unit 1参考笔记

Unit 1 Ways of Learning

Ⅱ. Words and Expressions

1.(L. 7) attach: vt. fasten or join (one thing to another)

* She attached an antenna to the radio.

(=A tag was attached to each article.)

Pattern: attach sth. to sth.

be attached to sth.

2. (L. 21) initial: adj. of or at the beginning; first

最初的会谈是后来达成协议的基础。

(=The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.)

*the initial letter of a word 一个词的首字母

3. (L. 25) await: vt. wait for

* He was anxiously awaiting her reply.

他早就期待着这个时刻了。

(=He has long awaited this moment.)

4. (L. 25) on occasion: now and then

* It has, on occasion, created trouble for the bank.

你有时使人们感到诧异。

(=You have on occasion surprised people.)

CF: on occasion & on the occasion of

这两个词组非常相似，但意思不同。

on occasion有时，间或。

on the occasion of在… 之际。

* on the occasion of sb.'s wedding

5. (L. 26) neglect: vt. give too little attention or care to

* neglect one's meals and sleep

离开时别忘了锁门。

(=Don't neglect to lock the door when you leave.)

CF: neglect, ignore & omit

这几个词都有忽略、遗漏之意。

neglect 指对职责、义务或应做的事没有给予足够的注意。这种忘记可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。例如：

*Those who neglect their duties should be punished. 玩忽职守者应受惩罚。

*Why do they always neglect the traffic regulation. 他们为什么老是不注意遵守交通规则呢？

ignore 指疏忽、不顾，强调对某人或某物故意不理会，有时还带有固执地拒绝的意味。

例如：

*When I saw Tom, I stopped to greet him, but he ignored me and walked on.

当我看到汤姆时，我停下来和他打招呼，但他没有理我继续往前走。

*The teacher ignored my difficult questions. 老师对我的难题置之不理。

omit 指因专注或疏忽而忘记某事，这种失误可能是有意或无意的。该词还可指删除不利或不必要的东西。例如：

*She should not omit to visit the museum. 她不应忘了去参观博物馆。

*The third part of the book may be omitted. 该书的第三部分可以删掉。

6. (L. 28) relevant: adj. directly connected with the subject

(=His color is not relevant to whether he's a good lawyer.)

该证据与此案有关。

(=The evidence is relevant to the case.)

Pattern: be relevant to

7.(L. 29 ) investigate:

1. vt. try to find out information about

* Scientists are investigating how the plane crash occurred.

* If you hear such a rumor, investigate it thoroughly.

2. vi. make a detailed inquiry

*investigate into an affair

*investigate into a rumor

CF: investigate, examine & inspect

这几个词都有调查、检查之意。

investigate 较正式，指有条不紊地进行调查研究以发现事实真相，更常用以说明调查案件、情况、背景来历等。例如：

*They investigated the cause of the accident. 他们调查了事故的原因。

*The police are investigating the murder. 警方正在调查这件谋杀案。

examine 是普通用语，指仔细地检查某人或物。该词还指官方主持的检查或医生进行的诊察，也表示对某种观点的讨论研究，更指考试。例如：

*They examined our passports very carefully. 他们仔细检查了我们的护照。

*An optician is qualified to examine your eyes and prescribe glasses. 眼科医生有

资格来检查你的眼睛并给你配眼镜。

inspect 较正式，用得不如examine广泛，指对某人或某物进行检查、查问，带有揭示其差异或缺陷的意思。更常指官员们的视察以发现下属单位的缺点等，还指检阅军队。

例如：

*The firemen were inspecting the warehouse for potential fire hazards. 消防人员正

在检查仓库以防火灾。

*Every length of cloth is inspected before it leaves the factory. 出厂之前每寸布匹都

检查过。

8. (L. 30) throw light on: help understanding

* These facts throw new light on the matter.

这些事实使人进一步了解此事。

9. (L. 34) exception: n. sb./sth. that a comment or statement does not apply to

(=There is an exception to this grammatical rule.)

这是那项规定的一个明显的例外。

(= This is an apparent exception to the rule.)

