英国国家概况知识点
U.K.
Official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
Size: 242,514 square kilometers (93,635 square miles).
Location：is a country situated in the British Isles，which lie off the northwest coast of the European continent.
4 political divisions：Scotland，England，Wales，Northern Ireland
Capital：London,Located on the bank of the River Thames in southeast England.
Ben Nevis:英国最高山the highest mountain，本尼维斯山脉1343m,in Scotland.
Lough Neagh：英国最大湖泊the largest lake，内伊湖396平方千米，in Northern Ireland.
Thames River：英国最重要河流the important river,泰晤士河(母亲河/第二长河)336km，in England British Isles：不列颠群岛（包括大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛、马恩岛及附近的5500多个小岛；群岛上有英国和爱尔兰共和国）.
Great Britain= Scotland + England + Wales
Julius Caesar：(100 BC—44 BC凯撒大帝)Rome general, statesman and historian. He invaded Britain(55 BC), crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey(48 BC), pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen(47 BC), returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator until he was murdered(44 BC).
Roman’s Influence：Christianity spread / Eg:Roman bath house in Bath, England.???????? Constantine the Great：(272-337) The first Christian Emperor
Angle & Saxons：Three invasions：Germanic tribesmen、Vikings (known as Danes)、Normans
Alfred the Great：“The Father of the British Navy”
William the Conqueror：created a new and more powerful country under one king, eventually ruled over the whole island called Great Britain, built “The Tower of London”.
Hundred Year’s War：1337-1453,was fought on French soil and throughout the western region of the Continent and at sea.
Joan of Arc：French military leader and national heroine of the 15th century, who at the age of 17 took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake.
Black Death：A disease spread by rat fleas. Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing between a third and two-thirds of Europe’s population, including about one-third of England’s population.
Reformation：改革/创新???????????
Henry VIII：一生有六位王后,进行了多项改革。Initiated a revolution in 1533, separating the English church from Rome and establishing himself head of the church. In the 1530s, Henry VIII’s power was greatly enlarged, especially by transferring the end of his reign, Wales and Ireland were officially incorporated into England in1536 and 1541, respectively, creating a union of the Crowns.
Renaissance：the cultural and artistic movement that was associated with the pan-European Renaissance originating in northern Italy in the 14th century. Eg: Edmund Spenser (The Faerie Queen), Christopher Marlowe ( Dr. Faustus), William Shakespeare, Sir Thomas More( Utopia),Sir Francis Bacon(Essays)
Civil War：The war included a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians(“roundheads”)and Royalists(“cavaliers”) from 1642 until 1651.Essentially,the Civil War was a constitutional issue between a king who claimed to rule by divine right and represented the feudal nobility ,and a Parliament representing country gentry, merchants and artisans ,who claimed real
sovereignty.
Charles I：son of James I ,succeeded to the throne in 1625.
Oliver Cromwell：With the declaration of the Commonwealth ,Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector, introducing republicanism, which, although short-lived, would permanently alter British society.
Winston Churchill：(1940-1945;1951-1955)Prime Minister , an eloquent orator.
Constitutional monarchy(君主立宪)：Constitution(宪法)UK has no written constitution. It mainly consists of:1)Statute Laws成文法2)Common Law普通法3) Conventions习惯法4)Ancient documents 5)European Union Laws欧盟法；Monarchy(帝王/君主)The British Monarchy is the longest reigning monarchy in the world. “to reign but not rule”
Parliamentary democracy(议会民主)：
Elizabeth II：The present Sovereign-Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, and came to the throne on February 6, 1953. Her Majesty is: 1. Sovereign of the UK 2. Head of State of 15 other realms 3. Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation.
Prime Minister：
Parliament：The division of the Parliament(议会): 1.the Crown 2.the House of Lords 3.the House of Commons. Address: the Palace of Westminster in London. Maximum duration: 5 years.House of Commons: 1.the Lower House 2.with real power 3.651 Members of Parliament 4. members are elected every 5 years from constituencies.House of Lords: 1. the Upper House 2.members: a. the lords temporal b. the lords spiritual c. the law lords.
Official residence：10 Downing Street(Prime Minister’s official residence)
Political Parties: the Labour Party -- in opposition; the Conservative Party -- in power; the Liberal Democratic Party
Keynesian(凯恩斯主义者/理论)：that advocate government monetary and fiscal programmes, designed to increase employment and stimulate business activity.
