必备法律词汇
必备法律词汇——民事法律
法律渊源source of law
制定法statute
判例法case law; precedent
普通法common law
特别法special law
固有法native law; indigenous law
继受法adopted law
实体法substantial law
程序法procedural law
原则法fundamental law
例外法exception law
司法解释judicial interpretation
习惯法customary law
公序良俗public order and moral
自然法natural law
罗马法Roman Law
私法private law
公法public law
市民法jus civile
万民法jus gentium
民法法系civil law system
英美法系system of Anglo-American law
大陆法系civil law system
普通法common law
大陆法continental law
罗马法系Roman law system
英吉利法
衡平法equity; law of equity
日尔曼法Germantic law
教会法ecclesiastical law
寺院法canon law
伊斯兰法Islamic law
民法法律规范norm of civil law
授权规范authorization norm
禁止规范forbidding norm
义务性规范obligatory norm
命令性规范commanding norm
民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality
自愿原则principle of free will
公平原则principle of justice 债的担保guarantee of obligation
财产担保property guarantee
信用担保credit guarantee
让与担保alienation guarantee
保证guaranty
明示保证express guaranty
默示保证
implied guaranty
保证人guarantor
保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship
保证金guaranty bond; security deposit
押金deposit; foregift
预付款advanced payment
定金earnest money; deposit
违约金liquidated damages
法定违约金liquidated damages by law
约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement
债的履行performance of obligation
实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance
情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances
不当履行misfeasance
清偿discharge; satisfaction
提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority
抵销setoff
知识产权intellectual property
知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment
优先权原则a right of priority doctrine
自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection
特许权使用费royalties
智力成果intellectual property
著作权copyright
版权copyright
著作权人copyright owner
创作creation
作品opus; product; work
著作人格权right of personality of copyright
发表权right of publication
署名权right of authorship; right of paternity
修改权right of modification; right of revision
完整性保持权right to maintain integrity
等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith
行为/作为act
不作为omission
合法行为lawful act
违法行为unlawful act
民事权利权利能力civil right
绝对权absolute right
相对权relative right
优先权right of priority
先买权preemption
原权antecedent right
救济权right of relief
支配权right of dominion
请求权right of claim
物上请求权right of claim for real thing
形成权right of formation
撤销权right of claiming cancellation
否认权right of claiming cancellation
解除权right of renouncement
代位权subrogated right
选择权right of choice
承认权right of admission
终止权right of termination
抗辩权right of defense
一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense
永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance
既得权tested right
期待权expectant right
专属权exclusive right
非专属权non-exclusive right
人身权利personal right
人权human right
人格权right of personality
生命健康权right of life and health
姓名权right of name
名称权right of name
肖像权right of portraiture
自由权right of freedom
名誉权right of reputation
隐私权right of privacy 不可侵犯权inviolability
收回权right of recall; right of retrieval
自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense 著作财产权property right in work
使用收益分享权right to share usufruct
利用权right to make use of
获得报酬权right to get payment
重播权right of rebroadcasting
录制权right of fixation
机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction
著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright
剽窃plagiary; plagiarism
盗版pirate
盗版VCD pirated VCD
伪造forge
工业产权industrial property
专利权patent right
优先权日priority date
申请在先原则prior application rule
使用在先priority of use
新颖性novelty
创造性creativity
实用性practicability
发明创造invention and creation
实用新型utility model
外观设计design; industrial design
发明权right of invention
发现权right of discovery
专利申请patent application
专利异议objection to a patent
专利公告patent gazette
专利续展费renewal fee of patent
专利许可协议patent licensing agreement
技术诀窍know-how
专有技术know-how
专利证书certificate of patent
专利事务所patent office
专利代理patent agency
中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China
商标权trademark right
商标国际注册international registration of trademark
商品商标commodity trademark
私生活秘密权right of privacy
贞操权virginity right
身份权right of status
亲权parental power; parental right
亲属权right of relative
探视权visitation right
配偶权right of spouse
荣誉权right of honor
权利的保护protection of right
公力救济public protection
私力救济self-protection
权利本位standard of right
社会本位standard of society
无责任行为irresponsible right
正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence
防卫行为act of defence
自为行为self-conducting act
紧急避险act of rescue; necessity
自助行为act of self-help
不可抗力force majeure
意外事件accident
行为能力capacity for act
意思能力capacity of will
民事行为civil act
意思表示declaration of intention
意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus
完全行为能力perfect capacity for act
限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act
准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person
保佐protection
自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity
无行为能力incapacity for act
禁治产人interdicted person
自然人natural person
公民citizen
住所domicile
居所residence
经常居住地frequently dwelling place
户籍census register
监护guardianship
个体工商户individual business
农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household
合伙partnership 服务商标service trademark
驰名商标reputed trademark
广告商标advertisement trademark
近似商标similar trademark
商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board
商标审查trademark examination
商标侵权trademark infringement
商标注册registered trademark
商标公告trademark gazette
注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark
注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark
商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement
商标事务所trademark office
商标代理trademark agency
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法marital law; marriage law
包办婚姻arranged marriage
