Revision

Chapter 1 : The market system

Key Terms:

Market – A set of arrangements allowing buyers and sellers to communicate and exchange goods and services.

Demand – The amount of a good that will be bought at given prices over a period of time

Supply – The amount of a good that sellers are prepared to sell at given prices over a period of time.

Market system or price mechanism– The automatic determination of prices and the allocation of resources by the operation of markets in the economy.

Important Content:

In any country there many different markets, which together operate like a system. This market system, sometimes called the price mechanism, performs two important functions:

Price determination: The market system determines the prices paid for goods. (See explanation on P2 by yourself)

Resource allocation:

●In thriving markets prices rise. This means sellers probably make healthy profits. These profits will attract more sellers, so more resources are needed to make these ’popular’ goods.

●In declining markets price fall. This results in sellers leaving the market and the release of the resources that they would have used

Chapter 2 The demand curve

Key Terms:

Effective Demand is the amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price.

Important content:

The demand curve slopes down from left to right. For most goods this is always true. This is important because it shows that price and the quantity demanded are inversely related. This means:

● When prices go up demand will fall

● When prices go down demand will rise

Movement along the demand curve:

When there is a price change there is a movement along the demand curve.

Price

D

P2 -------------

P1 --------------------

Quantity

Q2 Q1

This is important because other factors that influence demand, such as income, have a different effect on the demand curve.

Chapter3 Factors that affect demand

Key Terms:

Complementary goods –goods purchased together because they are consumed together. Inferior good –a good for which demand will fall if income rises or rise if income falls

Normal good –a good for which demand will rise if income rises or fall if income falls Substitute goods – goods bought as an alternative to another but perform the same function. Important Content:

Factors affecting demand:(PASIFIC)

● Income: Generally, when income rises, demand for goods will also rise.

When it comes to income, we should distinguish between normal goods and inferior goods.

● Advertising: Business try to influence demand for their products through advertising and other forms of promotion.

●Population: As the world’s population grows there will be an increase in demand for goods and services. However, demand will also be affected by the structure of the population as well as its size.

1. The age distribution of a population is the number of people that fall into different age groups

2. In some countries, in the population overall there are a few more women than men.

3. The geographical distribution may affect demand.

4. Many countries have ethnic groups in the population structure.

● Taste and fashion: Over a period of time demand patterns change because there are changes in consumer taste and fashion.

● Price of substitutes: If the price of a substitute is lowered, demand for a product would fall.

● Prices of complements: Demand for a product is likely to be affected by the price of a complementary good.

● Interest rates: The demand for some goods is influenced by interest rates(the price of borrowed money). This is because some goods are purchased with borrowed money.

A shift in the demand curve

A change in any other factors apart from price, such as those mentioned Price

D2

D1

0 Quantity

Chapter 4—The supply curve

Key Terms:

Supply –How much amounts of goods that seller wants to supply at any given prices. Important Content

The supply curve slopes up from left to right. The price and quantity supplied are proportionately related. This shows that:

● When prices go up supply will also go up

● When prices go down supply will also go down

Price

Supply

P2 -------------------------------------

P1 ----------------

0 Q1 Q2 Quantity

The reason for this relationship is mainly because businesses are motivated by profit. If prices are rising, existing business will be willing to supply increasing amount of a good because they may make more profit. Or, more businesses will join the market in the belief that they can also make a profit.

Movement along the supply curve

As with demand, when there is a price change there is a movement along the supply curve (as shown in the above diagram)

Chapter5 Factors that affect supply

Key Terms:

Indirect taxes –taxes imposed by the government on spending

Subsidy –a grant given to producers, usually to encourage production of a certain good

Important content

Factors affecting supply

●Costs of production: The supply of any product is influenced by the costs of production such as wages, raw materials, energy, rent and machinery.

● Indirect taxes: Indirect taxes are taxes imposed by the government on spending. When they are imposed or increased, the supply curve will shift to the left. This is because indirect taxes represent a cost to firms.

