新世纪大学英语(第二版)综合教程第4册Unit7

Electronic Teaching Portfolio

Book Four

Unit Seven: Reading and Reflection

Part I Get Started

Section A Discussion

▇Sit in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions.

1Why do you think we need to read?

2What do you prefer to read — poems, novels or plays?

3What role do you think literary works play in our lives?

▆Answers for reference:

1Hints:

●Reading broadens our horizons.

●Reading enriches our knowledge.

●Reading puts us in contact with the best minds of human history.

●Reading enriches our experience.

●Reading empowers us with knowledge.

●Reading improves our character and taste.

●Reading is a good pastime.

2Some hints:

a)Different people read literature for different reasons and purposes because of their different

backgrounds, tastes, experiences and educational background.

b)Those who prefer reading novels may think novels are more interesting and easier to read probably

because novels usually have plots. They can take readers to other places and times, real or imaginary, allowing them to meet people and experience life in many different ways. A good novel makes readers think, laugh, cry or wonder.

3Reference:

Literary works play an important role in our life. They can broaden our horizons. They help us experience a kind of life which we cannot have in real life. They help us see the things which we tend to ignore in our daily life. They can also help us escape from reality.

Section B Quotes

▇Study the following quotes about reading and reflection and discuss in pairs what you can learn from them.

Francis Bacon

⊙Some books are to be tasted; others to be swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.

— Francis Bacon Interpretation:

There are different ways of reading books. To taste a book, one can read it in a state of relaxation. To swallow a book one can glide his eyes across the lines of a book. To chew or digest a book one should read it actively. And when he has finished reading a book, the pages are filled with his notes. Only when good books are chewed and digested can they have a lasting influence on one’s life.

About Francis Bacon (1561-1626): an English politician, philosopher, and writer. Francis Bacon graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge. He was the founder of English materialist philosophy, as well as of modern science in England. He is especially famous for his Essays, in which his practical wisdom is shown through his reflections and comments on rather abstract subjects.

Benjamin Franklin

◎Reading makes a full man, meditation a profound man, discourse a clear man.

— Benjamin Franklin

Interpretation:

Reading broadens our horizons, molds our temperament and enlightens our minds. Reading provides us with the possibility of opening ourselves up to the world, which helps us to become learned and knowledgeable persons. Thinking deeply helps us gain an insight into human life. Having scholarly conversations with others helps us become wiser.

About Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): a US politician, writer, and scientist. He was involved in writing two historically significant documents, the Declaration of Independence (《独立宣言》) and the Constitution of the United States (《美国宪法》). He is famous for proving that lightning is a form of electricity by doing a scientific test in which he flew a kite during a storm, and he invented the lightning conductor. He is also well known for his literary works such as Poor Richard’s Almanac (《穷理查德年鉴》1732-1757；亦译作《格言历书》、《穷理查历书》) and Autobiography (《自传》1790).

Denis Parsons Burkitt

◎It is better to read a little and ponder a lot than to read a lot and ponder a little.

— Denis Parsons Burkitt

Interpretation:

What really counts is not how many books we have read but whether we spend time thinking over what we have read. So we should read selectively and reflectively.

About Denis Parsons Burkitt (1911–1993): an accomplished British surgeon. His major contribution to medical science was the description, distribution, and ultimately, the etiology (病因学；病源论) of a

pediatric (小儿科的) cancer that bears his name Burkitt’s lymphoma (伯基特氏淋巴瘤).

Louisa May Alcott

◎Good books, like good friends, are few and chosen; the more select, the more enjoyable.

— Louisa May Alcott

Interpretation:

Books and friends should be few but good. We should be highly selective in reading books, and our greatest pleasure in reading comes from the best books.

About Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888): an American novelist best known as author of the novel Little Women (《小妇人》）.

Section C Watching and Discussion

▇Watch the following video clip “Reading Really Matters” and do the tasks that follow.

Introduction of the video:

Dana Gioia, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, is talking about arts education.

First he mentions a problem in the United States: People are reading less and employers are facing a serious problem that their new employees can’t read and can’t write.

According to Dana Gioia, those people who read do exercise more and do more volunteering charity work.

Then he comes to talk about how reading actually matters to a person.

1 Now fill in the note form according to what you hear.

Topic: Reading Awakens Something inside the Reader

1) reading increases your sense of your own personal destiny.

2) reading makes the lives of other people more real to you.

In summary, reading makes you understand that other people have an inner life as complicated as your own.

Reading builds a society with not only imaginative capability, intellectual capability, but compassion, and humanity.

2Discuss the following questions.

Do you agree that Chinese people are reading less?

Do you think modern technology has influenced the way people read?

Open.

▇Script：

Americans are reading less. Because they read less, they read less well. Because they read less well, they do less well in the educational system. We are in the process in the United States of producing the first generation in our history that’s less well-educated than their parents. Now, I mean, to me, this is, you know a…an abandonment of the whole American misroutes of self improvement. Because they do less well in school, they do less well in the job market and economically. The number one problems for new employers in the United States: new employees can’t read, new employees can’t write. And in fact, for those people who can’t even read above the basic level, 55% of those people end up unemployed.

And even on a further level, they overwhelmingly are like, you know, are more likely to end up in the criminal justice system. Only 3% of the people in U.S. prisons read at a proficiency level. Because they read less well, you know, because in a sense they don’t develop these things, they are a lso less likely to be engaged in personal positive behavior however you wanna measure it.

