Chapter 16并列结构和从属结构

Chapter 16并列结构和从属结构

1.并列结构

⑴并列连词

练习

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ca14447869.html,anisms regulate their movements __D__ positions

in response to environmental stimuli.

A.have

B.where

C.as

D.and

2.Five minutes earlier, __A__ we could have caught the

last train.

A.and

B.but

C.or

D.so

3.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be

helped by “drugs” that aren’t really drugs at all __C__ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.

A.or rather

B.rather than

C.but rather

D.other than

4.A knot is a joining of two pieces of rope __B__ of

cord.

A.with

B.or

C.because

D.where

5.I think I was at school, __A__ I was staying with a

friend during the vacation when I heard the news.

A.or else

B.and then

C.or so

D.even so

6.Argon is used to fill light bulbs, __B__ not react with

the white-hot metal of the filament. 氩被用来充满灯泡，____它不予炽热的金属丝反应。

A.does

B.for it does

C.in it does

D.it does

7.The Earth attracts bodies toward its center, __B__ all

bodies fall in a direct line toward that point.

A.that

B.so

C.however

D.nevertheless

8.Great Salt Lake is fed by fresh-water streams, __A__

is about four to five as salty at the ocean.

A.yet

B.which

C.there

D.despite

9.Many small birds use new sites for each nesting,

__D__ large birds often reuse the same nest.

A.by

B.how

C.within

D.whereas

10.A bridge must be strong enough to support its own

weight __C__ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.

A.as well

B.so well

C.as well as

D.so well as

11.The element carbon is widely found in nature in many

forms including both diamonds as well as coal.

12.A legislative body has the power not only to pass new

laws, ____ repel laws that have been passed earlier.

A.to

B.but also to

C.and to

D.in order to

13.Prof. Ward hardly ever went to ____ the theatre.

A.neither the cinema nor

B.neither the cinema or

C.either the cinema nor

D.e ither the cinema or

⑵简单并列

I am only 63, but I feel an hundred.

We have arrived at the hotel, and find it very

comfortable.

They ran across the field and past the farmhouse.

I’ll give you a nice cup of tea and a ginger biscuit.

We are blessed by having known and loved a man of such goodness and wisdom.

⑶复杂并列

My mother bought a shirt for me, and a hat for my brother.

We named the boy Alien and the girl Betty.

She put the books on the desk and the clothes on the bed.

He went to this city in May and to that city in June.

In summer, many people go to the seaside and bathe in the sea.

⑷插入并列和追加并列

在简单句中

I am not sure whether Jane, or Sally, wrote the letter.

Peter, but not John, plays football.

在复杂并列句中

Peter will, and Bob might, take the course.

He is, or at least he was, a major composer.

James read, and Alice wrote, in the next room.

Some animals swallow, and others instinctively avoid, highly dangerous objects.

Allen is keen on, and Jim seems interested in, linguistics.

⑸假并列

I’ll try and answer the question.

They sat and talked about the good old times.

It is nice and cool today.

The air is nice and clean.

⑹准并列

The money, along with three paintings, was stolen yesterday.

The Minister, rather than the trades unions, is responsible for the present impasse僵局.

as well as

As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 介词比较：She is clever as well as beautiful. 并列连词He must irrevocably lose her as well as the inheritance. 并列连词

She sings as well as playing the piano.

rather than

She telephoned rather than write/ writing/ wrote.

They were skiing rather than skating.

I want to sunbathe rather than (to) swim.

She played matches rather than watched them.

Rather than you say anything, I would speak to the manager myself.

if not和not to say =if one may not say / not to mention, to to speak of / to say nothing of

It would be foolish, if not mad, to sell your car.

He has experience, to say nothing of scholarship.

still less=much less 和let alone=still less, still more=much more

I don’t like him, still less respect him.

He can do it, still more you.

more … than …肯定前者，否定后者

I was more angry than frightened.

He is more dead than alive.

