英文解说词

1. The Great Mosque at Huajue Lane

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today we are going to visit the Great Mosque at Huajue Lane. I will introduce you to this unique mosque which has a history of 1200 years and enjoys the reputation as one of the four most famous mosques in China.

Xi’an was the capital of 13 Dynasties in ancient China. As the starting point of the Silk Road, Xi’an became an international city, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The society of the Tang Dynasty was wealthy and people were very open minded. They welcomed different cultures, arts and religions. The world’s two major religions were introduced to China during the Tang Dynasty: Christianity and Islam..

Islam was founded in the early 7th century AD by the Arab prophet, Muhammad. The word Islam means submission. Today it is the second largest religion with almost a billion believers in the world. One person out of every 5 to 6 today follows Islam and is called a Muslim. Muslims are divided into two branches: Sunnis and Shiites. About 90% of all Muslims are Sunnis. Chinese Muslims belong to the Sunni sect.

Islam was introduced to China by merchants, travelers and missionaries from Arabic countries, Persia, and Afghanistan by land over the Silk Road and also by sea. Muslim men married local Chinese women, settled down, and their children became the first generation of Chinese Muslims. We call them Hui people. Today the Muslim population in China is about 20millions. Xi’an has approximately 70,000Mulims.

The Great Mosque at Huajue Lane is a major worship place for Muslims and it is famous for its uniqueness:

First, it is the largest and the best preserved among of the fourteen mosques in Xi’an. It is believed to have been built during the Tang Dynasty making it one of the ealiest. Second, architecturally, the mosque does not look like the Arabic mosques. It resembles a Chinese temple or garden of the traditional Ming-Qing Dynasty style. Arabic letterings and scriptures are carved on the walls.

Third: Unlike traditional Chinese temples which always open the door to the south, the door of the Great Mosque opens to the east.

Now let’s go into the first courtyard to have a look.

Here we can see a wooden Memorial Arch. According to the stone tablets kept in the museum, we can see this mosque was built in the Tang Dynasty. But according to the architectural features inside the great mosque, some scholars conclude that this mosque was built in the Ming Dynasty. In ancient times Memorial Arches were a landmark of important places such as temples, parks, and palaces. A memorial arch might also be built to honor or commemorate a distinguished person.

In the middle of the second courtyard there is a stone archway carved with four Chinese characters which means God is watching above. On either side of the archway there are two tablets. The one on the right was written by a very famous Muslim calligrapher, Mifu, of the Song Dynasty. It says “May the truth be fulfilled in the universe”. The one to the left was written by another famous calligrapher, Dong Qichang, in the Ming Dynasty.

Next, we will visit the third courtyard. Locked in the wooden case at the entrance to the third courtyard is a stone tablet called the Moon tablet or the Month Tablet. It was compiled by Xiao Xinning who was in charge of this mosque in 1732. It is a calculation of the Hui

calendar in Arabic and informs believers of Ramadan. Muslims are required to fast between sunrise and sunset in the 9th month of the year. This tablet is a treasure of the Great Mosque. In the middle of the third courtyard, there is a three-story tower that looks like a traditional pagoda. It has the same function as the minaret in Arabic countries. It is from this tower that the Imam or Muezzin summons the faithful to prayer.

Here we can also see important structures--- the Water Houses where Muslim must clean their body before they attend their services. The body cleaning can be divided into two kinds: the major oblation and the minor oblation. The major oblation means, people need use clean water to bathe themselves, and the minor oblation means if the believers come from a place without water, they can use the sand to wash themselves.

Now we get to the last courtyard. The structure in front of us is the Phoenix Pavilion. This is where worshipers wait for services. There are three parts to the pavilion which is thought to resemble a flying phoenix, hence its name. On top of the middle part there are two Chinese characters, “Yi zhen”, means “one truth”. Muslims believe that their belief is the only truth in the world. They recite the Shahaba, which states that “there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah.”

Now, let’s walk to the end of the last courtyard. Here is the Prayer Hall of the Mosque. It is large enough to hold over 1000 worshipers. The ceiling is painted with over 600 relief panels. The walls on the inside of the hall are painted with the scripture of the Koran in both Arabic letterings and Chinese characters. Outside of the hall, there are the clocks which strike five times per day, as Muslims pray five times every day. They can pray anywhere, one the plane, in the street, or at home. They do the communal prayer on Friday at the Mosque. Women are separated in prayer and are not allowed in this hall. The Shrine is at the west end of the hall because Mecca is located to the west of China. Muslims always face the direction of their holy city, Mecca, while they are praying. Therefore, all mosques in China open their doors to the east and worshipers pray to the west.

Ladies and gentlemen, I hope you have enjoyed my introduction to the Great Mosque at Huajue Lane. Now we will have 30 minutes to walk around and take some pictures. We will leave at 11 o’clock and I will wait for you in the first courtyard. Enjoy yourself, and thank you for listening~

2.Museum of Forest of Stone Tablets in Xi’an

Good morning, Ladies and gentlemen. Today we are going to visit the treasure house of ancient calligraphy and stone carving art of China, the Museum of Forest of Stone Tablets, which is located at the site of Confucian temple in SanXue Street, Xi’an. This museum was set up in 1087 and it collected more than 3000 stone tablets from the Han dynasty through the Qing dynasty. The whole area consists of 3 parts: Confucian temple, exhibition of stone tablets and stone carvings.//总述