We can measure it many different ways. You would not think it, but it is overwhelmingly demonstrable: that people that read exercise more; people that read join, play sports more. They belong to civic organizations more. They do volunteering charity work nearly 4 times the level of non-readers.

Well, when I saw these data, I said, well, wait. We have to be measuring something else. W e’re measuring income, and we’re measuring education. If you take the poorest people in the United States who read, they do volunteering charity work at twice the level of people who don’t read. So what does it say to us? It says something we know, each of us knows this: when you read, when you’re engaged in the arts, it awakens something inside of you. That does two things: the first is that it increases your sense of your own personal destiny. But, secondly, it makes the lives of other people more real to you. It creates a heightened sense of yourself as an individual, but it also brings you, maybe, especially when you’re reading novels or imagin ing the literature in which you follow the stories, the lives of the people in the dailiness of their existence, socially, economically. Maybe understanding, a man understanding how a woman thinks, and a man understanding how a man thinks, a person understanding how somebody from a different country, from a different race thinks and feels. This imaginative exercises, this meditative exercise, makes you understand that other people have an inner life as complicated as your own. And so, if you have a society, in which tens of millions of people guided by pleasure no less, undertake these types of contemplations and meditations, you have a society which builds… not only it’s imaginative capability, it’s intellectual capability, b ut it’s compassion, and it’s humanity.

Part II Listen and Respond

Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main Ideas

▇Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the information contained in the listening passage.

1What does the speaker mean by efficient reading or reading efficiently?

A)Reading a book for pleasure.

B)Writing between lines while reading.

C)Remembering the author’s thoughts.

D)Scanning a book for facts.

2What is the advantage of marking up a book according to the speaker?

A)Marking up a book helps readers take in the brilliant ideas in the book.

B)Marking up a book enables readers to know what they read.

C)Marking up a book makes readers feel like the owner of the book.

D)Marking up a book makes readers conscious of the fact that they are reading actively.

3What is the true sense of owning a book?

A)Marking it through active reading.

B)Purchasing it with one’s own money.

C)Writing one’s name on it.

D)Understanding every word in it.

4How do people read books for pleasure?

A)They read them consciously.

B)They read them in a state of relaxation.

C)They read them passively.

D)They read them actively.

5How do people know they have read actively when they finish reading a book?

A)They establish a relationship with the author.

B)They gain possession of the book.

C)The pages are full of their notes.

D)Their spoken language has been improved.

▇Key:

1) B 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C

Section C Task Two: Zooming In on the Details

▇Listen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.

Why is mar king up a book indispensable to reading it? First, it keeps you 1) ________. And I don’t mean merely 2) ________; I mean wide awake. In the second place, reading, if it is 3) ________, is thinking, and thinking tends to 4) ________ itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the 5) ________ you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.

If reading is to 6) ________ anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can’t let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an 7) ________ of what you have read. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of 8) ________ and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that 9) ________ and tries to answer fundamental questions, 10) ________ the most active reading. When you’ve finished rea ding a book, and the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively.

▇Answers:

1)awake 2) conscious 3) active 4) express 5) thoughts

6) accomplish 7) understanding 8) relaxation 9) raises 10) demands

▇Script:

Reading Efficiently

You know you have to read ―between the line s‖ to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading, that is: ―write between the lines‖. Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. I contend that marking up a book is an act of love.

There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.

Why is mar king up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. And I don’t mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.

If reading i s to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can’t let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer fundamental questions, demands the most active reading. When you’ve finished reading a book, and the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively.

Part III Read and Explore

Text A

Section A Discovering the Main Ideas

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.

1What is the difference between the lives of those who read and those who do not?

2Can reading newspapers be categorized as reading? Why or why not?

3What is the art of reading according to the author?

4What does the author think of ―the taste for reading‖?

5Can people benefit from reading the same books at different ages? Why or why not?

▇Answers for reference:

1According to the author, those who do not read are just like prisoners confined to their immediate world in respect to time and space. Their life falls into a set of routines and they see only what happens in their immediate neighbourhood with few friends and acquaintances to communicate with. In contrast, those who read have the privilege to escape temporarily from the present world and enter a different country or

a different age as soon as they pick up a book. Good books put them in touch with the best minds in

history and they are always carried away into a world of thought and reflection. Books broaden their horizons and their life is never a set of dull routines.

2According to the author, reading newspapers does not belong to the category of reading because the average reader of a newspaper is mainly concerned with getting reports about events and happenings without contemplative value. The best reading does not merely offer a report of events, but is able to lead readers into a contemplative mood.

3According to the author, only reading with the object of enriching one’s charm and flavor can be called an art. The charm here is not related to one’s physical appearance, but one’s inner aura of elegance which can

only be acquired through reading. And flavor here refers to the flavor in speech, and its cultivation entirely depends on one’s way of reading.

4The author thinks that taste is the key to all reading and is individual and selective. Each person has his own taste in the kinds of books he enjoys reading. Forcing one to read books that he dislikes will achieve no positive results.

5Yes. People can benefit from reading the same book at different ages and get different flavors out of it.

According to the author, people at different ages should read different kinds of books and good books can be read more than once at different ages.

Exercise 2 Text A can be divided into four parts with the paragraph number(s) of each part provided as follows. Write down the main idea of each part.