She had spoken more in sorrow than in anger.

not so much … as …=not so much X as Y =more Y than X= Y rather than X

I don’t so much dislike him as hate him.我与其说不喜欢他，不如说我恨他。

He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated.

The difference between the two phrases does not lie so much in form as in meaning.

2. 限定性状语从句/关系从句与并列分句的转换

⑴时间、原因、让步、结果、对比等状语从句→并列句

时间：When violent storms arose, the workers sought shelter in the huts. When violent storms arose=Violent storms arose and, …

原因：As you are tired, you had better take a rest.

You are tired, and had better take a rest.

让步：Although the treaty was signed at Panmunjon in 1953, Korea was still not a united country.

The treaty was signed at Panmunjon in 1953, but Korea was still not a united country.

结果：The bridge had been destroyed, so that they could not return.

The bridge had been destroyed, and (so) that they could not return.

对比：He is fat, whereas his wife is thin.

He is fat, but his wife is thin.

⑵否定条件状语从句→并列句

If we don’t hurry up, we shall be late.

Hurry up, or we shall be late.

If she were not engaged, she might have accepted his proposal.

She was engaged, or she might have accepted his proposal.

Unless you study harder, you will never pass your examination.

Study harder, or you will never pass your examination.

⑶接续性关系从句→并列句

I’ve invited Ann, who lives in the next flat.

I’ve invited Ann, and she lives in the next flat.

She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.

She gave me this jumper; she had knitted herself.

⑷句子关系从句→并列句

The rain rattled on the roof all night, which kept us awake.

The rain rattled on the roof all night, and that kept us awake.

He refused to do his share of the chores, which we were angry to hear.

He refused to do his share of the chores, and we were angry to hear it.

⑸非限定状语→并列谓语/并列句

Entering a covert丛林, she walked along a ride骑马道.

She entered a covert, and walked along a ride.

You men by the dozen came up, asking her to dance.

You men by the dozen came up, and asked her to dance.

Drenched湿透and blinded by the rain, she fought here way.

She was drenched湿透and blinded by the rain, and she fought here way.

The game being over, there was no point in our waiting longer.

The game was over, and there was no point in our waiting longer.

3. 无依附非限定性结构

⑴作谓语外加状语、隐含主语泛指任何人或讲话人

talking of, speaking of, putting it mildly说得客气一点, judging by, beginning (with), taking into consideration, to be frank, to say the least退一步讲,

stated bluntly不客气地讲, etc.

Generally speaking (=If one may speak in a general sense), boys are a nuisance.

Judging by (=If one may judge by) the time he took over it, it must have been a difficult job.

To be frank with (=I tell you frankly), I don’t thibk the plan will succeed.

⑵隐含主语是整个主要结构/领句

The new machine will work faster, thus reducing our coats.

=We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our coast.

⑶隐含主语是不定代词

Bearing in mind the competitive environment, this is a creditable 可信的result. (=If one bears in mind …, …)

In diving, the knees should not be bent. (=When one is diving, …)

When purchasing a winter coat, it is very important to try it on with heavy clothing underneath. (=When one is purchasing …)

To acquire a really good pronunciation, it is necessary to go to England. (=If one is to acquire …)

Being (It being) Christmas, the government offices were closed. (=Since it was …)

⑷when和where引导的过去分词结构

Take ten drops when needed.

You are to insert prepositions where required.

练习

1.The worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and ____ few results.

A.yielded

B.yielding

C.yield has

D.has a yield of

2.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ____.

A.than more on efficiency

B.and more efficiency

C.and more on efficiency

D.than efficiency

3.Nebraska has floods in some years, ____.

A.in others droughts

B.droughts are others

C.while others droughts

D.others in droughts

4.While ____ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bites of information back to earth.

A.orbited

B.being orbited

C.having been orbited

D.orbiting

5.I like watching TV ____ to the cinema.

A.more than to go

B.than going

C.rather than to go

D.more than going

6.Duke Ellington was a composer, conductor, and pianist ____ ranked as one of the greatest of jazz figures.