Here we can see this museum is very beautiful because it used the tradition Chinese courtyard style. So compared with other places, this museum is always quite peaceful and very silence. Now I’d like to take this temple as an example to talk a little bit about Confucian, the great philosopher, educationist, politician in feudal society. And he was highly respected by Chinese. In order to show the respect for him, all the Confucian temple have no gate facing south, as this one showing only the gate open to the east and west what we called

the gate of righteousness and courtesy respectively. //简介孔子

Ok, now this way please. Inside this museum, we can see a wooden Memorial arch standing here; its Chinese name is “PaiLou”. It is set up to honor or commemorate a distinguished person; as we continue our walking, now we are on the bridge over pond in half circle which is special structure of Confucian temple, in the ancient time only those students who passed state examination would be allowed to pass here.//太和元气坊，畔池Now let’s go through the stone gate in the middle which was only for high ranks in the past. Here we can see two national treasures. On the west side there is a stone horse which was one of few relics of DaXia short period. The Da xia period is a very short period in Chinese history, and there are lots of wars at that time. It’s difficult to find relics of this time, so it’s very precious. In the east pavilion there is the JingYun Bell which was cast in 711AD and was moved here from JingLong Taoist temple. This Bell is unique in 3 aspects: first: it has exquisitely carving with phoenix and dragons. Second, it has beautiful sound which was recorded by CCTV and was played on New Years’eve to welcome the New Year’s coming. Third, it has unique epigraph.//大夏石马，景云钟

Now we are going to visit 7 major stone tablet exhibition rooms. In front of the first exhibition room, we can see the stone-base Classic of Filial piety which is the largest and earliest one in this museum. It stands about 6 meters high and was made up of 35 pieces of blue stones. It was engraved in 745AD and annotated by LiLongJi(the 7th emperor of Tang dynasty). He wrote the preface to show his wish to manage the country by advocating the principles of Filial piety.//石台孝经

In the first room, let’s see the most completed and heaviest books in the world “The KaiCheng stone Classics”which was the doctrine of the Confucius and “must readings”for all the intellectuals in feudal society. In the past, copying was the popular way for students who study the doctrines. To prevent copying errors, emperor Tang Wenzong employed many sculptors to carve the 12 classics on stone tablets for the students to get the rubbings from them. With another classic “Mencius”carved in Qing dynasty together we call “13 classics”.//开成石经

In the second room, we can see many stone tablets of calligraphy in Tang dynasty. And the most famous one is the Nestorian Tablet. This tablet is also a national treasure, as it was the first one in Syrian characters that recorded Nestorians (one sect of Christianity) was introduced into China from Roman Empire in 635AD. It describes its essence, ceremony, and activities in China. //大秦景教流行中国碑

In the third room, various style of Chinese calligraphy can be seen on stone tablets such as the seal script, the official script, regular script, running hand and cursive hand. Let me give you very brief introduction of the development of Chinese characters. The seal scripts were only popular in Qin dynasty, and it was difficult for us to reading and writing. Based on that, new forms were created: they are the official and regular scripts. This was easy to remember because today we are still using it and it is popular to everybody. Running and cursive hand were also boldly used by some calligraphers at that time, it is quite different to control.//中国文字字体发展简史

The rest exhibition rooms house calligraphy and paintings, literatures and poems from different dynasties, And in the court yard you can see many stone stakes with animals or figures carved on the top. In the past, they are for tying horses as well as for decoration.

Ok, this way please. We are going to see the stone carving gallery. The stone carvings here are the masterpiece of stone arts from Han and Tang dynasty that arranged in chronological order. It can be divided into two parts: those are found from tombs and those are related to religions. Here, I’d like to introduce the six famous steeds for you. They are so beautiful and vivid, also, they were the best friends of Tang emperor Tai zong (the second emperor of Tang dynasty), because they kept their master in safe each time when they wounded with arrows on battle. In memory of his horses, Tang emperor Tai zong had them carved in relief to company his tomb. However, it’s very pity that two of the pieces were missing; now they are kept in the museum of university of Pennsylvania.//石刻艺术室(昭陵六骏)

Ok, everyone, so much for this today. We still have some free time. So next, you may look around and take some pictures. We’ll leave at 11o’clock, so please don’t be late. You know I will miss you. And I’ll stay here, if you have any question, please ask me. Bu the way, watch your step please! So next, it’s your turn. Enjoy yourself and thank you for listening.

3. The museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, so nice to see you again. Today, we are going to visit the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. This museum is located at the foot of mountain Li Shan, about 35 kilometers east of Xi’an. On the way, I will give you a brief introduction about the master of this underground army---the First Qin Emperor. His name was Yingzheng. He came to the throne at the age of 13 in 246BC and seized the power at the age of 22 in 237BC. By 221BC, when he was only 39 years old, he had annexed all the six independent states and established the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in the long history of China.//秦始皇简介

After the unification of the whole country, he styled himself the First Emperor and standardized the coinage, weights and measures, the legal codes, the written scripts and so on. He also ordered the linkage of the original Great Wall. All these exerted an everlasting influence on the long feudal history of China. //功绩简介

But, just like each coin has two sides, the First Qin Emperor thought his contributions were beyond compare, so he became more and more arrogant and ambitious. As soon as he came to the throne, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum should be built for him. And after the unification of the whole country, he even gathered 700,000 conscripts from all parts of the country to work on his mausoleum. In fact, it took 37years to complete this project. And the site of those terracotta warriors and horses, we are going to visit, is just a small part of his mausoleum.