Thatcher(撒切尔夫人)：the real Iron Lady of the former British Prime Minister(1979-1991) Privazation：In1979,the Conservative governments under Margaret Thatcher implemented a radical shift from public ownership to privazation, believing that it would improve efficiency, reduce government spending, increase economic freedom, and encourage share ownership.
Farm crops：The most important farm crops--wheat, barley, oats, sugar beets, potatoes and rapeseed. Welfare state(福利社会)：Following the Second World War, the state introduced a series of legislative and policy reforms known as the “welfare state”, providing effective and comprehensive social welfare to the most disadvantaged. It is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions, and other facilities.
Conformist churches(国教教堂)：
2provinces of Canterbury and York：
State schools：The vast majority of children; Non fee-paying; Co-educational day school; Governing body: parent representatives, head teacher, serving teachers, governors, members of the local community.
Public schools( Independent schools)：A small number of children; Private fee-paying schools; Day and boarding schools; Single-sex; Fees + charitable foundations; Near 100% university acceptance rate.
Open university:1.Adults of all ages 2.through TV, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes 3.no entry qualifications, no admission interviews, no barriers of any kind.
Cricket：used to be the English national sport in the 1950s, played and watched by all social classes of men. Today, cricket is still popular in England, but is less important in Scotland or Wales.
Tennis：is the highest profile sport for the two weeks of the Wimbledon Championships, but otherwise struggles to hold its own in the country of its birth.
Football：Cultural centrality; National sport; National teams & domestic competitions: Scottish Premier League; the FA Cup; the FA Premier League; Football is the most popular female sport in England. Newspaper：1.national daily newspaper: The Sun 17%; 2.Sunday newspaper: The News of the World19%;
3. Men outnumber women.
BBC：It is the abbreviation of British Broadcasting Corporation. It has both radio and television services.
U.S.A.
Size: 9,363,123 square kilometres
Location：The forty-eight contiguous states lie between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Canada and Mexico. The two states that share no boundaries with the rest of the country, Alaska and Hawaii, are located in the far northwest corner of the continent and the middle of the Pacific Ocean, respectively.
Mississippi River:“Old Man River”The Mississippi is not merely a useful river; it also serves as a potent geographic symbol —the traditional dividing line in America between“East” and “West”. Appalachians（阿巴拉契亚山脉）:The Appalachians on the east stretch almost unbroken from Alabama to the Canadian border and beyond. They are much-eroded old mountains ( the highest elevation is less than seven thousand feet) and are set back from the Atlantic by a broad belt of coastal lowland.
Rockies(洛基山脉):
Great Lakes:Lake Michigan; Lake Ontario; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Superior.
Thomas Jefferson:The 3rd president of U.S.A(1801-1809).
Abraham Lincoln :The 16th president of U.S.A(1861-1865).
New England settlers: these people were committed to turning the New World into the Kingdom of God. Mayflower：In 1620, a group of English Puritans, now known as the Pilgrim Fathers, landed at Cape Cod, near Boston, after sailing in the small ship the Mayflower for months.
Independent war: the Boston Tea Party, finally led to the outbreak of the American Independence War. 1776-1783; “Treaty of Paris”; 1783, the United States became independent.
Civil War:Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery. Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861; a war to abolish slavery.
Great Depression:The stock market crash in 1929; Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures; A breakdown of the nation’s entire economy.
Red Scare(布尔什维克/红色恐慌): for instance, in addition to the anti-Communist “Red Scare” of 1919,
there was also a highly controversial immigration policy issue.
Franklin Roosevelt: The 31th /32th president of U.S.A (1933-1941 /1941-1945), and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.
New Deal: The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system. The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform
Vietnam War（越南战争1950-1975）:the Anti-War Movement；the Civil Rights Movement；the Counterculture Movement ；the Feminist Movement。
Civil Rights Movement：It was a fight between the White and the Blacks and the fight of the Blacks for racial segregation and racial discrimination.
Martin Luther King Jr.: In Civil Rights Act of 1964, he prohibited discrimination in public facilities. Watergate Scandals:President Richard Nixon in 1972, the illegally sabotage and espionage of Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President. Impeachment .
Nixon: The 37th president of U.S.A(1968 -1974),唯一任两届总统和两届副总统的人，尼克松访华。
Asian Americans’ character(亚裔美国人):“boat people”/ Asian Indians/ Descendants of Chinese.“ model minority ”: industriousness; “yellow peril”: discrimination.
Chinese (gold mines + railroad)
Hawaii(1/5) West Coast,California
Japanese West Coast,Hawaii
Koreans West Coast,Hawaii
East Indians West Coast,Hawaii
Filipinos Hawaii(3/5)
Federalism: 1. a kind of compromise between unitary and confederate political organizations. 2. a division of power between a central and regional government.
