何凯文老师真题阅读(推荐背诵的十篇)

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That‘s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation‘s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country‘s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.

More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar institution,‖including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

And the statesmen‘s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

Still, Jefferson freed Hemings‘s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.（2008 text4）

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006‘s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;

d) none of the above.

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in ―none of the above.‖E ricsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. ―With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,‖ Ericsson recalls. ―He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.‖

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person ―encodes‖ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made, not born.（2007 text1）

It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them –especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss‘s agenda in businesses of every variety.

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley –have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

―Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,‖ says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University‘s business school. ―The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.‖I ndeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York‘s Columbia Business School. ―Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,‖ he says.

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore –and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America‘s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.（2007 text4）

In spite of ―endless talk of difference,‖ American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is ―the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference‖characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into ―a culture of consumption‖launched by the 19th-century departmen t stores that offered ―vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.‖ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today‘s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900,13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990,3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890,9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.

The 1990 Census revealed that ―a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ?well‘ or ?very well‘ after ten years of residence.‖ The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. ―By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.‖ Hence the description of America as a ―graveyard‖ for language s. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics ―have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.‖ By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet ―some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation‘s assimilative powe r.‖

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America‘s turbulent past, today‘s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.（2006 text1）

Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists‘ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn‘t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordswo rth‘s daffodils to Baudelaire‘s flowers of evil.

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it‘s not as if earlier times didn‘t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliabl e. ―Celebrate!‖ commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It‘s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.（2006 text4）

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn‘t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth‘s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National A cademy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel‘s report: ―Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.‖

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it‘s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it‘s obvious that a majority of the president‘s advisers still don‘t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of ―paralysis by analysis.‖

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won‘t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.（2005 text2）

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter‘s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of ―whom,‖ for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, ―doing our own thing,‖ has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most wellregarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English ―on paper plates instead of china.‖ A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.（2005 text4）

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn‘t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn‘t cutting, fi l ling or polishing as many nails as she‘d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. ―I‘m a good economic indicator,‖ she says. ―I provide a service that people can do without when they‘re concerned about saving some dollars.‖ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard‘s department store near her suburban Cleveland h ome, instead of Neiman Marcus. ―I don‘t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.‖ she says.

Even before Alan Greenspan‘s admission that America‘s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial t ime. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year‘s pace. But don‘t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy‘s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

Consumers say they‘re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, ―there‘s a new gold rush happening i n the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,‖ says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. ―Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,‖ says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.

Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employer s wouldn‘t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhat tan‘s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.（2004 text3）

Americans today don‘t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren‘t difficult to find.

―Schools hav e always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,‖ says education writer Diane Ravitch. ―Schools could be a counterbalance.‖ Ra v itch‘s latest bo ok, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, ―We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.‖―Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,‖ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: ―We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.‖ Mark Twain‘s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.

Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country‘s educational system is in the grips of people who ―joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.‖（2004 text4）

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, ―all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.‖ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, ―Then I would have to say yes.‖ Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, ―Don‘t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.‖ Such well-meaning people just don‘t understand.

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother‘s hip replacement, a f ather‘s bypass operation, a baby‘s vaccinations, and even a pet‘s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

Much can be done. Scientists could ―adopt‖ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.（2003 text2）

1784 年，五年后他成为了美国总统乔治·华盛顿，52，是几乎没有牙齿。所以他雇了一个牙医九颗牙齿移植到他的下巴——有提取他们从嘴里，他的奴隶。

这是截然不同的形象，从砍樱桃树的乔治，大多数人还记得从他们的历史书。但最近，许多历史学家已经开始把重点放在创始一代的生活中扮演的角色奴隶制。它们的DNA 证据可用在1998 年，几乎可以肯定证明托马斯·杰斐逊和他的奴隶莎莉海明斯生下过至少一个孩子，部分刺激。并仅在过去的30 年学者研究历史从底部向上。历史学家的工作揭示了早期国家领导人和国家初期的脆弱性质做出的道德妥协。更重要的是，他们认为许多开国元勋知道奴隶制是错误的——的但是绝大多数却很少与它战斗。