财产分割partition; dismemberment of property
重婚bigamy
独生子女only child
法律婚legal marriage
非婚生子女illegitimate child
夫妻共同财产community property
夫妻关系conjugal relationship
夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board
复婚resumption of marriage
感情破裂incompatibility
婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties
婚姻登记marriage registration
婚生子女ligitimate child
计划生育birth control
结婚marry
离婚divorce
买卖婚姻mercenary marriage
拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law
旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation
涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements
配偶spouse
事实婚de facto marriage
诉讼离婚divorce by litigation
探视权visitation right
同居cohabitation
晚婚late marriage
合伙人partner
合伙协议partnership agreement
合伙财产property of partnership
合伙债务debt of partnership
入伙join partnership
退伙withdrawal from partnership
合伙企业partnership business establishment
个人合伙partnership
法人合伙partnership of legal person
特别合伙special partnership
普通合伙general partnership
有限合伙limited partnership
民事合伙civil partnership
隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership
私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship
法人legal person
企业法人legal body of enterprise
企业集团group of enterprise
关联企业affiliate enterprise
个人独资企业individual business establishment
国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise
中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise
中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise
社团法人legal body of mass organization
财团法人legal body of financial group
联营joint venture
法人型联营association of legal persons
合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership
协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社cooperative
民事法律行为civil legal act
单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act
双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act
多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act
有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act
诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act
要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act 无效婚姻void marriage
协议离婚divorce by agreement
一夫一妻制monogamy
早婚early marriage
直系血亲lineal descent
自然血亲natural blood relation
收养法adoption law
收养协议adoption agreement
收养人adoptive parent
送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption 涉外收养adoption with foreign elements
继承法inheritance law; law of succession
法定继承legal seccession
遗嘱继承intestate succession
遗赠继承succession by devise
自然继承natural succession
代位继承representation; succession by subrogation
世袭继承hereditary succession
间接继承indirect succession
转继承subsuccession
共同继承joint succession
单独继承single succession
继承人heir; successor
第二顺序继承人successor second in order
第一顺序继承人successor first in order
继承参与人succession participant
遗产inheritance; heritage
遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor
遗言last will and testament
遗书last words
遗赠bequest; legacy; devise
遗赠抚养协议legacy-support ageement
四、商事法律
会计法accounting law
税法tax law; taxation law
反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law
消费者权益保护法consume r’s interest protection law
产品责任法production liability law
消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law
公司法company law; corporate law
公司company; corporation
有限责任公司limited liability company
股份有限公司company limited by shares
无限公司unlimited company
不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act
不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act
主民事法律行为principal civil legal act
从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act
附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act
附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term
生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death
死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death
准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act
无效行为ineffective act
可撤销民事行为revocable civil act
违法行为illegal act; unlawful act
侵权行为tort
欺诈fraud
胁迫duress
乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position 以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention
恶意串通malicious collaboration
重大误解gross misunderstanding
显失公平obvious unjust
误传misrepresentation
代理agency
本人principal
被代理人principal
受托人trustee
代理人agent
本代理人original agent
法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent
委托代理人agent by mandate
指定代理人designated agent
复代理人subagent
再代理人subagent
转代理人subagent
代理权right of agency
授权行为act of authorization
授权委托书power of attorney
代理行为act of agency
委托代理agency by mandate
本代理original agency
复代理subagency
次代理subagency
有权代理authorized agency 股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership
两合公司joint liability company
控股公司holding company
集团公司group company
合资公司joint venture company
联营公司associated company; affiliated company
国营公司state-own company
国有公司state-owned company
民营公司civilian-run company
本国公司national/domestic company
外国公司foreign company
上市公司listed company
母公司parent company
子公司subsidiary
皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company
募集设立incorporation by stock floatation
发起人floater; initiator
公司名称name of company
公司住址domicile of company
出资contribution; capital subscription
现金出资investment in cash
实物出资investment in kind
工业产权出资investment in industrial property right
非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology
劳务出资investment in labor
高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本registered capital
实缴资本paid-in capital
验资报告capital verification report
会计师事务所certified public accountants
注册会计师certified public accountant
资本三原则three doctrine of capital
资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination
资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance
资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital
最低资本额制度minimum capital system
公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw
公司登记incorporation; corporate registration
公司存续existence of company
公司合并分立merger and split of company
公司并购corporate merger and acquisition
公司管理corporate governance; company management 公司法律顾问corporate counsel
表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency
律师代理agency by lawyer
普通代理general agency
全权代理general agency
全权代理委托书general power of attorney
共同代理joint agency
独家代理sole agency
居间brokerage
居间人broker
行纪commission; broker house
信托trust
时效time limit; prescription; limitation
时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation
时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription
时效延长extension of limitation
取得时效acquisitive prescription
时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription
期日date
期间term
涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements
冲突规范rule of conflict
准据法applicable law; governing law
反致renvoi; remission
转致transmission
识别identification
公共秩序保留reserve of public order
法律规避evasion of law
国籍nationality
国有化nationalization
法律责任legal liability
民事责任civil liability/responsibility
行政责任administrative liability/responsibility
刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility
违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default
有限责任limited liability
无限责任unlimited liability
按份责任shared/several liability
连带责任joint and several liability
过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability
过错责任fault liability; liability for fault
单独过错sole fault
共同过错joint fault
混合过错mixed fault 公司整顿company rectification
公司歇业closure of business
公司和解company composition
公司解散company dissolution
公司清算company liquidation
公司清理company winding-up
竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition
招股章程prospectus
股本stock capital
股东shareholder
股东大会shareholders’meeting
股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting
股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting 表决权voting right; right to vote
董事director
法律翻译公司
董事长president/chairman of the board
首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)
首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)
执行董事executive director
常务董事managing director
董事会board of directors
董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors
经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system 监事supervisor
监事会board of supervisors
股share; stock
普通股common stock
特别股special stock
资格股qualification stock
优先股preferred stock
劣后股inferior stock
表决权股stock with voting power
溢价股premium stock
折价股converting stock
国家股state-owned share
集体股collective share法人股corporate share
企业股enterprise share
个人股individual share
股息dividend
红股bonus stock; dividend stock
法定公积金legal accumulation fund
被害人过错victim’s fault 第三人过错third party’s fault 推定过错presumptive fault 恶意bad faith; malice
故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness 过失negligence
重大过失gross negligence
疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage 有形损失tangible damage/loss 无形损失intangible damage/loss 财产损失property damage/loss 人身损失personal damage/loss 精神损失spiritual damage/loss
民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害cease the infringing act
排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险elimination of danger 返还财产restitution of property
恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state 赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss 支付违约金payment of liquidated damage 消除影响eliminate ill effects
恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation 赔礼道歉extend a formal apology
资本公积金capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund 任意公积金optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪corporate crime 证券法securities law
证券发行issuance of securities 证券上市list securities; float an issue 证券交易所stock exchange 证券商securities dealer 证券公司securities company
证券承销商consortium of underwriters 证券承销合同underwriting contract 证券经纪人securities broker 披露制度disclosing system 交割日closing date
风险投资基金venture capital fund 上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会securities supervision committee
物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right 物权制度real right system; right in rem system 一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right 物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem 物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem 物property
生产资料raw material for production
生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence 流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce 限制流通物limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset
固定资产fixed asset
流动资产current asset; floating asset 动产movables; chattel
票据法law of negotiable instrument 票据notes; bills; commercial instruments 商业票据bill; commercial instrument 远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill 到期票据matured bill
即期票据sight bill
记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument 本票promissory note 支票cheque 汇票bill of exchange 发票日ticket day 出票日date of draft/issue 发票地place of draft/issue 票据到期日bill to mature 票据金额sum of bill 票面价额face value
不动产immovable; real estate 特定物res certae; a certain thing 种类物genus; indefinite thing 可分物res divisibiles; divisible things 不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things 主物res capitalis; a principal thing 从物res accessoria; an accessory thing 原物original thing 孳息fruits
天然孳息natural fruits 法定孳息legal fruits
无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property 漂流物drifting object
埋藏物fortuna; hidden property 货币currency 证券securities 债券bond
物权分类classification of right in rem/real right 自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title