Seperation of powers(三权分立)：
The rold of congress: The legislative branch of the federal government. Congress included Senate and House of Representatives. Congress makes all laws. Each state has two Senators, regardless of population, and, since there are 50 states, then there are 100 senators.
President: 1. the head of state 2.the head of government 3.the military commander-in-chief 4.chief diplomat The President has the power :1.to make treaties (with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate) 2.to nominate and receive ambassadors. 3. to pardon criminals convicted of offences against the federal government, enact executive orders;4.to appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges (with the consent of the Senate). Parties: Two political parties: the Democratic Party; the Republican Party.The Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey, while the Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.
John D. Rockefeller:
Henry Ford
Education: I. Elementary and Secondary Education; II. Higher Education; III. Goals and Purposes of Education
Harvard College:The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 1636 Universities:
Industrial Revolution:
Canada
Official name: the Dominion Canada
Cities:
1. Toronto: located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario/the largest city in Canada. Leading financial and manufacturing centre
2. Montréal-the second largest city in Canada/The official language of Montreal is French/the world’s largest French-speaking city outside France.
3.Vancouver-a coastal city and major seaport in southwestern British Columbia/the third largest in the country/the second largest Chinatown in North America after San Francisco/A scenic, rapidly growing commercial, transportation, and forest-products manufacturing centre.
4Ottawa-capital of Canada/country's fourth largest city/Centre of high-tech research
Location : Canada is in the north America, extending from the Atlantic ocean in the east to the Pacific ocean In the west and North were in to the Arctic Ocean.
Capital: Ottawa
Size: 998
10 province & 3 territories: British Columbia（大不列颠哥伦比亚省）,Alberta（阿尔伯塔省）, Saskatchewan （萨斯喀彻温省）, Manitoba（曼尼托巴省）, Ontario（安大略省）, Quebec（魁北克）, New Brunswick （纽宾士域省）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华王子岛）, Nova Scotia（新斯科舍）和Newfoundland/Labrador （纽芬兰省）。
三个特别行政区是: Yukon（育空）和Northwest Territories（西北行政区）和一个新行政区Nunavut The Great Lakes
Great Bear: the largest lake
Great Slave: the second largest river
St. Lawrence: the second longest river
Water’s function:1. agricultural , industrial, urban, recreational purposes https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d5698719.html,merical transportation
3.power production
4.salmon fishing industry
Baffin Island: the largest island
Canadian Shield: the biggest and the most distinctive natural and geographical vegin in Canada Toronto: the largest city, located in the northwestern shore of lake Ontario, leading financial and Manufacturing centre
Montréal: the second largest city in Canada, the official languages is France，the world's largest
French-speaking city outside France.
Ottawa: capital of Canada, fourth largest city, centre of high-tech research
Québec: Quebec is differs from other provinces because it has a story French Culture. Their official languages is France, this province is famous for maple product.(sweet maple syrup糖浆）
Indigeous people: the Inuit and the Indians
Seven Year’s war：(1765-1763)Under the treaty of Paris ,which ended the war in 1763,france officially ceded New France to Britain .
Upper Canada: was further up the river. the boundary between the two was the Ottawa river, which today
separates the provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
Lower Canada: in 1791, the British divided Quebec into colonies, lower Canada was in the area of
present-day southern Quebec, along the lower section of St. Lawrence river.
Canadian Pacific Railway: With Macdonald's strong support, the Canadian pacific railway was completed in 1885, giving enormous impetus to the westward migration, political stability and economic prosperity in Canada.
Natural Resources: a wide range of resources:"hewer of woods and drawers of water"
1.Agriculture (the most important wheat-producing province is Saskatchewan.
2.Forest ("green gold"; the third largest timber-producing country in the world.
3.The mineral reserves.(more than 60 varieties; world's largest of reserves of asbestos石棉。Canada's mineral products export rank first in the world.
4.Electrical power(rank first)
5.Fish(the most important wildlife resource)
Parliament: It is the legislative branch of Canada. It separated into three parts. (Governor General
House of common senate)
Parties：1.progressive conservatives 2.liberals 3.new demonstrative party 4.bloc Quebecois Bilingualism: 3 areas of federal policy https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d5698719.html,nguage of service work https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d5698719.html,nguage of work 3.equal participation of both English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians in all federal institutions.