Pattern: an exception to

Collocation:

with many/few exceptions 有很多/很少例外

without exception 毫无例外，一律

with the exception of 除…之外

make an exception of 把...作为例外

make no exceptions 不容许有例外；一视同仁

10. (L. 39) desirable: adj. worth having as by being useful, advantageous, or pleasing; worth

achieving

* Main Street is a very desirable location for a large department store.

* It is most desirable that he should attend the conference.

NB: antonym: undesirable

11. (L. 41) accomplish: vt. manage to do (sth.)

* She's accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks.

这项任务不是在一代人的时间里所能完成的。

(= The task will not be accomplished in one generation.)

Collocation:

accomplish one's object/goal 达到目的

accomplish one's mission 完成使命

CF: accomplish, complete & finish

这三个词都含“完成”的意思。

accomplish 通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词，有时兼有取得效果之意。例如：*I don't feel our visit really accomplished anything. 我不认为我们的访问真正

取了什么结果。

complete 比accomplish 具体，可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词，指按预期目的把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成，主要涵义是补足缺少的部分。例如：

*The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼于本月底建成。

finish 在许多情况下可与complete换用, 但不及complete正式，常含有认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰，使之完美的意思。例如：

*Finish the work off before you leave for your holiday. 你去度假前应先把工作做完。

12. (L. 43) in due course: at the proper time; eventually

* Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course.

(声音文件in due course)

(=Your book will be published in due course.)

13. (L. 48) critical: adj.

1) very important

* A second income is critical to the family's well-being.

接下来的两个礼拜对于公司来说是至关重要的。

(=The next two weeks will be critical for the company.)

Collocation :

a critical decision 重大的决定

critical moment 紧要关头，关键时刻

2) very serious or dangerous

严重短缺食物

(=a critical shortage of food)

Collocation:

critical condition 危险状态

a critical illness 重病

14. (L. 50) principal adj. main; chief

* the principal food of the people of India

* the principal rivers of Europe

CF: principal & principle

principal和principle的意思完全不同，但常常被混淆。

principle 仅作名词用，其主要意义指基本的东西或规则和标准。

principal 既是名词又是形容词。作为名词，它一般指居于高位或担任重要角色的人。例如：

a meeting among all the principals in the transaction。作为形容词，它有主要的或

首要的的意思。

15. (L. 50) rear: 1. vt. Bring up and educate; look after (animals)

*rear children

饲养家禽

(=rear poultry)

2. n. back part 后部；背面

* The kitchen is in the rear of the house.

停车场在这建筑物的后边。

(= The parking lot is at the rear of the building.)

16. (L. 52) make up for: repay with sth. good; compensate for

* I didn't travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now.

他们加速进行以补回失去的时间。

(=They hurried on to make up for lost time.)

17. (L.59) in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection

* There are some things that you only become totally conscious of in retrospect.

(=In retrospect, what I have done is clearly absurd.)

18. (L.64) facility: n.

1) ability to do sth. easily and well

* play the piano with facility

有学习语言的天才

(= have great facility in learning languages)

2) (pl.) equipment, aids, etc. which make it easy to do things

*sports facilities

*There are facilities for cooking in the kitchen.

娱乐设施

(= entertainment facilities)

19. (L. 71) apply: vi.

1) be relevant; have an effect

Pattern: apply to sb./sth.

*What I have said does not apply to you.

教授的这条建议只适用于一些大学生。

(=The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students.)

2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth.

Pattern: apply (to sb.) for sth.

apply to do sth.

*We applied to the authorities for assistance.

他决定申请参加学生会。

(=He decided to apply to join the Student Union.)

20. (L. 79) priority: n. sth. that one must do before anything else

* Study is not on his list of priorities.

道路建设应是予以优先考虑的事。

(=Road building is a first priority.)

21. (L. 82) evolve: vi. develop gradually

Pattern: evolve into 进化成，发展成，逐步形成

evolve from/out of 由…演化而成；从…发展而来

*The early fish have evolved into some 30,000 different species.

这一简单的计划逐步形成为一项复杂的规划。

(= The simple plan evolved into a complicated scheme.)