Ok, everyone, now we are standing at the front gate of the Eighth Wonder of the world---the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. There are three pits of warriors and horses and two bronze chariots have been found. The first one was discovered in March 1974 when several farmers were sinking a well. And in 1976, another 2 pits were also uncovered. They cover a total area of 20,780 square meters. And the bronze chariots were found in December 1980. In order to protect this terracotta army, the Chinese government built a museum in 1975, and it was officially open to the public on October 1, 1979. As one of the top ten places of historical interest in China, it was also listed as a world heritage site.//兵马俑及铜车马的出土

So next, let’s go to uncover the veil of them one by one.

Ladies and gentlemen, now we are standing at the front of pit 1. It is about 230 meters long, 62meters wide and 5 meters deep. It covers an area of 14,260 square meters, and it is an earth-and wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. We will also find that the whole pit is divided into 11corridors by 10earth-rammed partition walls, and the floor was paved with brick.//一号坑简介

The terracotta armies in pit 1 were arranged in battle formation. In the front of this formation, there are 210warriors in 3 lines facing forward. Armed with bows and arrows, they constitute the so-called vanguard. And the first one on the right side, is the captain of this vanguard. There is one row of warriors on each of the borders of this pit, facing outward---they are the flanks and the rear guard. Holding long-distance shooting weapons, they took up the job of defending the whole army. So, next, this way please. We may find ten partition walls which divided this pit into 11 corridors. There are 28 columns of warriors standing inside them with horse-drawn chariots in the center. They represent the principal military force of this battle formation. According to the density, there are over 6000 terracotta warriors and horses, and most of them are infantrymen. With all of these, no wonder the first Qin Emperor could annex all the six independent states and unify China!//一号坑军阵特点Ok, let’s move on. Here now we arrived at Pit 2. Pit 2 covers an area of about 6000 square meters. We can see that pit 2 is also under cover, it is because we want to preserve them. You know, the warriors originally were painted in color, but today’s technology is not advanced enough to preserve it very well after excavation. And pit 2 is the one that preserve the best. According to research, pit 2 consists of 4different mixed military forces in four arrays. There are infantrymen, cavalrymen, archers and charioteers, including over 1000 warriors, 500 chariots and horses. They can be divided to act independently, capable of attacking, and defending with a quick response. //二号坑及军阵特点

This way please, next we can appreciate those clay warriors and horses very closely. Their feet, legs, bodies, necks, hands and heads, all with different faces, were all made separately and joined together. we may find they are all vivid and true to life.

And also as we can see, here are some actual weapons unearthed in those pits. The most attractive one is a bronze sword. Although it was buried over 2000 years, it is still very sharp. It can cat through 20 pieces of paper put together. //武器及兵佣展示

Here is pit 3. Pit 3 covers an area of about 520 square meters. There are only 68 warriors and 4 clay horses. The warriors were arranged opposite to each other in two rows, and only one kind of weapon called “SHU”had been discovered. This kind of weapon has no blade, and is believed to be used by the guards of honor. We have found many animal bones in the north side, and it is supposed to be “Prayer Hall”, and “Commander’s office”is on the south side. And in the center, there used to be a chariot, which seems to be ready to send orders. This suggests pit 3 is the headquarters directing the whole underground army.//3号坑Now we have arrived at the exhibition hall of Bronze Chariots and Horses. In 1980, two sets of large painted bronze chariots and horses were found. They broke into thousands of pieces when we found them and after 8 years’careful restoration; they were rebuilt and open to the public. The first one was named “High Chariot”and the second one was called “Security Chariot”. The second one was used by the emperor and his concubine when traveling. Both of them are exquisite and luxurious, from them, we can feel the august

imperial power in that time.

So now we will finish our journey in the museum today, but you know the job continue any time, all right? You know the mausoleum of the first Qin emperor hasn’t been opened, and today we just find the underground army, but you know it was honored as the eight wonder of the world, so maybe someday, when we have ability to excavate the mausoleum, welcome again, thank you!

4. The Bell Tower, Drum Tower and the City Wall In Xi’an

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen:

I’m Debbie. I think most of you have come to Xi’an for the first time. As you can see, the Xi’an city is very beautiful. It is not only an old city, because we can see the high buildings and many new modern things, so Xi’an complex the two different feelings, both old and modern. You can see the old city like the City Wall, the bell and drum tower in the middle and we can see outside the city wall there are lots of the high buildings.

In Xi’an city, we can find many places of interests of different dynasties, such as the tarry cotta warriors and horses, 2000years ago, the Big wild goose pagoda, 1000years ago, the bell and Drum Tower, 700years ago.//综述西安

The Bell Tower, a classical building with carved beams and painted rafters, has been served as the symbol of Xi’an. The Bell Tower was first built in 1384 during the Ming dynasty, and it was moved to its present site in 1582. The bell tower in Xi’an stands about 36 meters above ground, and it was not only built earlier, but also bigger than any other bell towers in our country.

People from the ancient time have been always regarding it as the center of the city. But geographically its location is a little bit south of the city center. Radiated from the Bell Tower to four main gates of the ancient City Wall, there are four main streets named the North Street, the South Street, the East Street and the West Street.

The tower houses a huge bell which in ancient times was used to strike the time every morning.. Originally, it was the Jing Yun Bell which is regarded to be a national treasure now. This bell is famous for 3 reasons: first, it has exquisitely carving with phoenix and dragon. Second, it has beautiful sound which was recorded by CCTV and was played on New Years’s eve to welcome the New Year’s coming. Third it has unique epigraph. This is how the tower got its name..//钟楼(年代，位置，景云钟)

Well, beside the Bell Tower, we can see another building, it’s Drum Tower.