Multiculturalism: Federal government gave the name multiculturalism to its policy, recognizing the costoms and contributions of Canada's ethnic groups.
Oxbridge
Australia
Location: in the southern hemisphere, Australia is often referred to by the Europeans as "the land down under."
Official name: the commonwealth of Australia
Size: 7.69
Physical features: 1.western plateau 2.central lowlands 3.eastern highlands
Great Dividing Range:
Climate: 1.sunshine 2.dry (Rainfall is rather uneven)
Flora: golden wattle金荷欢
Fauna: kangaroo
6 states + 2 territories: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Aoustralia, Northern Territory, Western Australia, Tasmania, Australian capital Territory
Capital: Canberra, “Garden city"
Sydney:"new york" in southern hemisphere, the biggest city in Australia
Outback: Australians often use the term "outback" for the interior and centre of the western plateau and its northern plains.
Arthur Phillip: A penal colony was established in New South Wales by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January, 1788, which became Australia Day.
Penal colony:
New South Wales: the birth place of Australia, "premier state""most populous"
Australia Day: first July
The head of nation:
Gough Whitlam: Labor party, Slogan: “It’s time.”It was time for a change in Australia after the bitterness of the Vietnam War year. Reforms: foreign relations, race relations, women’s rights, welfare.
Food industry: Canola, vegetables, oat, barley, maize, potatoes, fruits, tobacco, soybeans, wheat, sugar??/?
Great Barrier Reef:
Government: two part. 1. Federal government 2.state government
Parliament: the governor general 2.the senators (76, 6years term) 3.the house of representatives
(105members, 3years a term, more powerful)
Labor Party:
White Australia Policy: 1901, a racist immigration policy made by the British colonists against colored people, until 1973, encouraging immigrant group to form state and national associations to maintain their cultural.
英国国家概况及英国文化
英国国家概况及英国文化 、教育简介国名： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)国旗： 呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。 为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。 旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。 此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。 国徽： 即英王徽。 中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。 盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。 盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。 盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌： 《上帝保佑女王》杜摯猠癡?桴?畱敥屮（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为杜摯猠癡?桴步湩屧）国花： 1 / 10 玫瑰花国鸟： 红胸鸽国石： 钻石科学节： １８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周： １９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理： ２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７.８８万平方公里，威尔士２.０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１.４１万平方公里。 位于欧洲西部的岛国。 由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。 隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。 它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。 海岸线总长１１４５０公里。 全境分为四部分： 英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河（３５４公里）和泰晤士河（３４６公里）。
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600—1900))【圣才出品】
第15章美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600—1900) 15.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Discovery of the New World Ⅱ. The Colonial Period Ⅲ. The War of Independence Ⅳ. A New Form of Government Ⅴ. The War of 1812 Ⅵ. T erritorial Expansion and Westward Movement Ⅶ. The Civil War Ⅰ. Discovery of the New World 1. The “first Americans” were the Indians. 2. In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. 3. Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him. Ⅰ. 新世界的发现 1. 最早的“美国人”是印第安人。 2. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯托弗?哥伦布认为他到达了亚洲，并不知道他发现了一
个新大陆。 3. 另一位航海家亚美利哥?韦斯普奇证明了这是一个新大陆。因此，这片陆地以他的名字命名为美国。 Ⅱ. The Colonial Period 1. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 2. Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom. 3. In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. 4. The Puritans intended to establish what they considered the one true church. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. Ⅱ. 殖民地时期 1. 1607年，美国的第一个英国殖民地詹姆斯敦，弗吉尼亚建立了。 2. 很多来到英国殖民地的定居者是为了寻找宗教自由。 3. 1620年，清教徒乘坐五月花船航行来到了新世界。他们到达普利茅斯，建立了普利茅斯殖民地。 4. 清教徒想建立一个真正的教会。殖民者在新大陆建立了新的生活方式。 Ⅲ. The War of Independence 1. The people in the colonies opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies. 2. On April 19, 1775, when the British soldiers arrived at Lexington they were met by
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(美国 人口和种族)【圣才出品】