Section B In-depth Study

In the following text, Lin Yutang, the Chinese writer, translator, linguist and inventor, shares with us his insight into reading as an art. He not only addresses such questions as why to read, what to read, and when to read, but also convinces us of the beauty and benefits of reading as an art.

The Art of Reading

Lin Yutang

1 Reading or the enjoyment of books has always been regarded among the charms of a cultured life and is respected and envied by those who rarely give themselves that privilege. This is easy to understand when we compare the difference between the life of a man who does no reading and that of a man who does.

2 The man who has not the habit of reading is imprisoned in his immediate world, in respect to time and space. His life falls into a set routine; he is limited to contact and conversation with a few friends and acquaintances, and he sees only what happens in his immediate neighborhood. From this prison there is no escape. But the moment he takes up a book, he immediately enters a different world, and if it is a good book, he is immediately put in touch with one of the best talkers of the world. This talker leads him on and carries him into a different country or a different age, or unburdens to him some of his personal regrets, or discusses with him some special line or aspect of life that the reader knows nothing about. An ancient author puts him in communion with a dead spirit of long ago, and as he reads along, he begins to imagine what that ancient author looked like and what type of person he was. Both Mencius and Ssema Ch’ien have expressed the same idea. Now to be able to live two hours out of twelv e in a different world and take one’s thoughts off the claims of the immediate present is, of course, a privilege to be envied by people shut up in their bodily prison.

3 Such a change of environment is really similar to travel in its psychological effect. But there is more to it than this. The reader is always carried away into a world of thought and reflection. Even if it is a book about physical events, there is a difference between seeing such events in person or living through them, and reading about them in books, for then the events always assume the quality of a spectacle and the reader becomes a detached spectator. The best reading is therefore that which leads us into this contemplative mood, and not that which is merely occupied with the report of events. The tremendous amount of time spent on newspapers I regard as not reading at all, for the average readers of papers are mainly concerned with getting reports about events and happenings without contemplative value.

4 The best formula for the object of reading, in my opinion, was stated by Huang Shanku, a Sung poet. He said, ―A scholar who hasn’t read anything for three days feels that his talk has no flavor, and his own face becomes hateful to look at.‖ What he means, of course, is that reading g ives a man a certain charm and flavor, which is the entire object of reading, and only reading with this object can be called an art. One doesn’t read to ―improve one’s mind,‖ because when one begins to think of improving his mind, all the pleasure of read ing is gone. He is the type of person who says to himself: ―I must read Shakespeare, and I must read Sophocles, and I must read the entire Five Foot Shelf of Dr. Eliot, so I can become an educated man.‖ I’m sure that man will never become educated. He will force himself one evening to read Shakespeare’s Hamlet and come away, as if from a bad dream, with no greater benefit than that he is able to say that he has ―read‖ Hamlet. Anyone who reads a book with a sense of obligation does not understand the art of reading.

5 Reading for the cultivation of personal charm of appearance and flavor in speech is then, according to Huang, the only admissible kind of reading. This charm of appearance must evidently be interpreted as something other than physical beauty. W hat Huang means by ―hateful to look at‖ is not physical ugliness. As for flavor of speech, it all depends on one’s way of reading. Whether one has ―flavor‖ or not in his talk, depends on his method of reading. If a reader gets the flavor of books, he will show that flavor in his conversations, and if he has flavor in his conversations, he cannot help also having a flavor in his writing.

6 Hence I consider flavor or taste as the key to all reading. It necessarily follows that taste is selective and individual, like the taste for food. The most hygienic way of eating is, after all, eating what one likes, for then one is sure of his digestion. In reading as in eating, what is one man’s meat may be another’s poison. A teacher cannot force his pupils to like what he likes in reading, and a parent cannot expect his children to have the same tastes as himself. And if the reader has no taste for what he reads, all the time is wasted.

7 There can be, therefore, no books that one absolutely must read. For our intellectual interests grow like a tree or flow like a river. So long as there is proper sap, the tree will grow anyhow, and so long as there is fresh current from the spring, the water will flow. When water strikes a cliff, it just goes around it; when it finds itself in a pleasant low valley, it stops and meanders there a while; when it finds itself in a deep mountain pond, it is content to stay there; when it finds itself traveling over rapids, it hurries forward. Thus, without any effort or determined aim, it is sure of reaching the sea some day. There are no books in this world that everybody must read, but only books that a person must read at a certain time in a given place under given circumstances and at a given period of his life. I rather think that reading, like matrimony, is determined by fate or yinyuan. Even if there is a certain book that every one must read, there is a time for it. When one’s thoughts and experience have not reached a certain point for reading a masterpiece, the masterpiece will leave only a bad

flavor on his palate. Confucius said, ―When one is fifty, one may read the Book of Changes,‖ which means that one should not read it at forty-five. The extremely mild flavor of Confucius’ own sayings in The Analects and his mature wisdom cannot be appreciated until one becomes mature himself.

8 Furthermore, the same reader reading the same book at different periods gets a different flavor out of it. For instance, we enjoy a book more after we have had a personal talk with the author himself, or even after having seen a picture of his face, and one gets again a different flavor sometimes after one has broken off friendship with the author. A person gets a kind of flavor from reading the Book of Changes at forty, and gets another kind of flavor reading it at fifty, after he has seen more changes in life. Therefore, all good books can be read with profit and renewed pleasure a second time.