The Drum tower stands 500 meters to the northwest of the bell tower. It was built in 1380, 4years before the Bell Tower. There used to be a huge drum in the tower, which told the time at dusk, and that is how the tower got its present name. Besides, the drum was also used to give warnings to people in times of war. The Drum Tower has a rectangular shape and shows tiers of eaves. There are corridors around the tower on each tier and the outside eaves are decorated with networks of wood arches. The eaves are supported by colored “dou gong”, a traditional structural system in which brackets are used to join columns and crossbeams. The use of dou gong made the whole building firm and beautiful.//鼓楼（鼓的作用，斗拱）At last, let’s visit the famous City Wall of Xi’an, the most complete and the best-preserved city wall in China.

The City wall of Xi’an is an extension of the prior Tang Dynasty structure, and it was

originally built in the Ming dynasty, about 700 years ago by the order of the first emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. The City Wall of Xi’an, after its extension in the Ming Dynasty, has a rectangular-shaped construction. Its total length is 13.7kilometers, and stands 12 meters high.

On the top of the City Wall, there is a rampart every 120 meters, which extends out from the main wall. The ramparts were built to allow soldiers to see those enemies who would try to climb up the wall. The distance between every two ramparts is just within the range of arrow shot from either side. This allowed soldiers to protect the entire wall without exposing themselves to the enemy. There are altogether 68 of them on the wall and each has a sentry building on top of it./敌台

There are four main gates of the City Wall- one on each side—named the east gate, west gate, south gate, and the north gate. The four gates of the City Wall were the only way to go into and out of town. In Xi’an, each of the four gates consists of three gate towers. The main gate tower is called ZhengLou which is located on top of the main part of the City Wall. It is the inner one and is also the main entrance to the city. Zhalou is the gate tower with a suspension bridge and located outside of the City Wall. It’s used to lift and lower the suspension bridge. JianLou is the arrow tower and located in between the Zheng Lou and ZhaLou towers. There are square windows in the front and on the two sides to shoot arrows. Jian Lou and Zheng Lou are connected by walls and the encircled area is called Wongcheng in which soldiers could be stationed. From Wongcheng, here are also horse passages leading to the top of the wall. There are altogether eleven horse passages around the city./正楼，闸楼，箭楼，瓮城

A watch tower is located on each of the four corners of the wall. The one at the southwestern corner is round, probably after the model of the imperial city wall of the Tang Dynasty, but the other three are square and are higher and larger than the sentry building on the ramparts. This shows the strategic importance of the corners of the city wall in war times.

On top of the wall, there is a brick water passage trough every 40~60meters. They are used for drainage. The walls have played a very important role in the long-term protection of the City Wall of Xi’an./排水

Nowadays, there is still a complete moat around the City Wall. A circular park has been built along the City Wall and the circular park today becomes one of the most popular places for the local people to spend their leisure time, especially to do their morning exercises. The City Wall in Xi’an today is the best-preserved and the most complete one that has survived through China’s long history. The City Wall itself is a true display of the ability and wisdom of the working people in ancient times. Next will be your free time to walk around and take some pictures. We will leave at 11 o’clock. Enjoy yourself, and thank you for listening~

5.The Qianling Mausoleum

Welcome ladies and gentlemen. It’s my honor to be your tour guide. My name is Debbie. I hope we can have a nice journey in this ancient city, Xi’an. Xi’an, which is the capital city of Shaan’xi province, was the capital of 13 Dynasties in ancient China; So many emperors’mausoleums were found here. And also, mausoleum was quite different in different dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the emperors built their mausoleums in a mountain or a hill.//(1)西安,13朝古都,陵墓众多.

Today I will introduce you to a famous, unique, and mysterious mausoleum---The Qianling

Mausoleum. It is famous because it is the only mausoleum in China in which two emperors were buried. It is unique because one of these two emperors was the only female emperor in Chinese history! It is mysterious because, although 1000 years old, this mausoleum has never been robbed or excavated. The Qian Ling mausoleum belongs to the 3rd emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhi(628-684), who was later known as Gao Zong, and his empress, Wu Zetian, who, after her husband’s death, crowned herself as the emperor.//综述乾陵(famous, unique, mysterious; 属于谁)

Qianling mausoleum lies in the Liang Shan Hill, about 80 kilometers northwest of the city of Xi’an. On the top of the Liang shan mountain, we can find three peaks. Qian Ling mausoleum situated on the top one. Besides this one, on the both sides, you can also find another two peaks. That’s why, according to the imagination, local people called the Liang shan is a “nipple”mountain. From a long distance, you can find the outline of the Qian Ling mausoleum look like a lying lady. //梁山（nipple hill，lying lady）

Ladies and gentlemen, now we have arrived at the holy way of Qianling mausoleum. This will lead us up to the tomb. There are stone statues lining both sides of the holy way---a pair of cloud pillars, a pair of flying horses, a pair of ostriches, ten pairs of guarding generals with helmets and swords, and a pair of stone lions. They were built to protect the emperor’s tomb.//(司马道)

Now please look at these two stone tablets. The one in the west side is the seven-joint tablet. It was built in memory of Emperor Gao Zong. He was the third emperor of the Tang Dynasty and was entitled Gao Zong. He ruled the Tang Dynasty for 34 years. Because of his poor health, the power gradually fell into Wu Zetian’s hands.

There are 8000 words on the tablet to praise the great achievements of Emperor Gao Zong. There are seven parts of this tablet: the top part symbolizes the sun and the bottom part symbolizes the moon. The middle five parts symbolizes the five elements because the ancient Chinese believed that the universe was made of five elements: metal, wood, water, earth and fire. The seven parts together symbolize that the great achievements of Emperor Gao Zong will last forever in this universe.//(述圣绩碑与高宗)

In the east, we can see another stone tablet without any words. This wordless tablet was built for the Emperor Wu Zetian. Here, I’d like to introduce something about the Emperor Wu Zetian.