● Subsidies: Sometimes the government may give money to businesses in the form of a grant. This is called subsidy. Subsidies may be given to firms to try to encourage them to produce a particular product.

● Changes in the technology: Over a period of time new technology becomes available which many businesses use in their production processes.

● Natural factors: The production of some goods is influenced by natural factors such as the weather, natural disasters or infestation.

● The prices of other goods: It is possible for some producers to switch production from one good to another.

Chapter 6 Market equilibrium

Key Terms

Equilibrium price – price where supply and demand are equal

Excess demand – where demand is greater than supply and there are shortages in the market Excess supply – where supply is greater than demand and there are unsold goods in the market

Market equilibrium price – price where the amount supplied in a market matches exactly the amount demanded.

Total revenue– the amount of money generated from the sale of goods calculated by multiplying price by quantity.

Important Content:

Equilibrium price

Chapter 12 The mixed economy

Key Terms

Economy -- system that attempts to solve the basic economic problem

Efficiency -- minimizing costs and the use of resources

Market failure -- where markets lead to inefficiency

Mixed econom y -- an economy where goods and services are provided by both the private and the public sectors

Private sector -- the provision of goods and services by businesses that are owned by the private sector

Public sector -- government organizations that provide goods and services in the economy

Important Content

Types of economy

● A market/free economy

● A command/planned economy

● A mixed economy

Efficiency

● Producing goods at the lowest cost possible

● Minimizing the quantity of resources that are needed to produce goods ● Only producing those goods that are needed by people

Market failure

● Externalities

● Lack of market

● Missing market

● Factor immobility

Chapter 12 The mixed economy

Key Terms

Economy -- system that attempts to solve the basic economic problem

Efficiency -- minimizing costs and the use of resources

Market failure -- where markets lead to inefficiency

Mixed econom y -- an economy where goods and services are provided by both the private and the public sectors

Private sector -- the provision of goods and services by businesses that are owned by the private sector

Public sector -- government organizations that provide goods and services in the economy

Important Content

Types of economy

● A market/free economy

● A command/planned economy

● A mixed economy

Efficiency

● Producing goods at the lowest cost possible

● minimizing the quantity of resources that are needed to produce goods

● only producing those goods that are needed by people

Market failure

● Externalities

● Lack of market

● Missing market

● Factor immobility

Chapter 13: The division of labour

Key Terms:

Labour – The people that work in a country.

Division of labour– Breaking the production process down into many small parts with each worker doing one specific small job.

Specialization– The production of a limited range of goods by individuals, firms, regions or countries.

Working population– those people who are in work or seeking work.

Important content:

Companies want to produce goods in the most efficient way possible – don’t waste money and resources and produce only what is needed. The most efficient way of using labour in production is to divide the job of producing something into small parts and let someone who is good at it to do each small part. This is division of labour.

Division of labour and the worker

Advantages:

?If a worker does the same job for a long time they can become very good at it –“expert”.

?Workers that are good at their job will find it easier to find better jobs and will get paid more.

Disadvantages:

?If a worker does the same job all the time it might become very boring.

?If a worker only has one skill might have a hard time finding a different job.

Division of labour and the firm

Advantages:

?Efficiency is improved because workers that do only one job can do it faster and better.

?The company is easier to manage and organize – for example assembly line.

?Production time is reduced because workers don’t waste time moving around.

Disadvantages:

?If workers become bored with their job they will do it poorly.

?Problems can happen if one part of the production process stops working.

Chapter 14: The labour market

Key terms:

Derived demand - Demand for labour that comes from demand for another good.

Wage rate - The amount of money paid to workers for their services over a period of time. The price of labour.

Important conent:

Labour can be looked at like a market. Supply

of labour is how many workers want to work.

Demand of labour is how many workers are

needed by companies.

Factors affecting the demand for labour:

?Derived demand. For example: if demand for hospitals increases then the demand for doctors and nurses will also increase.

?Substitutes. New technology and machines can be used instead of workers.