第14章人口和种族 14.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. Immigration Ⅲ. Population Movement Ⅳ. Racial and Ethnic Minorities 1. Blacks 2. Hispanics 3. Asian-Americans 4. Indians 5. White ethnics Ⅰ. Introduction 1. The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India. 2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. 3. About 77 % of the population in the United States lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988. Ⅰ. 简介
1. 1992年，美国的人口有 2.555亿人口，是仅次于中国和印度的世界第三大人口大国。 2. 移民占据了人口增长的主要来源。 3. 1988年，美国约有77%的人口居住在超过283个城市地区。 Ⅱ. Immigration 1. The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s and reached the highest point in 1845. 2. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. 3. The third wave, the largest of the three waves, took place between 1890 and 191 4. Ⅱ. 移民 1. 第一波移民潮始于1810年代中期，在1845年达到了高潮。 2. 第二波移民潮涵盖了1860年到1890年的时期。 3. 第三波移民潮是最大的移民潮，发生于1890年到1914年之间。 Ⅲ. Population Movement 1. Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people. 2. There are four great population movements in the history of the United States. Ⅲ. 人口流动 1. 流动性被认为是美国人民的特点之一。 2. 美国历史上有四次巨大的人口流动高潮。
英美国家概况课后答案
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ? 1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. 2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain. 3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation. 4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ? 4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. 5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there? 5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
英美国家概况期末试题A卷
2013-2014学年度第一学期 英国国家概况期末试题 （考试时间120分钟，总分100分） 班级姓名成绩 得分评卷人复查人 I. Multiple Choice Questions. (50 points, 2 point for each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are 50 unfinished statements or questions. For each of the unfinished statements or questions, four suggested answers, marked A. B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts： 1.The British Isles are made up of________ A.two large islands and hundreds of small ones B. two large islands and Northern Ireland C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones D. three large islands and Northern Ireland 2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are_______ A.Britain，Scotland and Wales B. England，Scotland and Wales C. Britain，Scotland and Ireland D. England，Scotland and Ireland 3.The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries______ A. that have a large number of British immigrants B. that fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars C. that speak English as their native language D. that were once colonies of Britain 4. About a hundred years ago，as a result of imperialist expansion，Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world's people and ______of the world's land area. A.one third B. one fifth C. one fourth D. two fifths 5.The earliest invasion of England is that by _____. A. the Iberian B. the Danes C. the Celts D. the Anglo-Saxons 6.the Celts religion was _____. A.Christianity B. Druidism C. Norman belief D. Roman Catholic 7.the Anglo-Saxons brought _____ religion to Britain.
英国国家概况(八)(中英文版)
英国国家概况（八）（中英文版） 第八章 Justice and the law 法律与司法机构 There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of "unwritten" or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的"不成文法" 或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。 I．Criminal Proceedings 刑事诉讼程序 1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。 2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)
第7章英国政治 7.1 复习笔记 【知识框架】 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework Ⅱ. Parliament 1. The Crown or Sovereign 2. The House of Lords 3. The House of Commons 4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ⅲ. Regional Government Ⅳ. Local Government Ⅴ. Justice Ⅵ. Political Process 1. Elections 2. Two-part System 3. Female Representation in Britain Politics Ⅶ. Security 【重难点归纳】 The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In the
UK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons. 英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework 1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. 2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Ⅰ. 宪法框架 1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。 2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。 Ⅱ. Parliament The UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801. Ⅱ. 议会 英国议会成立于1707年。从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。 1. The Crown or Sovereign
Test for UK 英美国家概况 英国部分测试题
