an ancient legend…above all, his pride in his craft.

These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line, when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”, when, in short, people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费) rather than a way to realize their own abilities. In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.（2006年广东卷阅读B篇）

63．This story wants to tell us that _________.

A．craftsmen make a lot of money B．whatever you do, do it well C．craftsmen need self-respect D．people are born equal

实例分析5：

How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the time? Far too many.

This is Life, all right, but we do treat it like a rehearsal (排演) and, unhappily, we do miss so many of its best moments.

…（2006年广东卷阅读D篇）

68．The first paragraph of the passage tells us that _______.

A．we always try to find some time to write a book

B．we always make plans but seldom fulfill them

C．we always enjoy many of life?s best moments

D．we always do what we really want to do

学以致用（一）

(1)

Albert Einstein who made great contributions to people, was regarded as one of the greatest scientists in the world.

Once there was a young man who disliked doing anything but wanted to be successful. He asked Einstein to tell him the secret of success: Einstein wrote him a formula: A=X+Y+Z. Seeing this, the young man got puzzled. So he had to ask what it meant. Einstein explained it to him, “A stands for success and X stands for the proper way and Y, hard work…” “And what about Z”? The young man asked anxiously, expecting to get what he wanted. “Z stands for less empty talk and more hard work..”Answered Einstein slowly. On hearing these, the young man slipped away, feeling ashamed of himself.

The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is ___________.

A．Albert Einstein B．one of the greatest scientists

C．the secret of success D．a young man

(2)

As a human being you may have the choice of three basic attitudes towards life.

Y ou may approach life with the philosophy of the vegetable, in which case your life will consist in being born, eating, drinking, sleeping, mating, growing old, and dying.

The second basic attitude is to look at life as if it were a business. A great many so-called successful men and women believe that life is a business, and they arrange, their conducts and behavior accordingly. If you believe that life is a business yo ur first

question of life, naturally, is “What do I get out of it?”and your first reaction to any new experience is ,”How much is this worth to me?” In a word, based on this attitude, happiness becomes a matter of successful competition.

The great majority of human beings today look at life as if it were a business. Their basic philosophy is one of competition and efficiency.

The third attitude toward life is the approach of the artist. Here the basic philosophy is “What can I put into it?”, and the basic relation of the individual to his fellow-men is one of co-operation and common sense. This point of view has been proved by history; for history remembers best those who have contributed most richly to the interests of their fellow-men. The more we investigate and the more we learn about living the more we become convinced that the artistic attitude is the only one which is consistent with human happiness.

What?s the main idea of the passage?

A．Y ou may have three attitudes to life.

B．Y ou may approach life with the philosophy.

C．The attitude toward life is the approach of the artist.

D．Happiness becomes a matter of successful competition.

(3)

As we proceed through life, we are faced with many types of situations. Each situation required us to behave in different ways. We may be faced with a large project which, in order to be accomplished efficiently, demands the cooperation of each person. In this instance, we must be flexible, supportive, and be willing to compromise. Each person is only a small part of a much large machine.

Being competitive also plays a role in life. The desire to succeed and do better than others inspires us to work harder. If there was no competition a sports meet would never be exciting and successful; we could never have champions.

To succeed in life, we must learn to be both cooperative and competitive. The most important thing to learn in life is to know when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.

Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?

A．We must learn when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.

B．To succeed in life, we must learn cooperation.

C．Each person is only a small part of a much large machine.

D．Being competitive also plays a role in life.

(4)

On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing the violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater. He rolled on and on. Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was handing on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin …s grand entrance for a long time!

What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph?

A.The roller skates needed further improvement.

B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool.

C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.

D.Merlin got himself into trouble.

(5)

Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish choose to live in water. To be human is to think. But thinking may come naturally without you knowing how you do it. Thinking about thinking is the key to critical(判断性的) thinking.

When you think critically, you take control of you thinking processes. Otherwise you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education.

The word “critical”here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one

view against another view, as when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The nature of the critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen ----- beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning.

Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and desire to dig deeper into it, you are a critical thinker. If you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters , and facts, you are a critical thinker.