A.him

B.although

C.or

D.who

7.As choreographer, Martha Graham devised a wide variety of movements and gestures ____ new ways of

thinking about the body.

A.as well

B.and as well

C.and well

D.as well as

8.In Scandinavian countries household goods are devised both to function well ____.

A.and to be looking beautiful

B.and to look beautiful

C.and to be beautiful looking

D.as well as to look beautiful

9.Jean had not realized how long the magazine was or ____.

A.its reading difficulty

B.that it was so difficult to read

C.its difficulty in reading

D.how difficult it was to read

10.Because of political and religious persecution, immigrants fled to this country, from industrial countries ____ non-industrial countries.

A.as well as

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ca14447869.html,ing to also from

C.as well

D.as from more

11.Collecting coins was his favorite pastime, but ____.

A.he also enjoy music listening

B.listening to music also gave him great pleasure

C.also listening to music

D.to listen to music was enjoyed by him also

12.It is better to die on one’s feet than ____.

A.living on one’s knees

B.live on one’s knees

C.on one’s knees

D.to live on one’s knees

13.While in Europe, the tourists enjoyed to their heart’s content the weather, the food and ____.

A.go to the theatre

B.to go to the theatre

C.going to the theatre

D.the theatre

14.At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than ____ features and editorials.

A.the writing of

B.writing of

C.writing

D.into the writing of

15.He stared into the blackness and wondered if she was aware of his presence as ____.

A.he was of hers

B.he was of her

C.he did of her

D.he did of hers

16.There are considerable differences ____ the world as we perceive it.

A.that exist in the world as it is and

B.neither in the world as it is nor in

C.between the world as it is and

D.from the world as it is and

17.The techniques of recording, classifying, and ____ is known as accounting.

A.an enterprise’s transactions summary

B.the summarizing of an enterprise’s transactions

C.transactions of an enterprise are summarized

D.summarizing the transactions of an enterprise

18.Lincoln, Nebraska, is an important manufacturing, insurance, and ____ center.

A.shipping of grain

B.to ship grain

C.grain was shipped

D.gain shipping

19.Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually ____.

A.generate new seeds

B.new seeds generated

C.by generating new seeds

D.new seeds generated there

20.The natural resources of Kentucky include rich soils and mineral deposits, ____, and plentiful plant and animal life.

A.forests are thick

B.thick forests

C.thickly forested

D.are forested thickly

21.The three thousand stars visible to the naked eye can be seen because they are either extremely bright or they are relatively close to the earth.

22. A person who purchases a gun for protection is six times more likely to kill a friend or relative than killing an intruder.

23.To save on heating and finding cheaper labor are two of the most common reasons that companies give for moving from the Midwest to the South.

24.My father enjoys fresh air, sunshine, and to take long walks.

25.Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank, fashion, manufacturing, trade, and transportation. 26.We are indebted to the Arabs not only for reviving Greek words but also they introduced useful ideas from India.

27. A century ago in America, all postal rates were determined not by weighing but measuring the distance that the mail has to travel.

28. A jewel is an ornament fashioned from precious metals or stones, either alone or combination.

29.Tobacco was considered a sacred plant, and it was used to indicate friendship and concluded peace negotiations between Indians and Whites.

30.The Russians serve tea in glasses instead of cups

and sweetening the beverage with a spoonful jam or a lump of sugar.

英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)

LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom.

主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词

6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is 介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是

大学英语语法结构分析

大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.