更重要的是，历史学家说，创始人受到其时代的文化。虽然华盛顿和杰弗逊在私底下表达对奴隶制的不满，他们也明白，这是他们创建的这个国家的政治经济基础的一部分。

一方面，南方不能跟它的奴隶。拥有奴隶，就"像一个大型的银行帐户，"是说威斯克，不完美的神作者︰乔治·华盛顿、他的奴隶和美国建立。南方各州就不会签署宪法》没有对特殊制度，包括一项条款，算作五分之三为目的的国会代表一个人的奴隶的保护。

政治家的政治生命取决于奴隶制。五分之三公式将使杰弗逊在1800 年的总统大选中险胜通过膨胀的南方各州选举人团票。一次在办公室，杰斐逊扩展奴隶制与路易斯安那购买在1803 年;新的土地被分成13 个州，包括三个蓄奴州。

然而，杰斐逊释放海明斯的孩子——虽然不是海明斯自己或他大约150 其他奴隶。华盛顿，已经开始相信，所有的男人生来平等观察革命战争时期的黑人士兵勇敢后，克服了他的亲戚们赋予他的奴隶，他们在他的自由会的强烈反对。仅在十年前，这种行为就必须在弗吉尼亚州的立法机构批准。(2008年文本4)

如果你是来检查的在2006 年的世界杯赛每个足球运动员的出生证，你会很容易找到一个引人注意的怪事︰优秀的足球运动员都更有可能在以后几个月比去年的前几个月出生。如果您然后研究了饲料的世界杯和专业队伍的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一奇怪现象更加明显。

这一奇怪现象的可能原因是什么？

这里是一些猜测︰) 某些星座赋予更高的足球技能;b）冬季出生的婴儿往往有较高的供氧能力，增加了踢足球的耐力;c）足球疯狂的父母都更有可能在春天，足球狂热; 年度高峰怀孕d）以上都不是。

安德斯·爱立信、美国佛罗里达州立大学的58 岁心理学教授说，他坚信"以上都不是"。爱立信在瑞典，长大和核工程学的研究，直到他意识到他会有更多机会从事自己的研究，如果他改学心理学。他第一次实验中，近30 年前，涉及内存︰训练一个人听，然后重复一系列随机的数字。"第一主题，与后约20 个小时的训练，他的数字跨度至已增至7 20，"爱立信回忆说。"他不断提高，和大约200 个小时的训练后，他已经上升到了80 号"。这一成功，加上后来的研究显示记忆力本身不遗传决定，引导爱立信得出结论，记忆行为是更多比一个直观的认知活动。换句话说，不管先天差异两人可能会出现在他们的记忆能力，这些差异如何淹没以及每个人"编码"的信息。最佳的方式学会如何对信息进行编码意味深长地，爱立信的确定，是众所周知的刻意练习过程。刻意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。相反，它涉及到确定明确的目标，获得即时反馈以及注重在技术上的结果。

爱立信和他的同事有因此开始研究专家表演者，在种类繁多的追求，包括足球。他们收集了所有数据，他们可以不只是性能统计数据和传记详细资料而且还具有高成就自己实验室的实验结果。他们的工作作出一个惊人的观点︰我们通常称之为天才的特点高估了。或者，把另一种方法，专家表演者——无论是在内存或手术，芭蕾舞或计算机编程——几乎总是不天生。(2007 text1)

从不下雨可是祸不单行。就像老板和董事会最后解决了他们最糟糕的财务和法规遵从性问题，并改善他们微弱的公司治理结构，一个新的问题正威胁着他们——尤其是在美国——那种令人讨厌的头条新闻，不可避免地导致行政套房︰数据不安全。离开了，直到现在，到奇数，低级IT 员工来纠正，而且视为唯一的数据丰富的产业如银行、电信和航空旅行的关注，信息保护是现在高在每一个品种的企业老板的议程上。