Activities of the mind are processes of deep and careful consideration. They take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast speed in today?s world: fast foods, instant coffee, and self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence, you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banish Hoffman, a scientist, was to discuss his work with Albert Einstein, Hoffman was too nervous to speak.

But Einstein immediately put Coffman at ease by saying,”Please go slowly. I don?t understand things quickly.”

What would be the best title of the passage?

A. Thinking and Critical Thinking

B. Thinking is Natural and Human

C. Understanding Critical Thinking

D. Thinking Fast Means Intelligence

学以致用（二）

(1)Now, it?s important for the managers in a company to understand what their customers want if they are going to develop effective marketing strategies (策略). There are various ways of doing this. One way at supermarkets, for example, is to int erview customers while they?re doing their shopping. They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the results of the research can be studied. This provides information on which to base future marketing strategies.

It?s also quite normal for top mana gers from department stores to spend a day or two each month visiting stores and mixing freely with the public, as if they were ordinary customers, to get an idea of how customers act.

Another way to get information from customers is to give them something…it also allows the managers to get a feel for where to attract customers and which age-groups to attract.

Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work…(安徽)

67. The main idea of the text is _________.

A. how to do market research

B. how to develop marketing strategies

C. how to find out customers? social needs

D. how to encourage customers to spend more money

(2) If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson,” and “Webster,” but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn?t even speak English——William the Conqueror.

Before 1066, in the land we call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups…

But this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Norman led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England, for about a century, French became the official language of English while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and law come from French rather than German. In

some cases, modern English even shows a distinction between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo--Saxon in its words…

When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one man?s ambition.(全国)

70. What is the subject discussed in the text?

A. The history of Great Britain.

B. The similarity between English and French.

C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.

D. The French influences on the English language.

(3) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence (通信)was the letters were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the history of which goes back a long way. Indeed, the Egyptians began sending letters from about 2000 BC, as did the Chinese a thousand years later.

Of course, modern postal service now are march more developed and faster, depending as they do on cars and planes fore delivery. Y et they are still too slow…The invention of the fax (传真) machine increased the speed of delivering documents even more…

The fax service is still very much in use when copies of documents require to be sent, but, as a way of fast correspondence, it has been largely taken the place of by email…

There are advantages and disadvantages with emails. If you send some one an email, then he will receive it extremely quickly…However, if you write something by email, which you might later regret, and send it immediately, there is no chance for second thoughts…

44. The text mainly deals with_________. (陕西)

A. the progress in correspondence

B. the advantage of fax machines

C. the advantage of emails

D. the invention of fax machines

(4) [2009年安徽卷]Remembering names is an important social skill. Here are some ways to master it.

Recite and repeat in conversation.

When you hear a person?s name, repeat it. Immediately say it to yourself several times without moving your lips.

Ask the other person to recite and repeat.

After you?ve been introduced to someone, ask that person to spell the name mad pronounce it correctly for you.

Admit you don?t know.

Most of people will feel sympathy if you say, “I?m working to remember names better. Y ours is right on the tip of my tongue. What is it again?”

Limit the number of new names you learn at one time.

When meeting a group of people, concentrate on remembering just two or three names. Free yourself from remembering every one. Another way is to limit yourself to

learning just first names. Last names can come later.

Go early.

Consider going early to conferences, parties and classes. Sometimes just a few people show up on time. That?s fewer names for you to remember. And as more people arrive, you can hear them being introduced to others—an automatic review for you.

59. What does the text mainly tell us?

A. Tips on an important social skill.

B. Importance of attending parties.

C. How to make use of associations.

D. How to recite and repeat names.

(5) [2009年重庆卷]Sir Steven Redgrave, winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals, once said, “In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes (糖尿病). Believing my career (职业生涯) was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it—the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn?t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn?t finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”

61. What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talk about?

A. Difficulties influenced his career.

B. Specialists offered him medical advice.

C. Training helped him defeat his disease.

D. He overcame the shadow of illness to win.

(6) [2009湖北卷]When I was seven my father gave me a Timex, my first watch. I loved it, wore it for years, and haven?t had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago. Why? Because I don?t need one. I have a mobile phone and I?m always near someone with an iPod or something like that. All these devices(装置)tell the time----which is why, if you look around, you?ll see lots of empty wrists; sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007.