所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership 占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership 使用权right of use; right to use of 收益权right to earnings; right to yields 处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi 善意占有possession in good faith 恶意占有malicious possession 按份共有several possession 共同共有joint possession 他物权jus in re aliena 用益物权real right for usufruct 使用权right to use; right of use 土地使用权right to the use of land 林权forest ownership 采矿权mining ownership
经营权managerial authority; power of management 承包经营权right to contracted management 相邻权neighboring right; relatedright 地上权superficies
永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement
人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude
票据出票人drawer 票据持票人bill holder 票据承兑人bill acceptor
票据行为act on commercial paper 承兑票据honor a bill 票据议付negotiation 拒付票据protest a bill 票据付款人drawee
票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector
票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill 被背书人endorsee 票据保证人bill guarantor
票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee 再追索人renewed recourser 前手remote holder 后手subsequent endorser 票据权利right of bill 票据期限term of bill; tenor
票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse 票据抗辩exception to bill 票据丧失loss of bill
票据时效prescription of exchanges 票据贴现discount of bill 再贴现rediscount of bill 恩惠期间term of benevolence
票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments 海商法maritime law
船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国flag country
船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship 船舶保险insurance on hull 船舶保险单hull insurance policy 船舶登记证书certificate of registry 船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships 船舶进港费groundage 船舶抵押ship mortgage 船舶租赁ship chartering
船舶转租ship subchartering
船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners 船舶碰撞ship collision
担保物权real right for security
物的担保security for thing
物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing
抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage 抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage
抵押人mortgagor
抵押权人mortgagee
抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage
抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage
抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage
抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage
抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage
抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage
抵押优先权priority of mortgage
留置权lien
一般留置权general lien
特别留置权special lien
质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge
佃权tenant right
债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right
债权人creditor
债务人debtor
相对人counterpart; offeree
给付give; pay
债务debt; liability; obligation
债务的偿还payment of debt
债务的偿清discharge of debt
债务的担保guarantee of debt
债务的合并consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期debt maturity
债务的免除exemption of debt
债的分类obligatio; obligation
法定之债legal obligation
任意之债voluntary obligation
简单之债
simple obligation 船舶遇难maritime distress
海上灾难perils of the sea
海上拖航marine towage
船舶扣押detention of ship
船舶债权ship’s credit
船级社classification society
船级证书certificate of class
海上留置权maritime lien
船舶留置权maritime lien
船舶抵押权maritime mortgage
海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships
救助优先权priority claim to salvage
共同海损优先权priority claim to general average
服务优先权priority claim to service
货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit
海运合同shipping contract
提单bill of lading(B/L)
空舱费dead freight
租船费charterage
charter-party contract of affreightment
期租船合同time charter-party; time CP
航次租船合同voyage charter-party
定期租船合同time charter-party
光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP
包租运输合同shipping charter-party
海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea
远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage
港内拖带合同contract of port towage
海难救助合同salvage contract
海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest
海事声明书sea protest
海事争议maritime dispute
海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court
海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision 船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision
海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes
海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment
海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime
选择之债alternative obligation
主债prime/principal obligation
从债accessory obligation
单一之债single obligation
按份之债several obligation
连带之债joint obligation
特定之债certain obligation
种类之债indefinite obligation
合同之债contractual obligation
侵权行为之债tort obligation
损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages
人身损害damage to person
精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage
医药费hospital treatment expense
医疗费medical charge
抚恤金pension
慰问金consolation money
产品瑕疵defect of product
不当得利unjust enrichment
无因管理voluntary service attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings
涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements
强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship
海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure
保险法insurance law
自愿保险voluntary insurance
强制保险compulsory insurance
商业保险commercial insurance
财产保险property insurance
人身保险personal insurance
人寿保险life insurance
健康保险health insurance
意外保险accident insurance
社会保险social insurance
养老保险endowment insurance
医疗保险medical insurance
失业保险unemployment insurance
信用保险credit insurance
保证保险guaranty insurance
保险合同insurance contract
保险人insurer; underwriter
被保险人the insured
受益人benificiary
投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder
保险单insurance policy
保险标的insurance object
保险费premium
保险期限time limit of insurance
保险利益insurable interest
保险金额insurance; insurance compensation
保险事故insurance accident
保险赔偿insurance indemnity
保险代理人insurance agent
保险经纪人insurance broker
索赔claim
代位索赔claim by subrogation 理赔settlement of claim
代位求偿权right of subrogation
委付abandonment
退保cancellation/discharging of insurance