9 Reading, therefore, is an act consisting of two sides, the author and the reader. The net gain comes as much from the reader’s contribution through his own insight and experience as from the author’s own. I regard the discovery of one’s favorite author as the most critical event in one’s intellectual development. There is such a thing as the affinity of spirits, and among the authors of ancient and modern times, one must try to find an author whose spirit is akin with his own. Only in this way can one get any real good out of reading.

▇课文参考译文

读书的艺术

林语堂

1 读书或书籍的享受素来被视为有修养的生活上的一种雅事，而在一些不大有机会享受这种权利的人们看来，这是一种值得尊重和妒忌的事。当我们把一个不读书者和一个读书者的生活上的差异比较一下，这一点便很容易明白。

2 那个没有养成读书习惯的人，以时间和空间而言，是受着他眼前的世界所禁锢的。他的生活是机械化的，刻板的；他只跟几个朋友和相识者接触谈话，他只看见他周遭所发生的事情。他在这个监狱里是逃不出去的。可是当他拿起一本书的时候，他便立刻走进一个不同的世界；如果那是一本好书，他便立刻接触到世界上一个最健谈的人。这个谈话者引导他前进，带他到一个不同的国度或不同的时代，或者对他发泄一些私人的悔恨，或者跟他讨论一些他从来不知道的学问或生活问题。一个古代的作家使读者随一个久远的逝者交流；当他读下去的时候，他开始想象那个古代的作家相貌如何，是哪一类的人。孟子和司马迁都表现过同样的观念。一个人在十二小时之中，能够在一个不同的世界里生活二小时，完全忘怀眼前的现实环境：这当然是那些禁锢在他们的身体监狱里的人所妒羡的权利。

3 这么一种环境的改变，由心理上的影响说来，是和旅行一样的。不但如此。读者往往被书籍带进一个思想和反省的境界里去。纵使那是一本关于现实事情的书，亲眼看见那些事情或亲历其境，和在书中读到那些事情，其间也有不同的地方，因为在书本里所叙述的事情往往变成一片景象，而读者也变成一个冷眼旁观的人。所以，最好的读物是那种能够带我们到这种沉思的心境里去的读物，而不是那种仅在报告事情的始末的读物。我认为人们花费大量的时间去阅读报纸，并不是读书，因为一般阅报者大抵只注意到事件发生或经过的情形的报告，完全没有沉思默想的价值。

4 据我看来，关于读书的目的，宋代的诗人黄山谷所说的话最妙。他说：“三日不读，便觉语言无味，面目可憎”。他的意思当然是说，读书使人得到一种优雅和风味，这就是读书的整个目的，而只有抱着这种目的的读书才可以叫做艺术。一人读书的目的并不是要“改进心智”，因为当他开始想要改进心智的时候，一切读书的乐趣便丧失净尽了。他对自己说：“我非读莎士比亚的作品不可，我非读索福克里斯的作品不可，我非读伊里奥特博士的《哈佛世界杰作集》不可，使我能够成为有教育的人。”我敢说那个人永远不能成为有教育的人。他有一天晚上会强迫自己去读莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》，读毕好像由一个噩梦中醒转来，除了可以说他已经“读”过《哈姆雷特》之外，并没有得到什么益处。一个人如果抱着义务的意识去读书，便不了解读书的艺术。

5 所以，依黄山谷氏的说话，那种以修养个人外表的优雅和谈吐的风味为目的的读书，才是唯一值得嘉许的读书法。这种外表的优雅显然不是指身体上之美。黄氏所说的“面目可憎”，不是指身体上的丑陋。讲到谈吐的风味，那完全要看一个人读书的方法如何。一个人的谈吐有没有“味”，完全要看他的

读书方法。如果读者获得书中的“味”，他便会在谈吐中把这种风味表现出来；如果他的谈吐中有风味，他在写作中也免不了会表现出风味来。

6 所以，我认为风味或嗜好是阅读一切书籍的关键。这种嗜好跟对食物的嗜好一样，必然是有选择性的，属于个人的。吃一个人所喜欢吃的东西终究是最合卫生的吃法，因为他知道吃这些东西在消化方面一定很顺利。读书跟吃东西一样，在一人吃来是补品，在他人吃来是毒质。教师不能以其所好强迫学生去读，父母也不能希望子女的嗜好和他们一样。如果读者对他所读的东西感不到趣味，那么所有的时间全都浪费了。

7 所以，世间没有什么一个人必读之书。因为我们智能上的趣味象一棵树那样地生长着，或象河水那样地流着。只要有适当的树液，树便会生长起来，只要泉中有新鲜的泉水涌出来，水便会流着。当水流碰到一个花岗岩石时，它便由岩石的旁边绕过去；当水流涌到一片低洼的溪谷时，它便在那边曲曲折折地流着一会儿；当水流涌到一个深山的池塘时，它便恬然停驻在那边；当水流冲下急流时，它便赶快向前涌去。这么一来，虽则它没有费什么气力，也没有一定的目标，可是它终究有一天会到达大海。世上无人人必读的书，只有在某时某地，某种环境，和生命中的某个时期必读的书。我认为读书和婚姻一样，是命运注定的或姻缘注定的。纵使某一本书是人人必读的，读这种书也有一定的时候。当一个人的思想和经验还没有达到阅读一本杰作的程度时，那本杰作只会留下不好的滋味。孔子曰：“五十以学《易》。”便是说，四十五岁时候尚不可读《易经》。孔子在《论语》中的训言的冲淡温和的味道，以及他的成熟的智慧，非到读者自己成熟的时候是不能欣赏的。