*Some people believe that we evolved from the apes.

这整个想法是从信口说出的一句话发展而来的。

(= The whole idea evolved from a casual remark.)

22. (L. 85) contrast:

1. v. compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear

Pattern: contrast A with/and B

* In her speech she contrasted the government’s optimistic promises with its

dismal achievements.

我忍不住把她的态度和她朋友的态度作了对比。

(= I cannot help contrasting her attitude with that of her friends.)

Collocation:

contrast sharply/strikingly 形成鲜明的对比

contrast startlingly/strongly 形成惊人的/强烈的对比

2. n. difference between things compared

*The atmosphere of the Second World War in London was a complete contrast to that

of the First.

*There is a marked contrast between the group’s actions and its principles.

Collocation: constitute/form a sharp contrast to 与…形成鲜明的对照

intensify/sharpen the contrast 加强对比

reveal/show a contrast 显示出差别

23(L. 87) harbor:

1. vt. keep (sth.) secretly in one’s mind

* He might be harboring a death wish.

* harbor thoughts of revenge

2. n. place of shelter for ships

*The navy has constructed an artificial harbor.

*All the ships stayed in the harbor during the storm.

24. (L. 89) promote:vt. help to grow or develop

* new efforts to promote the world peace

促进经济发展

(= promote economic growth)

牛奶增进健康。

(= Milk promotes health.)

CF: promote & further

这两个词都可指促使某事物朝着预期的目标发展。

promote 用于事物发展的各个阶段，包括起始阶段。例如：

*promote the understanding between the two countries 促进两国之间的相互了

解

*The audiolingual method should be promoted. 应当推广听说法。

further 则用于除了起始阶段以外的各个发展阶段。例如：

*Getting a scholarship will further her education. 获得奖学金可以使她继续深造。

25. (L. 90) emerge: vi. come out

(声音文件emerge)

(=Eventually the truth of the matter emerged.)

* Large scale industry emerged gradually as technology evolved.

Pattern: emerge from/out of

太阳从云层背后出现。

(=The sun emerges from behind the clouds.)

*New evidence emerged from the investigation.

I t emerges that…

*It later emerged that the driver of the car had been drunk.

26. (L. 98) valid: adj. based on truth or sound reasoning

*This is a valid argument against economic growth.

(=They have valid reasons for refusing to do it.)

27. (L. 99) worthwhile: adj. worth doing; worth the trouble taken

* Here is some worthwhile advice to any young businessman.

这本书值得一读。

(= It’s a worthwhile book.)

28. (L. 101) superior: better than average or than others of the same type

Pattern: be superior to

be superior in

敌军在数量上占优势。

(= The enemies were superior in numbers.)

这条地毯在质量上远远比那条好。

(= This carpet is far superior to that one in quality.)

Ⅰ. Useful Expressions

1. 被系在…上be attached to…

2. 探索行为exploratory behavior

3. 偶尔on occasion

4. 父母的责任parental duties

5. 揭示，阐明throw light on

6. 最终目的an ultimate purpose

7. 要做的动作desired action

8. 所希望的结果desirable outcome

9. 关键critical point

10. 育儿观value of child rearing

11. 弥补某种错误行为making up for a misdeed

12. 回想起来in retrospect

13. 善意的well-intentioned

14. 前来帮助某人come to sb.’s rescue

15. 极其熟练、温和地with extreme facility and gentleness

16. 适用于apply to

17. 发展到evolve to

18. 发展创造力promote creativity

19. 值得追求的目标worthwhile goals

Ⅵ. Sentence Translation

1. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing.

(=然而，我和艾伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。)

2. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot.

(=他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。)

3. I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood education (especially in the arts), and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity.

(=我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示了中国人对创造性活动的态度。)

4. 我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。

(= With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.)

5. 但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。

(= But the critical point was that, in the process, we were trying to teach Benjamin that one can solve a problem effectively by oneself.)

6. 回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。

(= In retrospect, it became clear to me that this incident was indeed key — and key in more than one sense.)

7. 我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所怀的忧虑中显示出来。

(= The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor.)

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