并列连词与并列结构

并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1)and 与or 判断改错： (错) They sat down and talk about something. (错) They started to dance and sang. (错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (对) They sat down and talked about something. (对) They started to dance and sing. (对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析：第一句：and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk 应改为talked。 第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为sing。 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper 应改为whispering。 注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and you'll succeed.= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2)both …and两者都 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3)not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且） She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4)neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 Neither you nor he is to blame. neither…nor…一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构：Neither you nor he konws it. (连接用作主语的代词) The old man can neither read nor write. (连接动词) I drink neither coffee nor tea. (连接宾语) The story is neither interesting nor instructive. (连接用作表语的形容词) Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. (连接介词宾语) I believe neither what you said before nor what you are saying now. (连接宾语从句) 注意： (1)Neither置于句首时，neither…nor…所连接的分句均须主谓倒装： I don't like that girl. Neither have I dated her for a dance(约她跳舞) nor will I do so. Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother. (2)Neither…nor…连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致： Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting. (动词与靠近，故用am。) Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting. (动词与he靠近，故用is。) (3)neither…nor…作“既不…也不…”解，故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式

Lecture 31 从属结构

Lecture 31 从属结构 Complex Sentence: A main clause + a or more than one subordinate clause Subordinate clause has subject and predicate Subordinator is used to connect main clause and subordinate clause Adaptations of the Japanese manga Itazura na Kiss have kept coming in the past years, but none have really filled the shoes of Takashi Kashiwabara, who played the leading male character Naoki Irie in the 1996 version. That is, until now. Y uki Furukawa, who stars as Irie in the latest version, has won the hearts of viewers. Though the actor may not seem handsome at first sight, many fans are finding that his looks withstand scrutiny. And the fact that he speaks fluent English and excels at b-boying only adds to his charm. Noun Clause: That a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife is a truth universally acknowledged. He is worried that his age is too old for the job. For various reasons, many women are emotionally needy, and they sometimes seek sex outside of marriage to confirm that they are okay, that they are beautiful and desirable, that they are sexy, and that somebody loves them for the real women they are rather than for their cooking, housecleaning and child-rearing ability. That can not be omitted Whether the eyes are the “windows to the soul”is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. The question is not whether you have the strength to finish the task but whether you can devote yourself to it. If they say you are good, ask yourself whether / if it is true. In recent years, the debate over whether fossil-appearing objects from the Mars were, in fact, indicators of past or present life on that planet has promoted many to ask whether/if people are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere. There is no doubt ____ the company has made the right decision on the sales project. B A. why B. that C. whether D. when How the escape team led by Michael broke out of the Fox River is a complete mystery to C.Os. We are concerned about which team can win the eighth-final and attend the quarter-final. Nobody gets to live life backward. Look ahead --- that’s where your future lies. I care not so much what I am in the opinion of others as what I am in my own. Who goes light travel fast. One of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder ___where___ you are when you don’t come home at night. Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they’re lost. That’s ____where__ their unhappiness springs from and that’s _why____ most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.

英语单词,语法more than 结构用法小结

more than 结构用法小结 英语中more than 的用法比较复杂，它除了用于比较结构外，还可以与名词、形容词、动词或从句等连用，表达不同的含义。下面是more than 结构的一些常见用法 1. more than 结构后跟名词表示“不只是”；“不仅仅”等。例如： (1) However, we must consider more than the beginning of the motion. 然而，我们必须考虑的不只是运动的初始阶段。 (2) Peace is more than the absence of war. 和平不只是意味着没有战争。 2．more than 用来修饰形容词、分词和动词，表示所修饰的词份量不重或含义不够，而加以说明，译成汉语可为“非常”，相当于“very”或“much”。例如： (1) He is more than selfish. 他非常自私。 (2) He is more than happy about it. 他对此事极为高兴。 (3) I am sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements. 我相信那边的条件会极大地满足你的要求。 3．more than 后接单数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： (1) More than one person has been concerned in this. 这里涉及的不止是一个人。 (2) More than one member protested against the proposal. 不止一个成员反对这个建议。 4. more A than B 结构。用来比较两种说法的正确程度，即前一种说法（A项）比后一种说法（B项）要正确一些，表示“与其……不如……”。在这个句型里，more 后不能用形容词或副词的比较级形式，而要用原级形式，此外还可用名词、代词、动词、介词短语等。例如：(1) He is more good than bad. 与其说他坏不如说他好。 (2) It is more a poem than a picture. 与其说这是一幅画，不如说这是一首诗。 5. more than 或more... than 后接从句，可表示否定意义。例如： (1) The beauty of Hangzhou is more than words can describe. 杭州景色之美是说言所不能描述的。 (2) That is more than I can tell you,sir. 这一点我是不能告诉你的，先生。 （注意：在这种句型中，more than 后常接含有can 或could 的从句，表示“……不能”。）对于下列表示否定意义的句子，有的语法学家认为在than 后面省略了when，有的认为省掉了it，也有的认为than 用作关系代词，因而并无省略。这类句子在理解上并不困难，结构上变化也不大，从实用出发，可将其视为一种句型来学习。例如： a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花掉的钱比原计划的要多。（原计划要花的钱没有这么多。） b. This is more money than is needed. 这笔钱比需要的多。（需要的钱没有这么多。） c. We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.