8 且同一本书，同一读者，一时可读出一时之味道来。其景况适如读某位作者的书，在与其面对面交谈，或见过其相片之后，再读其书，自有更深切的理会。或与其人绝交之后，再读其书，亦别有一番味道。四十学《易》是一种味道，到五十岁看过更多的人世变故的时候再去学《易》，又是一种味道。所以，一切好书重读起来都可以获得益处和新乐趣。

9 由是可知读书有二方面，一是作者，一是读者。对于所得的实益，读者由他自己的见识和经验所贡献的份量，是和作者自己一样多的。我认为一个人发现他最爱好的作家，乃是他的知识发展上最重要的事情。世间确有一些人的心灵是类似的，一个人必须在古今的作家中，寻找一个心灵和他相似的作家。他只有这样才能够获得读书的真益处。

Good Usage (Para. 1)

has always been regarded among…

is respected and envied by…

those who rarely give themselves that privilege

Good Usage (Para. 2)

falls into a set routine

From this prison there is no escape.

takes up a book

enters a different world

unburdens to him some of his personal regrets

a privilege to be envied by people shut up in their bodily prison

Good Usage (Para. 3)

is really similar to

is always carried away into a world of thought and reflection

leads us into this contemplative mood

are mainly concerned with

contemplative value

Good Usage (Para. 4)

reading gives a man a certain charm and flavor

think of improving his mind

become an educated man

Good Usage (Para. 5)

the cultivation of personal charm of appearance and flavor in speech

be interpreted as

other than physical beauty

physical ugliness

it all depends on one’s way of reading

gets the flavor of books

cannot help also having a flavor in his writing

Good Usage (Para.6)

it necessarily follows that

is sure of

What is one man’s meat may be another’s poison.

Good Usage (Para.7)

so long as

goes around it

it finds itself in a pleasant low valley

it is content to stay there

at a certain time in a given place under given circumstances and at a given period of his life

have not reached a certain point for reading a masterpiece

leave only a bad flavor on his palate

becomes mature

Good Usage (Para. 8)

gets a different flavor out of it

a personal talk with the author himself

has broken off friendship with

seen more changes in life

renewed pleasure

Good Usage (Para.9)

an act consisting of two sides

regard…as

in one’s intellectual development

get any real good out of reading

Key Words and Expressions for Text A

privilege n.

a special advantage limited to a particular person or group （特定个人或阶层的）特权，特惠待遇

e. g. 1. Members of the book club have the privilege of purchasing books at a discount.

2. He had no special privileges and was treated just like every other prisoner.

他没有享受任何特权，与其他囚犯一样同等对待。

immediate a.

nearest in time, space, or degree; next （时间、空间或程度）最接近的；紧接的；直接的；即刻的

e. g. 1. Guards were posted in the immediate neighborhood of the palace when the prince stayed there.

2. The effects of global warming, while not immediate, are potentially catastrophic.

全球变暖的后果，即使不是即刻呈现，也可能是灾难性的。

3. His immediate superior, General Lee, had singled him out for special mention.

他的直接上司李将军特地提到了他。

Usage:

the immediate future 最近

one’s immediate family 直系亲属

the immediate concern / problem 当务之急

the immediate area 附近

fall into

1. pass into a new state or condition 陷入（某种状态）

e. g. 1. While waiting for the bus, I somehow fell into conversation with someone who said he knew me.

2. The house had fallen into disrepair.

这所房子已经年久失修了。

Usage:

fall into conversation with... 与……开始聊天

fall into a doze 打瞌睡

fall into decay 腐朽

fall into bad habits 养成坏习惯

fall into a trap / pitfall 钻进圈套

2. belong to or be part of a particular group, area of responsibility, range of things, or type of things 属于

（某类）

e. g. Many illnesses fall into the category of stress-related illnesses.

3. be able to be divided into sth. 可分为

e.g. The lecture series falls naturally into three parts.

该系列讲座可自然分作三部分。

put in touch with

cause sb. to meet; bring into contact with 使……接触；使……联系

e. g. 1. They didn’t know one another until they were put in touch by a mutual friend.

2. Our head office can put you in touch with a branch in your area.

我们总公司可安排您与当地分公司取得联系。

Usage:

be in touch with / get in touch with 联系

keep in touch with 保持联系

be out of touch / lose touch 失去联系

unburden vt.

free (oneself, one’s mind, etc.) by talking about a secret trouble 吐露心事以消除（思想、精神等上的）负担

e. g. 1. She longed for a sympathetic person to whom she could unburden hersel

f.

2. The Centre became a place where many came to unburden themselves, to talk about their hopes and

fears.

中心成为这样一个地方，人们来倾诉，谈谈渴望，恐惧等等。

Usage:

unburden oneself to sb. 向人倾诉

unburden one’s heart, soul, conscience 解除心灵上、良心上的负担

unburden oneself of a secret 说出秘密

carry away

[usu. pass.] fill with strong feeling or excitement, esp. so as to cause unreasonable behaviour [一般用被动语态]使忘其所以，使忘形；使兴奋

e. g. 1. I got rather carried away at the clothes sale and spent far too much money that day.