Emperor WuZetian, the daughter of a wood merchant, lost her father at the age of 12. She was chosen as a concubine by the second Tang emperor Tai Zong at the age of 14. After the Emperor Tai Zong died, she was sent to a temple to be a nun just at the age of 26. Three years later, the third emperor of the Tang dynasty, Gao Zong, called her back to the Palace as his concubine as they had known each other well before. When she was 30 years old, Emperor Gao Zong dismissed his own empress and declared Wu Zetian the new empress. She was a very intelligent woman and became so powerful that she helped Emperor Gao Zong govern the court when he was not in good health. When she was almost 60 years old, her husband, Emperor Gao Zong，died. She then dethroned her own sons, and claimed herself the emperor at the age of 66. She changed the Tang Dynasty into the Zhou Dynasty and so became the only female emperor in Chinese history! This extraordinary lady died at the age of 82 and was buried in Qianling Mausoleum with her husband.

It is interesting that she set up a tablet praising her husband but a wordless tablet for herself.

Some say that she wanted the people of later generations to give her a just and fair appraisal. Others say it is because she was the first female emperor and her accomplishment was immeasurable and beyond words. And also some one says this tablet was built by his son, and he didn’t know how to comment his mother. So it kept wordless.//(无字碑与武则天) Beyond the two tablets there are 61 stone statues standing in two groups. According to the historical record, after the Tang Emperor Gao zong died, empress WuZetian invited more than 61 official leaders came from the ethnic groups and other countries to take part in Gao Zong’s funeral. And these stone statuses were made in order to commemorate this event. Originally, on the back of each statue, were carved its nationality, official position and name. Unfortunately, after many years, most has disappeared. The nationalities of the officers can still be discerned from their uniforms.//(61宾王像)

Besides the Qian Ling mausoleum, we have also discovered 17 satellite tombs. Now, let’s take the tomb of Princess Yong Tai for example. She is a grand daughter of Empress Wu Zetian. According to the unwritten story, after Wu Zetian claimed herself the Emperor, she had many kept men. But this young lady, Princess Yong Tai had made comment of this. So she was bitten to death by her grandma at the age of 17.

We have discovered many frescos in these satellite tombs which have vividly reflect the social lift at that time.//(陪葬墓与壁画)

Ok, everyone, our trip will finish here.

6.The Shaan’xi History Museum

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. So nice to see you again, today we are going to visit the Shaan’xi History Museum, which is the best place to learn about history of this ancient city.

The Shaan’xi History Museum is located one kilometer northwest of big wild Goose Pagoda, and the building design is characteristic of the Tang Dynasty. As the traditional Chinese style, the Tang building is symmetric in design, with a main hall in the middle and side pavilions. It covers an area of 70,000 square meters, and houses 370,000 historical and cultural relics unearthed in Shaan’xi Province. This museum was consist of three parts: the permanent exhibition, temporary exhibitions and special exhibitions. Today, we will mainly visit the permanent exhibition. It contains 7 sections; now let’s go into the entry or preface Hall.

This hall acts as a “preface”to the museum. But you will see no characters or words but just three Massive pictures and a Giant Lion. This lion is regarded as the “Number one lion in Orient”. It has exquisite craftsmanship and an imposing appearance. Stone lions and other carving skills were introduced to China from Afghanistan, and this lion represents the local civilization and the culture exchange between China and other countries. Behind this lion, we can see three pictures: the one in the middle shows the famous Hukou waterfall of the Yellow River. In the side picture we can see the loess plateau in North Part of Shaan’xi province. Since the giant lion and three pictures comprise this special preface hall, we call it “no words”preface hall.

Ok, now let’s go into the first gallery. Here we entered the prehistoric age which dates back

1.15million years ago to the 21st century BC.

Please look at these fossil skulls. This one was discovered in LanTian County in 1964, so men in this period were called to be “LanTian Ape-man”. They had a very low brain volume, about half the volume of people now, and it is the earliest homo-erectus found in Northern Asia. So this is of great significance to the study of evolution of human beings. Scholars believe it is a 30 year old female who lived 1.15 million years ago. In this showcase, we can see some pieces of stone implements and tools. They look very rough and crude. This period is Paleolithic age. And next, this is Yangshao culture about 7000BC to 5000BC. The Banpo ruin is a type of this culture in Shaan’xi Province. The women had dominant roles at that time. The stone tools in this period were much exquisite than before.

Ok, now let’s have a look at the Zhou Dynasty which was a slave society. The Zhou Dynasty is the first Dynasty which set its capital in Shaan’xi Province. So we say history of Shaan’xi begins here. In Western Zhou Dynasty, the bronze casting technology was in the high period, so we usually call it “Bronze age”. Here we can see a group of bronze wares. This one is a wine vessel. The bottom is in shape of ox, the mouth in shape of tongue, the handle is ox’s tail, and the lid is in the shape of a small tiger. This wine vessel vividly shows the high quality of bronze casting technology in the western Zhou Dynasty.

Next, we are going to the Qin period. The first Qin Emperor named “YingZheng”, he had annexed all the six independent states and establish the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in the long history of China. After the unification of the whole country, he standardized the coinage, weights and measures, legal codes, written scripts and so on. Also he took 37 years to build a magnificent mausoleum for himself.