几个大规模泄漏客户和雇员数据今年——从组织多样，时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用国际公司、甚至加利福尼亚大学，伯克利分校——让经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂它系统和业务流程，以便寻找潜在的漏洞。"数据正在成为一种需要守卫像任何其他资产，"说的斯坦福大学商学院海门。"保护客户数据的能力是市场价值，这是董事会对股东负责的关键"。事实上，正如有是概念的一般公认会计原则(GAAP)，也许是时间喘息，一般接受安全的做法，建议Eli 诺姆的纽约的哥伦比亚大学商学院。"设置为安全、冗余和恢复适当的投资水平是一个管理问题，不是一个技术，"他说。

神秘是这应该对任何老板是一个惊喜。当然它应该明显向行政信赖，最有价值的经济资产，很容易遭受破坏而昂贵的还原——和几件事情是更有可能破坏信任比一个公司让敏感的个人数据落入错误的暗。

事务的当前状态可能被鼓励——虽然不是合理的——由法定刑（在美国，而不是欧洲）数据泄漏的缺乏。直到加利福尼亚州最近通过一项法律，美国公司并没有告诉任何人，甚至是受害者，当数据走迷了路。这有可能改变快︰大量拟议的数据安全立法现在做两轮在华盛顿特区与此同时，在美国，6 月17 日披露一些4000 万信用卡账户信息被盗掩盖一个非常重要的决定提前一天由美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)，美国公司对监管机构将采取行动，如果公司不能提供足够的数据安全的通知。(2007年文本4)

尽管有没完没了，"美国社会是差异的均质化人台神奇的机器。那里是服装的大众文化的"民主统一和话语，随意和尊重的缺失"的特点。人们被吸引进"文化消费"发起的19 世纪百货商店所"着琳琅满目的货物在高雅的氛围。取代亲密的商店迎合一个聪明的精华，"这些是商店"任何人都可以进入，不管班级或背景。这将购物转变成公共和民主的行为"。大众媒体、广告和体育是同化其他力量。

移民正在很快融入这种共同的文化，这可能不完全提升，但也没什么害处。格雷戈里·罗德里格斯写为国家移民论坛，报告今天的移民是既不达到前所未有的水平，也不抵制同化。1998 年移民，9.8%的人口;在1900 年，13.6%。1990 年以前的10 年，3.1 移民到达为每1000 名居民;在1890 年以前, 每1000 9.2 的10 年。现在，考虑三个同化——语言、自置居所和异族通婚的指标。

1990 年人口普查显示，"绝大多数来自每十五最常见来源国的移民英语'好' 或'很好' 居住十年之后"。移民的孩子倾向于双语和精通英语。"第三代，原文是失去了大部分的移民家庭。因此把美国描述为语言的"墓地"。1996 年外国出生的移民在1970 年之前来到了自置居所率达75.6%，比土生土长的美国人的69.8%率高。

外国出生的亚裔和西班牙裔"有更高的通婚率比做美国-土生土长的白人和黑人."到了第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性结婚非西语裔，和41%亚裔美国妇女与非亚裔男性结婚。罗德里格斯指出，儿童在世界各地偏远村庄却像阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯，超级巨星球迷"有些美国人担心，生活在美国的移民不知何故不免疫了民族的同化力量"。有分歧的问题和极度愤怒的群体在美国吗？

的确。它是足够大，有各种各样的东西。但是，特别是当美国动荡的历史背景来看，今天的社会指数很难说一个黑暗并且每况愈下的社会环境。(2006 text1

许多事情让人们认为艺术家是怪人。但最古怪的也许是︰艺术家的唯一工作就是要探究情绪，而且仍然他们选择把重点放在那些感觉不好。

这并不总是这样。最早形式的艺术，像绘画和音乐，都是最适合表达快乐。但从19 世纪开始，更多的艺术家开始把快乐看成是无意义的虚伪的、甚至更糟的是，无聊的我们从华兹华斯的水仙走到波德莱尔的恶之花》。