从属结构

从属结构 语法结构：一般：从上层到下层结构 从属：1。从下层到上层2。同层结构 从属结构： 含义：从属于其他语法结构的结构 特征：1。和并列句相比：并列：前后同等重要 从属：重要的作为逐主句，不重要的作为从属【从属分句由从属连词引导，可分为简单从属连词（一个单词）、复杂从属连词（两个或两个以 上单词：以that结尾\以as结尾\as if\as through\ in case）、关联从属连词(由两个 关联词构成)和边际从属连词（实际上起从属连词作用的）】 2。分类及重要性比较: 限定从属分句、非限定分句、无动词分句＞词组 书上摘录：although/though:重要句在另一句 But/still:重要句在本句 限定从属分句 总：含义：以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句 分类：名词性分句；形容词性分句；副词性分句（作状语） 分：一。名词性分句 起名词词组的作用，由that\who\whom\whose\what\which\whoever\whatever\ Whichever\where\when\how\why引导，作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分、同位语 二．形容词性分句 作名词修饰语，由who\which\that\when\where\why等引导，又叫关系分居三．副词性分句（状语分句） 作时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步状语 摘要：方式状语分句：1. Mary was behaving as though she hasn’t grown up 2. I shall wear my coat how I like 总结：名词性和形容词性分句在句中位置相对固定，而状语分句位置相对灵活（重要性：句中<句首<句尾）P350 关于状语从句的补充说明： When\while\as\before\after\untill 1.同时性： A.重复性（习惯）：when\whenever(前后都用一般现在时或一般过去时)(可用if代替) B.延续性(持续时间大致相等)：when\while(前后都用一般过去时或过去进行时)（while 更强调事件的持续性）（若持续时间正好相等，用as long as） C.无延续性：when(相当于并列句and at the same time)\as soon as\just as\the instant\the moment\directly\immediately\ Hardly/scarcely…when no sooner…than(可用倒装) d.一有延续性另一个没有或只有短暂的延续：while\when\as 2.先时性与后时性：before\after\till\untill\when\since A.before\after可同时用一般过去时 B.当when=after时，它所引导的时间状语分句有时也可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时Because\for\since\as\now that