Ok, now let go to the second gallery of the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is the first peak of Chinese ancient feudal society. The western Han Dynasty influenced a lot to Chinese culture; today we have 56 nationalities, but about 95% of the population is the traditional Han nationality. This is a national treasure---a Jade seal. It was found nearly ChangLing Mausoleum, a shared tomb with Emperor Liu Bang and Empress Lv. Scholars regard this jade seal to be of Empress Lv by judging from the four characters.

Then we can see the Wei, the Jin, the South and North Dynasties. It was the most turbulent period in ancient times. Then there were wars of unification and national division.

Now, we are at the third gallery of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Sui and Tang Dynaties were the most prosperous period in ancient China. The Sui Dynasty was a very short period but it made a strong base for the development of Tang Dynasty. This map shows us the capital Chang’an city during the Tang Dynasty. It covers an area of 83.1 square meters, and was divided into 3parts: palace city, royal city and the outer city. It was the biggest walled city in our country, and the population was more than 1 million in Tang dynasty.

Here we can see many beautiful handicrafts uncovered of this dynasty like the tri-color pottery, the

porcelains, and the gold and silver ware.

This one is a tri-color pottery. It was made mainly of three colors—yellow, brown and green. Every pottery was different, so it is very precious and quite beautiful.

Also gold and silver wares constitute a major part of the Tang Culture relics. Here I will show you another national treasure: the Lotus-flower design golden- bowl, which was discovered in October 1970 in Hejia Village. There are many designs cut on back of the lotus, such as dragon, phoenix, deer and so on. The base of bowl was welded on together. It shows the handicraft technology at that time.

Here is a group of mural paintings; they have vividly showed us the social and royal life in Tang dynasty. For example, the painting “polo game”, showed us the popular game in Tang Dynasty; the painting “courtiers and foreign envoys”showed the active exchange of friendly and diplomatic visit between China and other countries.

After Song dynasty, Shaan’xi lost the capital position, but it remained a place of military importance for the feudal dynasties. We have also discovered important relics of these dynasties. Ok, these are the main information of the Shaan’xi History museum. I think maybe you were fascinated by the long history of Shaan’xi Provice, so I will give you 1 hour to look around. We will leave at 2 o’clock and I hope you can have a good memory in your life of this trip! Thank you for listening~

7. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Here we arrive at the famous Buddhist spot –Da Ci’en temple and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. It’s about four kilometers south away from the urban center.

First I will give you some introduction to this temple.

Originally built in the Sui Dynasty, the temple was named Wulou Temple. In 648AD, Crown Prince Li Zhi of the Tang Dynasty, in order to commemorate his mother, sponsored a repair project on the temple and named it Da Ci’en Temple (the temple of thanksgiving). This temple was one of the largest in Chang’an in the Tang Dynasty. It was a typical Mahayana temple for the royal family. The Da Ci’en temple was destroyed in a war at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Only the pagoda was left intact. The present buildings in the temple were built successively in the Ming Dynasty. But now it covers only one seventh of the original floor area it did in the Tang Dynasty. Now please turn back to look at the 3 main entrance gates. In Chinese, we call it “Shan men”means mountain gate. It is because in the ancient times the Buddhist temples were usually built among the mountains.

Walking north forwards, there are two small buildings. The one on the east side houses a bell, and the one on the west side houses a drum. The bell and drum towers are two corresponding buildings. They are the characteristic landmarks of a temple. The drum and the bell were used to mark time for the monks in the temple. The bell is rung in the morning and the drum is struck at dusk.

The Great Hall of Buddha is on the platform in the center of the temple in front of us. Inside the great Hall, there are three incarnations of Sakyamuni, who was the founder of Buddhism. The one

in the middle is called Fashen Buddha, which means an embodiment of truth and law. The one on the west side is called Baoshen Buddha, which means a perfect Buddha after self-cultivation, and the one on the east side is called Yingshen Buddha, which means a changeable and guiding Buddha.

Before we move to the pagoda, let’s know something about a famous monk in Chinese history, Xuan Zang. He was both a great translator and traveler. He had spent 17 years in India to study Buddhism. And when he came back to Chang’an, he had taken back more than 600 volumes of Buddhist scriptures from India. He was indeed a great contributor the Buddhist cultural exchanges between India and china in ancient times.

Now we come to the foot of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. Originally the pagoda was a five-story construction, 60 meters high. Owing to the decay of its rammed earth and bricks, the pagoda increased to ten stories when it was under reconstruction in 704. However, the winds of war in the years to come brought the pagoda almost to ruins, which in turn resulted in the construction of a seven-story structure with a height of 64 meters. This storied pagoda is an architectural marvel. It was built with layers of bricks but without any cement in between. The pagoda is characterized by its towering height, structural compactness, imposing appearance and unaffected style. It’s indeed a good reflection of people’s wisdom and talent in ancient China.

There is also an interesting story about the name of the pagoda. It is said that Master Xuan Zang once stayed in Mahayana temple in India. In fact, there are two major sects of Buddhism in India, the Mahayana and the Hinayana. The Mahayana believers are vegetarians while those of the Hinayana are non-vegetarians. Near the temple where they stayed, there was a Hinayana temple. One day, a monk was worried about the shortage of meat in the temple. But it happened to be the General Alms Day of the Buddha. Another monk looked up at the sky and sighed, “Our beloved Buddha, the Great and Merciful, will not forget what day it is today!”At these words, a goose dropped dead to the ground. The monks were all puzzled by this, and they concluded that this must be the result of the Buddha’s spirit at work: to provide them with the wild goose. Ever since then, the monks of the temple have been vegetarians and began to believe in Mahayana Buddhism. They also set up a pagoda where the wild goose dropped dead, and called it the Wild Goose Pagoda. The Wild Goose Pagoda that greets us today was actually modeled after its Indian prototype. It was given the same name in memory of Xuan zang and in praise of Buddhism. After about half a century, the pagoda at Jianfu Temple was built. And this pagoda is the place for Yi Jing, also a great monk in ancient China to translate scriptures. The two pagodas face each other over a distance, and assume different styles. Since the one in Jianfu Temple is smaller than the Wild Goose Pagoda, it is often called the Small Wild Goose Pagoda. Oppositely, this pagoda is called the Big Wild Goose Pagoda.