But while the wise have realized that they don?t need them, o thers----apparently including some distinguished men of our time----are spending total fortunes on them. Brands such as Rolex, Patek Philippe and Breitling command shocking prices, up to ￡250,000 for a piece. …But these days all watches tell the time as we ll as all other watches. …So why pay that much of five years? school fees for watches that allow you to do these things?

Watches are now classified as “investments”(投资). A 1994 Philippe recently sold for nearly ￡350,000, while 1960s Rolexes have gone from ￡15,000 to ￡30,000 plus in a year. But a watch is not an investment. It?s a a matter of fashion. But when fashion moves on, the owner of that ￡350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex.

64. Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Timex or Rolex?

B. My Childhood Timex

C. Watches? Not for Me!

D. Watches----a V aluable Collection

(7) [2009福建卷]We already know the fastest, least expensive way to slow climate change: Use less energy. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us could reduce our energy diets by 25 percent or more—doing the Earth a favor while also

helping our wallets.

…Scientists have reported recently that the w orld is heating up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don?t keep reducing emissions（排放）of carbon dioxide（CO2）and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere.

We decided to try an experiment. For one month we recorded our personal emissions of CO2. . We wanted to see how much we could cut back, so we went on a strict diet. The average US household(家庭) produces about 150 pounds of CO2 a day by doing common-place things like turning on air-conditioning or driving cars. That?s more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average, mostly because Americans drive more and have bigger houses. But how much should we try to reduce?

… “To stay below that point, we need to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 percent,” he said.

Good advice, I thought. We?d gotten so used to keeping our air-conditioning going around the clock. I?d almost forgotten the windows even opened. We s hould not let this happen again. It?s time for us to change our habits if necessary.

79. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

A. Saving Energy Starts at Home

B. Changing Our Habits Begins at Work

C. Changing Climate Sounds Reasonable

D. Reducing Emissions of CO2 Proves Difficult

(8) Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.

Here?s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.

There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it's easy to think and act honorably again when we?re happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it's started, it's easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness. (2007广东B)

50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?

A. How to Live Truthfully

B. Importance of Peacefulness

C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect

D. Happiness through Honorable Actions

(9 How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the time? Far too many.

This is Life…

We take jobs to stay alive and provide homes for our families always making ourselves believe that this style of life is merely a temporary state of affairs along the road to what we really want to do. Then, at 60 or 65, we are suddenly presented with a clock and several grandchildren and we look back and realize that all those years waiting for Real Life to come along were in fact real life.

In America they have a saying much laughed at by the English：“Have a nice day” they speak slowly and seriously in their shops, hotels and sandwich bars. I think it is a

wonderful phrase, reminding us, in effect, to enjoy the moment: to value this very day. How often do we say to ourselves, “I?ll take up horse-riding (or golf or sailing) as soon as I get a higher position,” only to do none of those things when I do get the higher position…

71. What is probably the best title for the passage? (2006年广东阅读D71)

A. Provide Homes For Our Family

B. Take Up Horse-riding

C. V alue This V ery Day

D. Stay Alive

(10) Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can?t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.

Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?

Always give credit….Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world… “Catch people doing something right!” he says. Then tell everyone about it.

Take informed risks. “The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,” …But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail…

Encourage enthusiasm (热情)….Be enthusiastic yourself --Y ou will be followed by everyone. (2005年广东 B 63)

63. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques

B. Leadership Is V ery Important

C. Not Many Can Be Leaders

D. How to Be a Leader

(11) Shopping is not as simple as you may think! There are all sorts of tricks at play each time we reach out for that particular brand of product on the shelf.

Colouring, for example, varies according to what the producers are trying to sell. Health foods are packaged in greens, yellows or browns because we think of these as healthy colours. Ice cream packets are often blue and expensive goods, like chocolates, are gold or silver.

…

The size of a product can attract a shopper. But quite often a bottle doesn?t contain as much as it appears to.

It is believed that the better-known companies spend, on average, 70 per cent of the total cost of the product itself on packaging!