(完整word版)几种并列结构间标点的运用

几种并列结构间标点的运用 ·并列词语作主语、宾语时，并列词语结构不很复杂、字数也不多，一般用顿号；反之用逗号。 例1：人的整个躯体、灵魂，也是来自水中。 例2：这翻滚的麦浪，这清清的流水，这大雁的歌唱，使年轻人深深地陶醉了。 ·并列成分作谓语时，如果并列成分是主谓结构，那么并列成分之间用逗号；如果作并列谓语的几个动词共带相同的宾语，那么动词之间的停顿要用顿号。 例1：他头戴凤翅银盔，身穿鱼鳞细甲，手执滚金枪，腰悬竹节锏。 例2：上海丰康科技开发有限公司全体科研人员研制、推出了世界首创的丰康牌“神奇诱鼠剂”和“非粮灭鼠饵料”两项科研成果。 ·并列成分作定语，不论结构简单还是复杂，字数多还是少，一般都要用顿号表示停顿。 ·并列成分作状语，如果并列成分是单词或成语，它们之间用顿号；如果并列成分是介词结构与方位结构，它们之间用逗号。 例：他们在朦胧的夜色中，在大青树下，在纺车旁边，用传统的诗一般的语言倾吐着彼此的爱慕和理想。 ·集合词语间连接得很紧，中间不用顿号。 例：这次“严打”的成功，和广大公安干警的努力是分不开的，和公安干警家属的支持是分不开的。 ·三个以上词语并列，最后两个词语之间用“和”“与”“及”等连词，连词前不再用顿号。如果出现“以及”，“以及”前可用逗号。 例：我国科学、文化、艺术、卫生、教育和新闻出版业有了很大发展。 ·并列事物之后加上语气词“呀”“啊”等，就构成了句子的并列，中间不能用顿号。 例：乌鲁木齐的大街上到处摆着水果摊，甜瓜啊，西瓜啊，伊犁苹果啊，库尔勒香梨啊，走到哪儿都闻得见诱人的香味。 ·内部无停顿的并列成分之间，只有当这些并列成分充当宾语或宾语的同位成分，并且需要强调它们各自的独立性时，才可用分号。 例：本书把汉语规范文件分成以下几部分：汉字；标点符号和数字用法；普通话；汉语拼音；词汇。 ·在两个并列引号或两个并列书名号之间一般不加标点符号；两个并列结构的引号内如有“？”或“！”，中间也不加其他标点。 例：这时课堂里响起了“向孔繁森学习！”“向孔繁森致敬！”的口号。 ·冒号领起的并列成分间一般不用顿号。冒号表示的停顿比较长，有时甚至比句号还长。如果用顿号，则顿号和冒号表示的停顿在长短方面相差太远，显得不协调。特别是冒号领起的并列成分较长时。

英语语法比较结构

知识模块12：比较结构<标准文本> 【考点概述】 比较结构是英语学习的一个难点，也是考研英语的易考点。该模块的学习重点是理清比较对象之间的关系，同时，这也是比较结构学习的一个难点。除此之外，还要把握住特殊形式的比较词，比如not so much…as…和no more…than…。 【考情分析】 在完型填空中，往往会就比较结构中的形容词、副词以及比较结构设置考点，解答此类题的关键是把握清楚比较结构中比较对象的关系并依托上下文语境，填入正确的词汇。 在阅读理解中，比较结构出现的频次很高，解答重点主要在于弄清比较对象，以及比较对象之间的比较关系，也就是分清楚作者对于比较对象之间的肯定和否定意味。要注意细节题及推断题中命题人据此设置的陷阱，如比较对象的张冠李戴。 在翻译中比较结构的考查较常见，而且往往是难点和失分点。考生需要在弄清比较对象及其比较关系的基础上，用通顺的语言将比较关系表达出来。有些固定表达的固定译法要记住，到时直接译出即可。 在写作题目中，利用比较结构可以丰富句式，但是要保证正确，以免出错而失分。比较结构虽然较难，但掌握起来也有规律，要讲究方法。我们可以将比较结构的处理总结为三步：⑴识别比较结构的标志词；⑵找出比较对象；⑶理解比较关系。只要按照这三步走，再结合本章知识点的讲解，学习和掌握比较结构就容易得多。 一、定义 形容词和副词的比较级运用于句子当中便形成了比较结构。 二、结构 比较结构种类较多，最主要的有两种：as...as结构和more...than结构。比较结构一定要分清楚比较对象，以及对于比较对象的肯定、否定关系。 （一）as...as结构 1.as...as结构的基本模式是：as +形容词或副词原级+ as，表达的基本意思为“……和……一样” 例1：He is as energetic as a young man. 他像年轻人一样充满活力。 例2：He considered her opinion as valuable as ours. 他认为她的意见和我们的一样有价值。 2. as...as的否定结构及其变体分别是not so/as...as和not so much/many...as…（该用法在意思上也等同于not so much…but…），表达的意思是“……不如……” 例1：John is not so bright as Bob. 约翰不如鲍勃聪明。 例2：She hasn’t written so many essays as her brother. 她写的文章不如她哥哥多。