你可以认为艺术变得怀疑幸福的因为现代社会经历了如此多的痛苦。但它不是好像早些时候不知道永恒的战争、灾难和无辜者的屠杀。究其原因，事实上，可能是正好相反︰世界今天还有太多快乐要去谴责。

毕竟，一个现代表现形式几乎完全致力于描写快乐是什么？

广告。反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全地追踪大众传媒，与它的幸福不是只是一个理想而是一种意识形态的商业文化的出现。

在早期的年代人们被包围痛苦的回忆。他们的工作，直到用尽，生活在一些保护和年轻就死了。在西方，在大众传播和识字之前, 是最强大的传播媒介是教会，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蛆虫的食物。鉴于此，他们并不需要他们的艺术也是一个无赖。

今天的平均西方人包围着的信息不是宗教，但商业，和永远地快乐。快餐食客、新闻主播、文本的使者，都在笑，微笑，微笑。我们的杂志突出刊登满面春风的名人和幸福家庭的完美的家。并且因为这些信息有一个议程--引诱我们打开我们的钱包——它们使得人们觉得快乐的想法似乎并不可靠。"庆祝！"吩咐广告药品西乐葆之前我们发现它, 可能增加心脏病发作的风险。

但是我们所忘记的——我们的经济取决于我们的遗忘——快乐是超过没有痛苦的快乐。带来最大的快乐的事情进行的最大潜力的损失和失望。今天，周围充斥着唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要艺术来告诉我们，正如宗教曾经，象征︰记得你终将死亡，一切都会结束，幸福的到来不是在否认这一点，但在以它住。它是一条消息甚至比更苦丁香香烟，然而，不知何故，呼吸新鲜空气。(2006年文本4)

你还记得那些年当科学家说吸烟会杀死我们但是怀疑者们坚持认为，我们不知道以后会吗？证据不确定，科学也不确定吗？

反对吸烟的游说是决心摧毁我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？

很多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，三十多年来，一些1000 万烟民去早期的坟墓。

有镦粗的相似之处，科学家们在一波又一次努力使我们意识到全球变暖日益严重的威胁。最近的是美国国家科学院，由白宫，告诉我们地球的大气层是确实在变暖，问题是很大程度上人造召集的一个专家小组。明确的讯息是，我们应该行动起来，保护我们自己。布鲁斯·艾伯茨，国家科学院主席在小组的报告序言中添加这个关键点:"科学永远不会有所有的答案。但是科学确实为我们提供了最好的指导未来，而至关重要的是我们国家和这个世界是基于科学可以提供关于现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断的重要政策。正如吸烟，声音现在来自四面八方坚持有关全球变暖的科学是不完整，它是确定继续排放废气进入空气，直到我们肯定知道。这是一个危险的游戏︰时间100%的证据是，它可能是太晚了。明显和日益增加的风险，审慎的人更愿意现在就采取一项保险政策。

幸运的，白宫开始关注。但很明显，大多数总统顾问仍然不认真考虑全球变暖。而不是一项行动计划，他们继续努力争取更多的研究——典型的"分析导致瘫痪"。作为负责任的地球管理人员，我们要大力推进对大气和海洋的深入研究。但研究本身是不足。如果政府不争取立法上的主动权，国会应该帮助，开始采取保护措施。一项议案，民主党参议员罗伯特.