?Productivity. If workers are able to produce more goods then the demand will increase.

?Other costs. More other costs will decrease the demand for labour.

Factors affecting the supply of labour:

?School leaving age or retirement age. If students finish school earlier or old people retire later it will increase the supply of labour.

?Change in the role of women. As more women start working, the supply of labour increases.

?Age distribution. If there are more older people, supply will be lower.

?Immigration. If more people come to live in a country, the supply of labour will increase.

Why do some jobs pay more than others? This all depends on supply and demand. If there is a lot of demand for a job and few people that can do it then the salary will be high.

Chapter 15: Interference in the labour market

Key terms:

Minimum wage: The minimum salary that workers are to be paid. A law made by the government.

Trade union: A group of people that tries to protect the rights of workers.

Poverty: Being very poor and not able to afford basic needs.

Important content:

Why do we need minimum wage?

Revision Module B

Revision Module B 主讲：席文冬 一周强化 一、一周课程概述 本模块为复习模块，目的是对前六个模块（Modules7—12）中的语言知识、语法知识等进行归纳总结，对所学听说读写技能做进一步的综合训练，以达到监测评估的目的。 二、重难点知识归纳及讲解 1．The same journey takes about 30 minutes by car. 相同的路程乘轿车约需30分钟。 本句中的take指“花费（时间、金钱）”等，例如： The trip takes two weeks.旅程需要两个星期。 这种用法中take常常和it连用，it在句子中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。例如： How long will it take you to do your homework every day? 每天做作业要花费你多长时间？ It usually takes her 20 yuan to buy books every week. 每周买书通常要花费她20元钱。 2．The train fare is 50 yuan. 火车票价是50元。 fare 是“（公共汽车、火车、计程车等的）车费，（飞机等的）票价”之意。如： Train fares are going up again. 火车票价又要涨了。 —How much is the bus fare? 公汽的票价是多少？—One yuan.一元。 I can pay his plane fare. 我可以为他付飞机票钱。 3．Becky was well-behaved at school but Adam was naughty. 贝基在学校表现很好，而亚当却很淘气。 behave是动词，意思是“行为；举止；守规矩”。例如：

商务英语写作(revision)

A.建立贸易关系 1.我们愿与贵公司建立商务关系。 1.We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. 2.我们希望与您建立业务往来。 2.Please allow us to express our hope of opening an account with you. 3.我们很高兴地附上询价单第××号，请贵方报离岸价格。 3.We have pleasure in enclosing our file. 4.我们确认向贵方购买……，随函附上订单确认书供参照。 4.We confirm having purchased from you …。A confirmation order is enclosed for your reference. G.请求做代理商 1.我们深盼与英国公司接洽，希望成为其销售代理商之一。 1.We are anxious to contact some British firms with a view to acting as their selling angents. 2.如蒙考虑担任销售你们……代理商，我们将十分高兴。 2.We should be glad if you would consider our application to act as agents for the sale of your…。 H.请求报价 1.兹函请提供……的报价。 1.We are writing to invite quotations for the supply of… 2.请将定期供应……之报价赐知。 2.Please let us have a quotation for the regular supply for… 3.请将下列货品的最低价格赐知。 3.Kindly quote us your lowest prices for the goods listed below.

Revision note

Dear Jesse Zhu, Ph.D., We are so appreciated for your letter on our manuscript (Manuscript ID PARTIC-D-11-00021), entitled Destruction characteristics and movement forms of aggregates in Ultisols by overland flow by Junguang Wang, Zhaoxia Li, Chongfa Cai, Wei Y ang. We are truly grateful to the reviewers’ comments and suggestions on improving the manuscript, which indeed help us greatly to improve the quality of our paper. Based on their suggestions, we have made careful modifications on the original manuscript both in the content of the paper and the language as well. To bring to the reviewers a more readable manuscript, we also invited a translation company to revise the English of the paper. Here submitted is a revised manuscript with a new title Effects of transporting distances and flow discharges of overland flow on aggregates destruction of Ultisols as suggested by the reviewer 2. Efforts were also made to revise as many improper expressions as we could, and we wish that the revised manuscript will meet the standard for publication. It would be greatly appreciated if Particuology could accept our paper for publication. We are looking forward to hearing from you. Sincerely yours, XXX