2. He tends to get carried away when watching wrestling on TV.

他看到电视中的摔跤比赛就很兴奋。

spectacle n.

1. sth. exhibited to view; a grand public show or scene 壮观的场面（景象）

e. g. 1. The carnival is a magnificent spectacle.

2. The sunrise seen from high in the mountains was a tremendous spectacle.

从山上居高远望, 日出景象蔚为奇观。

2. (usu derog ) object of attention, esp. sb. / sth. unusual or ridiculous （通常作贬义）注意的目标；（尤指）

不同寻常的或滑稽的人[事物]

e.g. 1. The trial was turned into a public spectacle.

庭审变成了一幕公共闹剧。

2. Visitors to London are often shocked by the spectacle of people begging in the streets.

来到伦敦，看到街上有人乞讨，人们常常感到诧异。

Phrases:

make a spectacle of oneself （因行为、穿着等）出丑, 出洋相

3. [plural][fml or old-fashioned] glasses that help you see （复数）（正式或过时）眼镜

e.g. He looked at me over the tops of his spectacles.

obligation n.

[C; U] a condition or influence that makes it necessary for sb. to do sth.; duty 义务，职责，责任

e. g. 1. Sons and daughters should consider it a moral obligation to look after their aged parents.

2. You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.

确保你的孩子接受良好的教育，这是你的法律责任。

Collocations:

have an obligation (to do something) 有义务

be under an obligation (to do something) 有义务

be under no obligation (to do something) 没有义务

meet / fulfil / honour an obligation 履行义务

impose an obligation on sb. 使某人有义务（做某事）

owe somebody an obligation 欠了某人人情

moral / legal / social obligation 道德/ 法律/ 社会责任

a sense of obligation 职责感

hence adv.

1. fml (often in a phrase without a verb) for this reason or from this origin; therefore 〖正式〗因此，由此，

所以（常用于无动词短语中）

e. g. 1. She didn’t promise me anything when we first met; hence she did not go back on her word.

2. The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important

consideration.

对一个企业来说，交通运输费用是很大一笔开支。所以工厂选址需要认真考虑。

2. from this time 从此时起

e. g. The new model is to be released four years hence.

新型号将在四年后发布。

selective a.

1. having an effect only on certain things; not general 仅对某些东西有效的；有选择力的，非普遍的

e. g. 1. You need a selective weed killer that won’t damage your garden flowers.

2. Selective breeding may result in a greyhound running faster and seeing better than a wolf.

选择性育种将培育出一种速度和视力都比狼厉害的猎狗。

2. (about ) tending to choose carefully （常与about搭配）挑拣的

e.g. People are becoming more and more selective about what foods they buy these days.

digestion n.

[C; U] the act or ability of changing food into a form that the body can use after eating 消化；消化力，消化作用

e. g. 1. Don’t eat too muc h rich food — it’s bad for your digestion.

2. Eating raw food helps balance your body and aids digestion.

吃粗纤维食物帮助你平衡机体，有助于消化。

digest vt.

digestive a.

current n.

n. a continuingly moving mass of liquid or gas, esp. one flowing through slower-moving liquid or gas 流；

水流；气流

e. g. 1. Some birds use warm air currents to help them fly.

有些鸟利用暖气流帮助飞行。

2.Strong currents can be very dangerous for swimmers.

对游泳者来说湍急的水流是很危险的。

3.A sudden surge in the current made the lights fuse.

电压突然增加烧断了保险丝而使电灯熄灭。

a.

1. of the present time; happening now 现在的；现行的；当前发生的

e. g. Have you seen the current issue of V ogue magazine?

你看了最新一期V ogue杂志吗？

2. in common or general use; generally accepted 通用的；通行的；被普遍接受的

e. g. This custom was still current in the late 1960s.

这种习俗在60年代末期还是很流行的。

break off

1. (cause to) end, esp. suddenly （使）突然结束，中断，解除

e. g. 1. The talks between the two sides broke off without any agreement being reached.

2. She broke off their engagement only a few weeks before they were due to be married.

在婚期前几周，她突然解除了婚约。

2. suddenly stop talking 停止讲话

e. g. He broke off in the middle of the sentence.

他一句话只说了一半就停住了。

Difficult Sentences for Text A

1.Now to be able to live two hours out of twelve in a different world and take one’s th oughts off the claims

of the immediate present is, of course, a privilege to be envied by people shut up in their bodily prison.

(Para. 2)

Q: What is the subject of the sentence? And the verb?

A: The subject is ―to be able to live...and take...‖. The verb is ―is‖.

Q: What does it mean to ―live two hours out of twelve in a different world and take one’s thoughts off the claims of the immediate present‖?

A: Spend two hours every day (roughly, twelve hours active) on reading and while reading, one can escape from reality and live in the world described in the book.

Q: Please translate this sentence into Chinese.

A: 一个人在十二小时之中，能够在一个不同的世界里生活二小时，完全忘怀眼前的现实环境：这当然是那些禁锢在他们的身体监狱里的人所妒羡的权利。

2.Even if it is a book about physical events, there is a difference between seeing such events in person or

living through them, and reading about them in books, for then the events always assume the quality of a spectacle and the reader becomes a detached spectator. (Para. 3)

Q: How does reading about an event different from actually watching or experiencing the event?

A: While we are reading it in the book, the event takes on the quality of a magnificent display and we then become observers, impartial, not involved.