伯德的西弗吉尼亚州，将提供经济诱因为私营企业，是一个良好的开端。许多人认为这个国家正准备建造更多的新电厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们想保护大气层，至关重要的是那些新的植物必须无害。（2005年文本2)

美国人不再指望公众人物在演讲或写作中来命令的英语语言运用技巧和文采。也不做他们向往这种命令自己。在他最新的书，做我们自己的东西︰语言退化音乐和我们为什么要像照顾，约翰沃特，语言学家和受混合的自由派和保守派的观点，认为胜利的20 世纪60 年代反文化负责的正式的英语水平下降。

归咎于放纵的60 年代不是什么新鲜事，但这还不是另一项批评教育滑坡的反对。先生。沃特的学术专长是语言历史和变化，和他看到渐渐消失，"谁"，例如，使其自然而损失的案件结局的古英语比不更令人遗憾。

但真实和个人崇拜，"做我们自己的事，"说明死亡的正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐。虽然甚至谦虚地受教育的人寻求更高的音调时他们把笔放在纸在20 世纪60 年代之前，甚至最知名写作以来然后力图捕获页面上的英语口语。同样，在诗歌中，高度个人化和富有表现力的文体是真正有活力的唯一形式。在口头和书面英语，谈天说地胜过了正式演说，即兴发挥比精心准备更受欢迎。

文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子从两个高、低，趋势，先生。沃特是确凿无误。但它不太清楚，要考虑他的副标题，为什么我们应该喜欢照顾的问题。作为一名语言学家，他承认所有的人类语言，包括像黑人英语的非标准的品种可以有力地表达——存在着没有语言或方言无法传达复杂的思想世界。他并不说，像许多人那样，我们认为直不再倒的因为我们不做正确的说话。

俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言并在他们的头，携带大量背诵诗歌，而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，看来太过陈旧，大多数英语发言者的发言。先生。先生坦言，正式语言不是严格必要的并提出了没有激进的教育改革——他真正伤心的是美丽的东西失去更多有用。我们现在用我们的英语"纸盘子而不是中国。"可惜，也许，但很有可能不可避免。(2005年文本4)

经济增长放缓的时候，艾琳·斯派罗还不至于咬指甲。但今年47 岁的美甲师不修剪、填充或抛光尽可能多的指甲像她希望的也。她的大多数顾客每周花12 美元到50 美元，但两位长期顾客自从上个月就突然不再光顾了。斯佩罗归咎于经济增长放缓。"我很好的经济指标，"她说。"我提供一种服务，人可以没有，当他们关注节能一些美元"。因此斯派罗相应地缩减规模，购物在中间-迪拉德百货公司附近克利夫兰郊区的她回家，而不是内曼·马库斯。"我不知道是否其他客户端打算抛弃我，太"。她说。

甚至在艾伦·格林斯潘坦言美国白热化的经济正趋于冷却之前, 大量的劳动者已经感觉到经济放缓的迹象了。从汽车经销商到网点，销售有一直落后于几个月由于购物支出。零售商们，他们去年在感恩节和圣诞节之间收入的24%，谨慎的做法来在关键的时刻。专家说，假日销售已经降了7%，从去年的步伐。但现在还不需要敲响警钟。消费者看起来只是稍有忧虑，而不惊慌失措，和很多人说他们持乐观态度，对经济的长期前景，尽管他们需要适度紧缩开支。

消费者说他们不在绝望中因为恐怖的新闻头条，尽管他们自己的财富，仍然感觉很好。在大多数地区，房价维持稳定。经纪人芭芭拉·科克伦说︰在曼哈顿，"那里是发生在$ 400 万到$ 1000 万的范围内，主要靠华尔街奖金新淘金热"。在旧金山，价格仍上涨之际疯狂的出价。"而不是20 到30 提供，现在也许你只得到两个或三个，"说约翰Tealdi，海湾地区的房地产经纪人。大多数人还是觉得对于他们能够找到并保住一份工作相当舒适。

许多人看到这次经济减缓银衬里。潜在的购房者会欢呼为较低的利率。雇主不会介意就业市场少些泡沫。很多消费者似乎受到了股票市场波动，哪些投资者看来是经济持续繁荣的必要成分。就餐者可能也看到了好的一面。在曼哈顿获取表的热新餐位的餐厅，用来是不可能的。现在不是了。为此，格林斯潘& 有限公司。也许仍然值得敬佩。(2004年文本3)