并列结构

并列结构 6. The three volumes of memoirs by Wole Soyinka begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate with his years at the University of Ibadan, one of the best universities in West Africa.（OG1） A. begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate B. that begin with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminate C. have begun with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminating D. beginning with his childhood in a Nigerian village and culminating E. are begun as a child in a Nigerian village and culminate 9. A review of the composer’s new symphony called it confusing because of its unusual structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant.（OG1） A. structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant B. structure, although elegant by having its melodious final movement C. structure, and it is elegant with its melodious final movement D. structure while having a melodious final movement that made it elegant E. structure but elegant because of its melodious final movement 14. Acquaintances of Alexei have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability but his imagination is still a delight.（OG1） A. but his imagination is still a delight B. although he is delightfully imaginative C. and he is delightful in his imagination too D. while being imaginative and they are delighted E. and delightful because of his imagination 1. Confident that she was fully prepared, Ellen decided to spend the night before the recital reading and relaxing but not to be practicing. （OG2） (A) but not to be practicing (B) and not for practicing (C) more than to practice (D) rather than practicing (E) rather than having practiced 6. Leslie Marmon Silko has said that her writing, which was powerfully influenced by storytellers in her family but that the landscape of her childhood also shaped her vision and provided stories. （OG2） (A) her writing, which was powerfully influenced by storytellers in her family (B) her writing, powerfully influenced by family storytellers (C) family storytellers powerfully influenced her writing (D) storytellers in the family being powerful influences on her writing (E) powerfully influential in her writing was family storytellers 11. The survival of many species of marine life may depend on both the enforcement of

英语语法-therebe结构用法

学外语的十条经验 1、学习外语一天也不能中断。倘若确实没有时间，哪怕每天挤出10分钟也行；早晨是学习外语的大好时光。 2、要是学厌了，不必过于勉强，但也不要扔下不学。这时可以改变一下学习方式；比如把书放到一边去听听广播，或暂时搁下课本的练习去翻翻词典等。 3、绝不要脱离上下文孤立地去死背硬记。 4、应该随时地记下并背熟那些平日用得最多的“句套子”。 5、尽可能‘心译’你接触到的东西，如一闪而过的广告，偶而听到的话语，这也是一种休息的方式。 6、只有经过教师修改的东西才值得牢记。不要反复去看那些做了而未经别人修改的练习，看多了就会不自觉地连同错误的东西一起记在脑了里。假如你纯属自学而无旁人相助，那你就去记那些肯定是正确无误的东西。 7、抄录和记忆句子和惯用语时要用单数第一人称，如“I am only pulling your leg"(我只是要戏弄你) 8、外语好比碉堡，必须同时从四面八方向它围攻：读报纸，听广播，看原文电影，听外语讲演，攻读课本，和外国朋友通讯，来往，交谈等等。

9、要敢于说话，不要怕出错误，要请别人纠正错误。尤为重要的当别人确实为你纠正错误时，不要难为情，不要泄气。 10、要坚信你一定能达到目的，要坚信自己有坚强不屈的毅力和语言方面的非凡才能…… What is in the classroom How many students are there in the classroom Where are 5 students There are not 5 students in the classroom. Are there 5 students in the classroom Yes, there are. No, there aren’t. Are you from Jinhua or Ningbo There are not 5 students in the classroom, aren’t there He is a teacher, isn’t he There be 结构用法 There be 句型归纳与练习 There be 句型