人教版英语八年级上册Revision

初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji Revision Unit 1 How often do you exercise? 重要词汇 1.曾经________ 2.一次_______ 3.两次______ 4. 不健康的________ 5. 节目________ 6. 结果_______ 7.垃圾______ 8. 采访者_________ 9. 习惯_________ 10. 不同(n.)________ 11. 分数_______ 12. 虽然_________ 重要词组 1.在周末_____________ 2.去踩滑板_____________ 3.去看电影_____________ 4. 网上冲浪_____________ 5.至于_____________ 6.做作业_____________ 7.帮某人做某事_____________ 8.对---有好处____________ 9.饮食习惯_______ 10.相当好_____________11.努力做某事____________12.注意我的健康_______ 13.取得好成绩_____________ 14.有点___________ 15. 保持身体健康_______ 16.去购物____________ 17. 和……相同____________18当然. __________ 翻译句子 1. 周末你/他们经常作什么？____________________________________ 2.你最喜爱的节目是什么？____________________________________ 3.你多久做一次运动? ____________________________________ 4.我几乎没有踢过足球. ____________________________________ 5.大多数学生每星期看电视两次. ____________________________________ 6.你每晚睡几小时? ____________________________________ 7.她从不喝咖啡. ____________________________________ 8.我认为他有点不健康. ____________________________________ 9.每个人都应该每天尽量吃多点蔬菜. ____________________________________ 10.健康的生活方式有助我取得好成绩. ________________________________ 写作根据表格内容写一篇50字的短文。 Name exercise vegetables fruit milk junk food sleep Peter every day 7 times a week every day every day once a week nine hours John hardly sometimes never never 3 and 4 times a week nine hours

Revision Note

Dear Editor, We thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. According to their comments, a revised version has been presented. Some main revisions are summarized as following. 1.Editor in Chief The linguistic quality needs improvement. It is essential to make sure that the manuscript reads smoothly- this definitely helps the reader fully appreciate your research findings. Consult a professional. Show all changes made to the revised manuscript. It is important that your study carefully refers to the most recent and highly relevant research results reported in the literature. Consider expanding the list of references by adding more recent journal papers (published after 2011) including those published in INFORMATION SCIENCES. Provide full names of conferences, not only abbreviations. We added more recent journal papers (published after 2011) including those published in INFORMATION SCIENCES. We provided the full names of conferences. 2.Reviewer #1: In this paper, the authors proposed a generic computation outsourcing scheme for inverting homomorphic functions with computation disequilibrium. They used the intrinsic property of such functions to construct a concise and secure generic computation outsourcing scheme. There are no public key operations in the proposed scheme. This is an interesting work. If the authors can gave more concrete examples, it would be better. We added new concrete example for our scheme: decoding computations for error-correct coding . 3.Reviewer #2: This paper formally covers certain sort of outsourced computations, namely those which concern the calculation of an unbalanced homomorphism (meaning that this homomorphic map is much less efficiently computable in one direction than in the other). If a client wants to delegate such a computation to an untrusted server, it requires security guarantees, namely verifiability (the client has to know whether the server did the correct computation) and privacy (the server does not learn any information on the input of the computation, nor on the result). To solve this specific problem, the authors use the homomorphic property to randomly mask the input of the function to be computed, and to finally remove the additional part which hides the result.In the technical aspect, the paper is sound and the contribution is quite interesting. Reviewer #3: Computation Outsourcing is a hot topic in cloud computing. In this paper, the authors give a generic construction of outsourcing computation scheme for inverting a class of homomorphic functions with computation disequilibrium, and present formal security proofs to show that the scheme satisfies verifiability, input and output privacy in