美国人今天不在智力上放置很高的价值。我们的英雄是运动员，艺人，和企业家，不是学者。甚至我们的学校是我们送孩子去接受实用教育——不是为了知识而追求知识。在我们的学校普遍存在的反智主义的症状不难找到。学校一直在一个社会在切实可行的情况比智力，更重要的是"教育作家Dianeravitch 说。"学校可能是平衡"。拉维奇的最新著作，左后卫︰世纪的失败学校改革，追溯它的根源在我们学校，反智主义结束他们也对美国的厌恶，对智力的追求平衡不。

但他们可以而且应该。鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们容易受到剥削和控制。如果不能批判地思考，捍卫自己的思想和理解他人的想法，他们不能充分参与我们的民主。继续沿着这条路，说作家厄尔绍，"我们将变为二流国家。我们将有不少民间的社会"。"才智被斥为形式的权力或特权，"写历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫施塔特在美国人的生活、普利策奖获奖图书根上的反智主义在美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义。从一开始我们的历史，说霍夫施塔特，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英主义色彩的东西。实用性、常识以及与本机的情报被认为比任何东西都可以从一本书学更多高贵的品质。

拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习对孩子施加不自然的限制:"我们被关在学校和学院10 年或15 年背书室和最后出来时和满腹的话语，不知道一件事。马克·吐温的哈克贝利费恩体现美国的反智主义。它的主人公逃避文明——去学校上学，学习阅读——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

智力，霍夫斯塔特，是不同于本机的情报，我们很不情愿地钦佩的品质。智慧是心灵的批评、创造和沉思的一面。智力寻求掌握、操作、重新排序，调整，而智力审视、思考、奇迹、理论化，批评和想象。

学校仍然才学的地方。霍夫施塔特说，我国的教育制度是"快乐、咄咄逼人地宣扬对智力和他们渴望认同孩子出现至少知识产权承诺的敌视"的人，掌握。(2004年文本4)

用18 世纪政治家埃德蒙·伯克的话来说，"所有所需的被误导胜利的是事业的好人无所作为。一种事业正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为动物有权利排除在研究中使用的理论。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者，他们的言论混淆公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步做出有力的回应。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头生物医学研究，因为它取决于公共资金，而很少有人理解卫生保健研究的过程。听到指控虐待动物在研究环境中，很多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。

例如，在最近的街头集市动物权利展位的老太太散发小册子，鼓励读者不使用任何来自或在动物身上试验——没有肉，没有毛皮，药物。问她是否反对免疫接种，她想要知道疫苗是否来自动物的研究。放心，他们这样做，她回答说:"那么我不得不说是"。问什么会发生流行病回来后，她说，"别担心，科学家会找到某种方式使用计算机的."这种善意的人只是不明白。

科学家必须传达他们向公众充满同情和理解的方式——在人类的条款，不是以分子生物学的语言。我们需要明确动物研究和祖母更换髋骨、父亲的心脏搭桥手术、婴儿接种疫苗，甚至宠物的镜头之间的连接。谁都明白必须进行生产这些治疗方法，以及新的治疗方法和疫苗的动物实验。

很多可以做。科学家可以"认养"中学课堂，并提出他们自己的研究。他们应该迅速回复读者

来信，以免动物权利的误导言论不受质疑、披上真理的骗人外衣。研究机构可以对外开放参观，向人们展示实验室动物得到人道的对待。最后，由于最终的利益相关者是病人，医疗研究机构应积极招募其不仅知名的个性，如斯蒂芬·库柏，做出了勇敢的讲话关于价值的动物研究，但所有接受治疗的原因。如果好人无所作为，还有一个现实的可能性，信息闭塞的公民将扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。（2003年文本2)

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③

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