Engraving autographs on the walls of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda became the custom in the Mid-tang Dynasty. All the enrolled candidates who successfully passed the highest imperial examinations would first go boating on the Qu Jiang Lake and enjoy banquets in the Apricot Garden. Then they would visit the pagoda and carve their autographs on its interior walls. This portended a successful career in the future. Now we can still climb the pagoda and enjoy the sight of the old capital.

On the top you can have a bird’s view of Xi’an and also a view of the gardens around. To the north of the pagoda, there is the largest public square in Xi’an and also in China. Everyday we can see the largest music fountain playing there at a certain time.

Not far from the pagoda, we can see another beautiful garden that is the Tang Paradise. It is a cultural theme park in the Tang style of an original royal garden. And it is the largest scale of garden modeled on the Tang Style in China. If you are interest in that, we can also have a visit this afternoon. Now, we will have 1 hour to walk around and take some pictures. We will leave at 11o’clock. I will miss you in front of the Great Hall. Thank you for listening~

8. The Huaqing Hot spring

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Now we are in the famous imperial park- Huaqing Hot spring. It is located at the foot of Mt. Lishan, about 35 kilometers east of the city of Xi’an. Because it was a natural hot spring, it became a very famous scenic spot.

Ahead of us is the Mt. Lishan, a branch of Qinling range. Li shan mountain stands 1256 meters above the sea level. It is covered with pines and cypresses and looks very much like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. In ancient China, a black horse was called “Li”, and this is how it got its name- Li shan mountain.

Have you noticed the little tower on the top of this hill? This is the famous Remains of a beacon tower from the western Zhou dynasty over 3000 years ago. There are two famous sayings related with it: “a single smile costs 1000 pieces of gold”and “the sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire”.

Well, let’s come back to the Huaqing Hot spring. Historically, during the western Zhou Dynasty, a stone pool was built and was given the name of Li shan tang. The site was enlarged into a bigger palace during the Han Dynasty, and was renamed Li Palace. During the Tang Dynasty, emperor Tai zong, the second emperor of Tang dynasty, ordered the construction of the Huaqing Hot springs Palace, and Emperor Xuanzong had a walled palace built around the Li Hill in the year 747. It was known as Huaqing Place.

As we know, the Huaqing Hall was destroyed at the end of the Tang dynasty, and what is open to the public today, was rebuilt afterwards according to the Tang dynasty style on the original site. You see all the construction here was rebuilt in 1959, so it looks new.

Entering from the west gate of the Huaqing palace，now we see the nine dragon pool. This magnificent building in front of the nine dragon pool is the frost drifting hall. You know emperor Xuan Zong and his favorite concubine lady Yang used to make their home here since it was cold in the capital Chang’an. It was said that the steam went straight up, when it met the cold air and then it turned into the frost. You see the frost flying in the wind, looked very beautiful. Therefore, it got its name---the frost drifting Hall or the frost flying Hall.

Since lady Yang was fond of taking baths in the hot spring here, Emperor XuanZong ordered to have imperial baths constructed. In April, 1982, the ruins of the 5 imperial pools of the Tang Dynasty Huaqing Palace were discovered in an area of 4200 square meters. They discovered them to be the Crabapple pool, the Lotus flower Pool, the Star Pool and the Shang Shi Pool. The Crabapple Pool was the private bathing pool for lady Yang herself. And the lotus flower pool was the private bathing pool for emperor XuanZong himself. The star pool was the bathing pool for the earliest emperors of the Tang dynasty and it was also the public bathing pool for all the crown princes in the palace. The last one, Shangshi Pool, was the public bathing pool for the high ranking officials in the court. The source of the hot springs is situated to the east of Huaqing Hot spring. It has a flow of 112 tons an hour with a constant temperature of 43 degrees centigrade. The spring water contains lots of minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and is helpful for curing

some diseases. So people all like it very much and maybe this is the reason why many rulers chose this place as a capital in winters.

Huaqing Hot Spring is not only famous for its ancient history, but also for its modern history. Please follow me to the five-room hall where the Xi’an Incident took place. The Xi’an incident happened on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double twelfth Incident. Chiang Kai shek, China Nationalist’s leader, refused to fight against the Japanese invaders when our country was in danger. When he came to Xi’an to supervise the army, he stay here---Five room Hall in Hua qing hot spring. Then in order to protect our country, two great generals, Zhang xueliang and Yang hucheng decided to persuade him by force. This is the famous Xi’an Incident.

In the 3rd room Hall, you can also see some pictures and the contemporary newspapers about the Xi’an Incident

Please look at that pavilion halfway up Li Hill. That was built by one of Chiang’s favorite generals in order to commemorate this incident. Originally, this pavilion was named Justice Pavilion. After 1949, it was renamed Catching-Chiang Pavilion. Now it has the name “the Remonstration Pavilion”. Iron chains and rings are available all the way up to the crevice east of the pavilion by which visitors can climb up and take a look at his shelter.