Q: Please translate this sentence into Chinese.

A: 纵使那是一本关于现实事情的书，亲眼看见那些事情或亲历其境，和在书中读到那些事情，其间也有不同的地方，因为在书本里所叙述的事情往往变成一片景象，而读者也变成一个冷眼旁观的人。

3.The net gain comes as much from the reader’s contribution through his own insight and experience as

from the author’s own. (Para. 9)

Q: What are the two parts of ―gain‖ from reading?

A: One part is what the author contributes in his book, and the other part is what the reader understand while reading the book. The reader’s understanding is based on his personal insight and experience.

Q: Translate the following sentence, using the pattern ―as much from… as from…‖: 一个人的社会地位可能来源于所挣得的收入，也可能来源于所花费的金钱。

A: For reference:

A person’s social status may derive as much from the earning of income as from the spending of it.

Extended Questions

▇Extended questions (Para. 1)

Q:What do you think reading can give us?

A:It can give us incomparable pleasure. Reading nourishes our mind and broadens our horizons. It enriches our knowledge and improves our character and taste. Reading is to the mind as food is to the body. In other words, reading nourishes the mind and soul.

▇Extended questions (Para. 3)

Q:Do you sometimes find yourself in a contemplative mood when reading a good book?

A:Answers may vary, but most students would give an affirmative answer. In fact, when we are reading a good book, we are invariably carried away into a world of thought and reflection. This is especially true of reading literature. We tend to empathise with a particular character in a novel or a play, whose life or behaviour makes us think, laugh, cry or wonder. And it is through such contemplation and reflection that our mind and soul get nourished.

▇Extended questions (Para. 6)

Q:Do you think one should read selectively or extensively?

A:Answers may vary. Some may hold that we should read selectively for the simple reason that it is both impossible and unnecessary for us to read all books. Moreover, only by reading selectively can we ―cultivate personal charm of appearance and flavour in speech‖ and get the flavour or taste of reading.

After all, flavour or taste is the key to all reading. Others may think otherwise. They may hold that we should read extensively, for reading extensively can help us broaden our horizons and provide us with encyclopedic knowledge. Still others may hold a balanced view. They may attach more importance to the ways of reading rather than what kind of books should be read. As Francis Bacon says, ―Some books are to be tasted; others to be swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.‖

▇Extended questions (Para. 7)

Q:Do you know anything about the Book of Changes?

A:Yes. The Book of Changes or Zhouyi, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. The book

contains a divination (卜卦) system comparable to Western geomancy (泥土占卜); in Western cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. Traditionally, the Book of Changes and its hexagrams (六角星形)were thought to pre-date recorded history, and based on traditional Chinese accounts, its origins trace back to the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BCE (公元前).

During the Warring States Period (战国时代), the text was re-interpreted as a system of cosmology (宇宙论) and philosophy that subsequently became intrinsic to Chinese culture. It centered on the ideas of the dynamic balance of opposites, the evolution of events as a process, and acceptance of the inevitability of change.

▇Extended questions (Para. 8)

Q:What can we learn from this paragraph?

A:This paragraph tells us that the appreciation of certain books demands certain insight and experience on the part of the reader. If the reader is not mature enough or is not intellectually prepared for a certain book, he or she would not be able to benefit and gain pleasure from reading it, and sometimes this kind of reading may do more harm than good.

Section C Voicing Your Views

1 Work in pairs and list in the following table Lin Yutang’s views on reading in Text A.

▇Answers for reference:

2 Work in pairs and discuss to what extent you agree with the above views. Give reasons to support your

Open.

Text B

Section A KEY WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

Key Words:

cite vt.

1. mention, esp. as an example in a statement, argument, etc.; quote 引用，援引，引证，例证

e. g. 1. The minister cited the latest crime figures as proof of the need for more police.

2. She cited a passage from the President’s speech.

2.(law) order sb. to appear in a court of law; to name sb. officially in a legal case [法律]召（某人）出庭；

e.g. She was cited in the divorce proceedings.

3. mention sb. officially or publicly because they deserve special praise 表彰

e.g. He was cited for bravery in the Vietnam War.

unwillingness

n. the state of not wanting to do sth., or of doing sth. without really wanting to 不情愿，不愿意；勉强

e. g. 1. Their unwillingness to face the dangers of the journey was not surprising.

2. We were annoyed by her unwillingness to help.

Adjective: unwilling

Antonym: willingness

perception n.

1. fml the action of having knowledge of sth. through one of the senses (esp. the sight) or through the mind 〖正式〗感觉，知觉

e. g. 1. Drugs can alter your perception of reality.

2. She showed great perception in her assessment of the family situation.

2.way of seeing or understanding sth. 看法; 理解

e. g. There is a general public perception that standards in schools are falling.

alarm

vt. fill with fear, anxiety, and worry about the future 使恐慌（焦虑，不安）

e. g. 1. The local government is alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crime.

2. The captain knew there was an engine fault but didn’t want to alarm the passengers.

n.

1.fear and excitement caused by the expectation of danger 惊慌；恐慌

e. g. This news fills me with alarm.

2. warning sound or signal 警报

e. g. Neighbours raised the alarm when they smelled smoke.

3. apparatus that gives such a warning 警报器

e. g. I forgot to set the burglar alarm.