67. Which of the following would be the best title for this text?

A. Choice of Good Products

B. Disadvantages of Products

C. Effect of Packaging on Shopping

D. Brand Names and Shopping Tricks

(12) Different cultures emphasize (强调) the importance of relationship building to a greater or lesser degree. For example, business in some countries is not possible until there is a relationship of trust…

Talk and silence may also be different in some cultures. I once made a speech in

Thailand. I had expected my speech to be a success and start a lively discussion; instead there was an uncomfortable silence. In my own culture, we express meaning mainly through words, but people there sometimes feel too many words are unnecessary.

Even within Northern Europe, cultural differences can cause serious problems…People from different parts of the world have different values, and sometimes these values are quite against each other…(安徽)

75. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Multicultural Environment.

B. Cross-Cultural Differences.

C. How to Understand Each Other.

D. How to Build Up a Relationship.

13 Have you ever dreamed of visiting a planet in the Milky Way (银河系)? While the trip sounds exciting, it would take years and years to reach your destination. So in the future, bedtime for astronauts may be more than a few hours of regular shut eye. They would have to sleep for years.

European researchers are now conducting hibernation experiments. The study may help them understand whether humans could ever sleep through the years it would take for a spaceflight to distant planets. "If there was an effective technology, it could make deep space travel a reality," said Mark Ayre of the European Space Agency last month.

What seems like a science fiction is not completely unlikely. Researchers have been able to use chemicals to put living cells into a sleep like state where they don?t age. They have now moved on to the small, non hibernating mammals (哺乳动物) like rats.

A major challenge is the fact that cells can be very simple systems, whereas body organs are far more complex. "It?s like moving from a simpl e Apple computer to a supercomputer," said Marco Biggiogera, a hibernation researcher at Italy?s University of Pavia. Just like bears and frogs, the hibernation of human beings would cause a person?s metabolism (新陈代谢) to lower so they would need less energy.

Medical research, however, is just half of a spaceflight hibernation system. There is a challenge of designing a suitable protective shelter. Such a shelter would provide the proper environment for hibernation, such as the proper temperature. It would a lso have to monitor (监控) life functions and serve the physiological needs of the hibernator.

According to Ayre, the six person Human Outer Planets Exploration Mission (使命) to Jupiter?s moon (木星的卫星) Callisto, could be an opportunity to use human hibernation. The mission aims to send six persons on a five year flight to Callisto, where they will spend 30 days, in 2045.

72.According to the article, the hibernation research _______.

A. is just an idea

B. is always a science fiction

C. has already finished successfully

D. has made some progress

73.In a hibernating state, a person needs ________.

A. less sleep

B. more food

C. less energy

D. more movement

74.The first try of the hibernation technologythe six person Human Outer Planets Exploration Mission to Jupiter?s moon Callisto.

A. will be

B. has been planned for

C. is certain to be

D. may be

75.What is the best title of the article?

A. Hibernation study for space travel

B. Welcome to our space travel

C. To hibernate, to live longer

D. Welcome to the Milky Way

实例分析1：[选项分析]

这是一篇议论文，主要探讨了如何树立积极的自我形象。纵观全文，我们可以看出，本文呈现的形式是“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。第一段是引子，导入话题，说明要树立积极的自我形象；第二段作者通过阐述了自我形象的定义，说明了自我形象所具有的一些特征——大多数人的自我形象都比实际情况要消极得多，从而引出文章的中心论点：要树立自我形象就要改变自我看法。而最后的三段（第3、4、5段）讲的是如何避免消极的自我形象，作者在这三段当中分别提到了三种方法。这三种方法都说明如何避免消极的自我形象。作者这样写作的目的，也就是从反面说明如何建立积极的自我形象。这种写作手法就是议论文当中的“反证法”。

现在，我们来分析各选项的特点：

选项A是无中生有。因为本文根本就没有涉及到“成功”方面的内容。

选项B是断章取义。命题者利用首段中最后一句中的challenge一词作为命题的依据，来设置干扰项。实际上，本文根本就没有提及任何与“挑战”有关的内容。

选项D是以偏概全。本文谈到了如何建积极的自我形象。积极的自我形象只是良好的素质之一。因此，这个干扰项的特点是以偏概全。

本题的正确答案是C。

实例分析2：

[选项分析]