英语句子结构分析网站

英语句子结构分析 句子的划分 i. 根据结构划分：①简单句:s+v（主+谓） s+link-v+p(主+谓+表) s+v+o（主+谓+宾） s+v+o+o（主+谓+间宾+直宾） s+v+o+c（主+谓+宾+宾补） ②并列句 and, but, or等 ③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同） 副词从句（状语从句） 形容词从句（定语从句） ii. 根据功能划分：陈述句 疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句） 祈使句 感叹句 一．五种句型 1. i am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。 chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。 2. internet dating hurts.网恋有害。 3. i like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。 4. chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。 5. we can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。 ②保持某种状态：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. ③看起来，好像：appear, look, seem. ④感官动词：feel, smell, sound, taste. ii. 跟双宾语的动词 1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:he lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：get,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等 2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。 如:mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。 3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后 如：richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西 give it to me。把它给我 4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay. i asked john. 我问约翰 i asked a question. 我问了一个问题 i asked john a question.我问了约翰一个问题 5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to, 不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。

并列结构

并列结构 1.并列结构的含义 两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”。 2.并列结构的类别

3.语意（逻辑）上的并列结构 4并列结构的特点和功能

5.并列结构的基本用法 一.结构的平行：句子的各部分如主语、谓语、定语、状语、补语等必须是对等的。

二．词性的平行 平行结构中，平行成分的词性如名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词等必须对等 三时态的并列 并列结构中，并列成分的时态如现在时、过去时、将来时等通常是对等的

四．名词单复数的并列 并列结构中，并列的名词单复数通常是对等的 五．语态的并列：并列结构的语态必须对等 6.并列句 两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起，称为并列句。各简单句之间是平行并列的关系，没有从属关系。并列句的各个分句间可用逗号、分号，起连接作用的副词或并列连接词来连接。

7.并列句的分类 （1）表示顺承、并列关系的并列句。 例题: He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. He helps me and I help him. 要点：表示顺承、并列关系的并列连词有：A and B Both A .and B not only A but also B A as well as B neither A.nor B either A .or B Eg; 1. 沿着这条街走你就会找到图书馆。Go along the street and you’ll find the library. 2.我的爸爸和妈妈都是工人。Both my father and my mother are workers. 3.不仅你，而且他也想去徒步旅行。Not only you but also he wants to go hiking. 4.我和他以前都没有去过北京。Neither I nor he has been to Beijing before. 5.不但是我，他对此事也有责任。He as well as I is responsible for it. （2）表示转折、对比关系的并列句 表示转折、对比关系的并列连词有：but, yet, while, however. not A but B

专四语法专项训练形容词比较级和比较结构

考点1：原级比较一般结构as … as ; not as … as ; the same … as ; 1. There are as good fish in the sea __as___ ever came out of A. than B. like C. as D. so 考点2：A is to B what / as X is Y ; 1. Nine is to three _what____ three is to A. when B. that C. which D. what 2. Intellect is to the mind _what___ sight is to the body. (2001) A. what B. as C. that D. Like 3. Twelve is to three what four is to A. what B. As C. That D. like 考点3：倍数或几分之几 “A + be + X times + as + 计量形容词原级+ as + B”。 “A + be + X times + 计量形容词比较级+ than + B ” “A + be + X times + the + 计量名词 + of + B “The + 计量名词+ of + A + be + X times + that + of + B ” 1. A new laptop costs about _there times the price____ of a second-hand one. 2009 A. the price of three times B. three times the price C. as much as the three times price D. three times more than the price 2. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times _/___ the size of St. Peter's in A. / B. that of C. which is D. of 3. Some dieters find that after their dieting is over, they eat twice __as much as_____ they did before their diet. 1993 than many as than much as 4. A person's blood flows through a pipeline of vessels that, end to end, would stretch more than__two and a____ half times around the Earth at the A. twice B. two and a C. two and D. twice and 考点4： (1) more than “不仅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意义较多。 1. It was _a success than___ we had A. more a success than B. a success more than C. as much of a success as D. a success as much as (2) more …than “与其说……不如说，不是……而是” 1. Do you know Tim’s brother He is _more of a sportsman___than Tim2005. A. much more sportsman B. more of a sportsman C. more of sportsman D. more a sportsman