4. an alarm clock 闹钟

e. g.I’ve set the alarm for 7 o’clock.

distraction

n. [C] sth. or sb. that distracts, esp. an amusement 使人分心的事（人）；（尤指）娱乐，消遣

e. g. 1. There are too many distractions here and I cannot work properly.

2. Demands for equality were seen as a distraction from more serious issues.

essential

a.

1.[(to, for)] completely necessary for the existence, success, etc. of sth. [常与to或for连用]绝对必要的；极其重要的

e. g. 1. We can live without decent clothes, but food and drink are essential.

2. The museum is closed while essential repairs are being carried out.

2.attrib relating to sb’s / st h’s basic nature; fundamental [作定语]本质的；基本的

e.g. The essential difference between Sara and me is in our attitude to money.

n. (usu pl) fundamentally necessary element or thing [通常作复数]要素；要点

e. g. 1. Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential.

2. We only had time to pack the bare essentials.

a. [(to, for)] very necessary; of the greatest importance [常与to或for连用]非常必需的；极其重要的

e. g. 1. It is absolutely vital that food supplies should be maintained.

2. These measures are vital to national security.

Collocation:

absolutely vital 至关重要

it is vital that / it is vital to do something 做某事很重要

of vital importance 非常重要

play a vital role / part (in something) 扮演重要角色

vital part / piece / element / component / ingredient 重要部分/ 成分

vital information / evidence / clue 关键信息/ 证据/ 线索

debate

vt. discuss a subject formally, usu. in an attempt to reach a decision 进行辩论；讨论

e. g. 1. They debated for over an hour whether to accept the management’s proposals.

2. Meanwhile, philosophers de bate whether it’s right to clone an individual.

n. argument or discussion of a question 辩论, 讨论

e. g. 1. The new drug has become the subject of heated debate within the medical profession.

2. What topics are under debate in Congress this week?

Collocation:

heated / fierce / intense debate 激烈的讨论

widespread debate 广泛讨论

lively debate 热烈讨论

public debate 公开讨论

long-running debate 长期讨论

ongoing debate 持续讨论

provoke / trigger / spark off a debate 引起讨论

distribution n.

1. an act of dividing or giving out sth. or an state of being divided and given out 分发，分配，分送；散布

e. g. 1. The manager tried to even out the distribution of work among his employees.

2. Electronic media make the potential for information distribution possible on a scale never before

achieved.

2. the way that sth. is shared or exists over a particular area or among a particular group of people分布

e. g. The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.

distinct a.

1.[(from)] clearly different or separate [常与from连用]截然不同的；完全分开的

e. g. 1. Alcohol has a very distinctive smell; it’s quite distinct from the smell of wine.

2. The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other.

2. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite 清楚的；明显的；明确的

e. g. The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.

cable

n. [U] = cable television, a system of broadcasting television by cable, usu. paid for by the user 有线电视

e. g. 1. China has over 80 million users of cable television, ranking first in the world.

2. I’ll wait for the movie to come out on cable.

transmission n.

1. sth. broadcast on television, radio, etc. （电视、广播的）播送节目

e. g. 1. We now interrupt our normal transmissions to bring you a special news flash.

2. This is a live transmission of the tennis championship.

2.action or process of transmitting or being transmitted 传播；传染

e. g. Doctors are working to prevent the transmission of the virus.

Verb: transmit

literally ad.

1. in a literal sense; really 确实地，真正地

e. g. 1. The Olympic Games were watched by literally billions of people around the world.

2. We live literally just round the corner from her.

2.according to the most basic or original meaning of a word or expression 字面意义上

e. g. The name of the cheese is Dolcel atte, literally meaning ―sweet milk‖.

concretely

ad. clearly; definitely 明确地；确定地

e. g. 1. In this research proposal, the research goals as well as the research methods are all given concretely.

2. Does the past exist concretely, in space?

accessible

a. [(to, by)] easy to reach, enter, or obtain [常与to或by连用]容易达到的；易接近的；易取得的

e. g. 1. Although the earth contains extremely large mineral deposits, some of these are not easily accessible.

2. Computers should be made readily accessible to teachers and pupils.

Antonym: inaccessible

specialized

a. suitable or developed for one particular use 专门（化）的，专用的

e. g. 1. Don’t try to do it yourself; it requires highly specialized equipment.

2. The hospital is unable to provide the highly specialized care needed by very sick babies. technically ad.

1.[usu. sentence adverb] according to the facts or exact meaning of sth.; strictly [通常修饰全句]从严格意义上来讲

e. g. 1. Technically, you could be punished for this, but I don’t suppose you will be.

2. It is still technically possible for them to win.

2.concerning the special skills that are needed to play music, do a sport etc. 从技巧方面来看

e. g. The dance looks simple, but is technically very difficult.

3.concerning the way machines are used to do work 从技术上来讲

e. g. Agriculture is becoming more and more technically advanced.

logical

a. according to the rules of logic 符合逻辑的

e. g. 1. There is no clear logical way to answer this question.

2. If they did not leave until yesterday, then it is logical to assume that they will arrive some time

tomorrow.

Antonym: illogical

unburden

vt. [(of)] take away a load of worry from [常与of连用]卸去……的负担；解除……的忧虑

e. g. 1. She has been feeling frustrated since her boy friend left her two weeks ago; she needs to unburden

herself to someone.

2. A servant hurried to unburden him of his bags.

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Unit1 Working with words and expressions 1. 2. cloze Translation

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