本文是一篇议论文。文章的首句就是全文的主题句。本文的主题就是巧克力可以用来治疗咳嗽，因为巧克力中含有比codeine疗效更好的theobromine。后面的内容就是通过一个实验来证明这个观点。因此，本题的答案应选B。

其他各干扰项的特点如下：

A项：张冠李戴。根据第二段的内容我们可以知道，theobromine是一种刚刚从cocoa中发现的成份，这种成份治疗咳嗽的效果比codeine更好。而cocoa 则是制作巧克力的主要原料。因此，codeine早就用于医药上了，根本不是一种新药。

C项：以偏概全。本文谈到了咳嗽的治疗，但这并不是文章的主要内容。这个选项的设置是典型的以偏概全的方式。

D项：无中生有。在本文中，文章谈到了theobromine可以用来治疗咳嗽，而不是导致咳嗽。因此，此项是比较容易排除的一个干扰项。

通过对干扰项的探讨，我们意识到，在做主旨大意题的时候，既可以从选择正确答案入手，也可以采用排除法，排除干扰项，从而确定问题的正确答案。

实例分析3：分析：本题要求选择标题。根据首段最后一句和末段最后一句，及第二段可知，诚实的行为可以给人带来幸福，故选D。

实例分析4：分析：本题要求归纳中心思想。这个故事主要体现了一位技术娴熟的修鞋匠及其精益求精的做事风格。最后一段，特别是最后一句体现了文章的中心，由此可知选B。

实例分析5：分析：本题要求归纳段落大意。由句意“我遇到的不知多少人一直在计划写本书，但迄今为止从来没有时间写”“这样的人太多了”，可此推断出本段是告诉我们：我们总是制定计划但很少能圆满完成。故选B。

五、学以致用

答案与解析：

1. C 考查标题概括。这个故事主要讲述了一位不喜欢工作却想成功的年轻

人向科学家Albert Einstein咨询他成功的秘诀，故答案为C。选项A和D陈述过于笼统，范围太大。选项B不具有概括性，内容空洞，不突出主题。

2. A 考查中心思想。这篇议论文的主题句在第一段, 即three attitudes to life （对人生的三种态度），因此选项A为最佳答案。选项B为文中的“The first attitude”, 选项C为文中的“The third attitude”, 选项D只是“the second attitude”的其中一个要点。

3. B 考查段落大意。找出本段的过渡词语In this instance（在这种情况下），推断作者的观点：“we must be flexible, supportive, and be willing to compromise.”作者的言外之意即“要成功，必须学会合作”。可见B是最佳答案。选项A 提到“合作与竞争”为第三段的内容，选项C仅为第一段的一个要点，选项D提到“竞争在生活中也很重要”则是第二段的内容。

4. C

5.C

A D A (4)A。由首段的两句话可知正确选项为A。选项B和C属无关信息，文中找不到依据；选项D只含局部信息，概括范围太窄。(5)D。本段没有明显的主题句，归纳全段可知正确选项为D。选项A是局部信息；选项B和C，文中没有信息支持。6. C。根据寻找主题句的第(3)个小窍门“首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨”可知Why?后面的便是主题句，与此相符的只有选项C正确。7)A。由第一段基本可以判断出答案了，再结合全文内容，及最后一句可知，改变家庭生活习惯便可节能减排。8. D 9. C 10. D 11. C

12. B E

星际探索固然重要，可是怎样打发漫漫旅途呢？别急，人类"冬眠"技术让你一觉睡到目的地。

结构层次：星际探索旅途遥远，漫长的时间难以打发；欧洲科学家正在研制"冬眠"技术；科学家们需要解决两个问题：降低太空人的新陈代谢速度；给太空人提供理想的栖身处。

72.D 推理判断题。由原文第三段可以推出答案。

73.C 细节判断题。由原文第四段的最后一句可知。

74.D 推理判断题。由原文最后一段的第一句话中could一词的委婉语气可推出答案。

75.A 标题判断题。认真分析原文可知，本文自始至终介绍的是在星际探索中使用冬眠技术的研究情况，因此以Hibernation study for space travel为题既具有高度的概括性、强烈的针对性，又具有一定的醒目性。

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