1.Off the coast of mainland Western Europe lie two islands called the British Isles of which the big one is the island of , or , and the small one is the island of . 2.Britain is divided into three parts: , and . 3.GMT is short for , which is the time on the line of (degree) longitude, which passes through , a district of southeast London, used as a basis for calculating time throughout the world in different time zones. 4.The national flag of the United Kingdom is also called or . 5.England was once conquered by , , and . 6.Of the four nations, feel most British, is the most confident of its own identity, and is most closely related to England. 7.Monetary unit of UK is . 8., , and are major industries in UK. 9., , and are major trading partners of UK. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d5698719.html, is known as “”, due to its declines in economy. 11.National Holiday of UK is . 12.and weakened the European monarchies, and introduced the age of constitutional monarchy, a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament. 13.Three major national parties of UK are , and . 14.Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may try to overthrow the Government by defeating it on a “” vote. 15.The Prime Minister’s official residence is , which is the symbol of the British Government. 16.In UK, Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of . 17.As the language of England, English is a language belonging to the branch of the family. 18.Standard English is variously known as , , , and or . 19.and are very popular Christian festivals in UK. 20. a system now in general use of arranging the months in the year and the days in the month, introduced by Pope Gregory ⅩⅢ (1502-85). 21.The only really important patriotic festival is on which are remembered in special church services and civic ceremonies. 22.The population of UK is nearly million. 23., and are the main language used in UK. 24.is national nickname of UK. 25.The English have a mixed cultural heritage combining , , , and elements. 26.The English have many differences in regional speech. The Chief division is between and . 27.The ancestors of the Welsh were , who escaped to the wild mountains of Wales form the invading Angles and Saxons. 28.Today about % of the Welsh population still speak Welsh as their first
英语国家概况课程标准
英语国家概况课程标准 课程代码： 适用专业：商务英语 一、课程概述 1．课程性质 语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的基础。英语语言学习和英国国家文化相互依存、密不可分。一个优秀的英语语言学习者，若不了解该语言背后所承载的民族文化，其交际能力也会受到限制。该课程能使学生了解和掌握英美两国政治，历史，经济，社会，文化和教育等基本知识，了解英美国家社会发展、现状和影响这两个国家社会发展的因素，拓展学生的知识面，培养学生文化意识，启发学生了解西方社会，了解交际规则，增强学生的英语语言学习能力，为后续专业课程的学习打下一定的基础，进而为培养高技能应用型复合人才打下基础。 2．课程设计思路 本课程在设计上围绕合作学习法—任务型教学法、比较教学法、线索梳理法、启发式等教学法。 合作学习法—任务型教学法 合作学习法又称协作学习，是以合作学习小组为基本形式，系统利用教学中动态因素之间的互动，促进学生的学习，以团体成绩作为评价标准，共同完成教学活动。任务型教学法是一种以任务或活动为核心单位计划组织语言教学的途径,一种强调“在做中学”的语言教学方法。合作学习法与任务型教学法结合是指教师设计学习任务，指导并帮助学生以小组为单位通过合作、协商完成学习任务的教学过程。主要采用组织演示、演讲、讨论等形式。 2）比较教学法 比较教学法是在教学过程中，利用教学内容的相互联系和区别，促进学生掌握和巩固教学内容、达到教学目标的一种逻辑思维方法。例如，在学习美国的政体时，我们可以和英国政体、甚至是我国的政体进行比较，异中求同，同中求异。从而对“Parliament”、“Congress”和我国的NPC （The National People’s Congress）形成更深刻的理解。运用这种教学法不仅有利于学生掌握基本知识与技能，而且有利于提高学生的创造性思维能力。3）线索梳理法 线索梳理法，尤其是历史年代轴线表示法是表达历史线索最清晰的一种方式，这种方式的特点是易于梳理，可操作性强，非常直接，便于记忆。比如说，英国历史很长，如果不进行梳理，很难记忆，如果整理成一条线索，效果却不能同日而语： Early settlers——Roman invasions——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invasions——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorious Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——the two World Wars 同样，美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索： The war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietnam War 二、课程培养目标 1．知识目标 了解主要英语国家的地理，历史，经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。 2．技能目标 扩大知识面，有效弥补英语专业学生知识面窄的不足；提高英语阅读的能力和语言应用能力。 3．素质目标
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解-爱尔兰共和国、美国(第11~22章)【圣才出品】
第二部分爱尔兰共和国 第11章地理和历史 11.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Geographical Features Ⅱ. Climate and Weather 1. The Northwest 2. Connacht and Clare 3. The Southwest 4. The Southeast 5. The Central Lowland 6. The Northeast Ⅲ. Population and Religion Ⅳ. Historical Background Ⅴ. Foreign Policy Ⅰ. Geographical Features 1. The Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.
2. The capital is Dublin. 3. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. 4. The Irish coast, with its striking cliffs, is among the most impressive in Europe. 5. As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the Ice Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe. Ⅰ. 地理特征 1. 爱尔兰共和国的东北部和北爱尔兰接壤，东部和东南部是爱尔兰海和圣乔治海峡，北部和西部是大西洋。 2. 首都是都柏林。 3. 低地的主要特点是多样性。爱尔兰的核心地区是中央低地。 4. 爱尔兰海岸有惊人的悬崖，是欧洲最令人印象深刻的风景。 5. 在冰河时期，爱尔兰完全被冰覆盖，所有现存的植物和动物都来自欧洲其他地区。 Ⅱ. Climate and Weather The weather of Ireland is described as “mild,moist and changeable.” Ireland has excessive rainfall. Geographers have distinguished six climatic regions as follows. 1. The Northwest The annual rainfall is from 1,016 to 1,778 mm with the maximum in winter. The mean temperatures for January, the coolest month, are about 5℃, with the summer means about 13℃ or 14℃. 2. Connacht and Clare
英国国家概况中英文版
英国国家概况（一）（中英文版） 第一章英国的国土与人民 第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。