After visiting the five room hall, here we are in the Pear garden. This is the birthplace of Chinese operas. Over 1300 years ago, emperor xuanzong-the great musician and Lady Yang-the great dancer established Jiao Fang---the imperial music and dance school right here. They not only taught the boys and girls music and dance here, but also composed music and practiced dances by themselves. Tonight, you will enjoy some music and dances that they created at that time---the recreated Tang Dynasty Show. It’s so beautiful and elegant that even today it’s still popular for young and old, men and women. Emperor Xuanzong and Lady Yang were greatly devoted to Chinese music and dance.

Ok, ladies and gentlemen. So much for the Huaqing Hot spring Palace. Next, it’s your time. You can walk around and take some pictures. We will leave at 4 o’clock. I will miss you before the frost drifting Hall. Enjoy yourself and watch the step please. Thank you for listening.

(整理)广东省博物馆木陶瓷展英文讲解词

土火之艺——馆藏历代陶瓷展览 Exhibition of Pottery and Porcelain through Dynasties 2009/11/17 前言 水、土、火的碰撞，产生了绚丽多彩的陶瓷文化。陶器是全人类共同拥有的财富。而瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的重要贡献，中国因此而拥有了“瓷之国度”的美称。 早在新石器时代，我们的祖先就已经学会制造和使用陶器。商周时期出现了原始瓷。成熟的青釉瓷器烧成于一千八百多年前的东汉时期。经过三国两晋南北朝的初步发展，到了唐宋时期，我国的制瓷业进入第一个发展高峰。明清时期，我国陶瓷业发展到了巅峰阶段。 至少在唐代，我国已开始大量出口陶瓷器。此后历经宋、元、明、清各朝，日益发展，长久不衰。从东海和南海通向东亚、东南亚、中西亚、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的各条航线，无不见证了这一辉煌。因此这条海外贸易通道也被称为“陶瓷之路”。 广东最早的陶器出现在新石器时代早期。晋代开始出现青釉瓷器。唐、宋、元时期广东的制瓷业飞速发展，并大量输出国外。明、清时期，石湾陶器、广彩瓷器成为斐声中外的著名品种。 一部中国陶瓷史，反映的不仅仅是整个中国文化史的面貌，而且也书写了经济贸易史、工艺美术史、航海史、对外贸易史等方面的华彩篇章。 Introduction Collision of water, clay and fire gave rise to colorful pottery and porcelain culture. Pottery is a treasure of humankind. However, porcelain is an important contribution of the Chinese nation to the world civilization. China won its name as "Country of Porcelain". As early as the Neolithic Age, Chinese people had already got to know how to make and use pottery. Proto-porcelain had been made in the Shang Dynasty. Mature green glazed porcelain was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and had well developed in the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties, and the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry reached its first peak of development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry developed to a summit stage. Porcelain had begun to export in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, large quantities of pottery and porcelain exported from the East Sea and

陕西历史博物馆英文讲解词

Introduction of Shaanxi History Museum Hello, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Shaanxi History Museum. First, I want to give you a brief introduction of this museum. Shaanxi History Museum is a sizable national museum with a wide range of artifacts, about 375,000 historical and cultural relics, which were all excavated in Shaanxi Province. It covers an area of 70,000 square meters, with a floor space of over 50,000 square meters. Shaanxi Province had been the cradle of the ancient Chinese civilization. And people often say that the ancient history of Shaanxi is a microcosm of Chinese history. The museum shows a great deal of elegance and originality in style. It was designed by Zhang Jinqiu, a very famous female architect in China, and assumes the architectural features of ancient Chinese palaces and courtyards of Tang Dynasty. PREFACE HALL Now we are in the hall. The giant stone walking lion was originally erected in front of Shunling Mausoleum, the tomb of Empress Wu Zetian’s mother of the Tang Dynasty. With its exquisite craftsmanship and imposing appearance, the lion is believed to rank the first in Asia. Since lion and their carving skills were introduced to China from Afghanistan through the Silk Road in ancient times, so this lion also represents the cultural exchange between China and other countries. THE MAP OF SHAANXI PROVINCE Lying in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and in the eastern part of the northwest region of China, Shaanxi Province serves as the gateway to the northwest of the country, and offers a link of communication between the Southwest, Northwest and East China. Shaanxi Province covers the area of about 205,800 square kilometer, and has the total population of 37 million. Topographically, Shaanxi Province can be divided into three natural regions. The top part is the Loess Plateau in the northern part of Shaanxi Province. The middle part is Guanzhong Plain, and here is Xi’an city where 13 dynasties set their capitals during 1,100 years in Chinese history. The southern part of the Shaanxi Province is mainly about some mountainous regions. This is Qingling mountainous region, which is not only the natural boundary in separating the northern and the southern part of China but also the watershed of the two greatest water systems in China—the Yellow River system and the Yangtze River system. THE PREHISTORIC AGE

从翻译目的论看博物馆解说词汉英翻译——以宁波博物馆解说词英译为例

从翻译目的论看博物馆解说词汉英翻译——以宁波博物馆 解说词英译为例-汉语言文学 从翻译目的论看博物馆解说词汉英翻译——以宁波博物馆解说词英译为例梅盛王晨婕 摘要：本研究运用翻译目的论，分析博物馆解说词译文的预期功能、目的和受众情况。选取宁波博物馆解说词英译文为研究对象，批判性地分析了其在文化和语言层面出现的翻译问题并提出改进策略，总结了一系列适用于博物馆解说词汉英翻译的方法，如：增添、重组等，剖析了博物馆解说词英译翻译问题产生的根源及应对策略，旨在提高博物馆解说词英译文的质量，更好地为中国的对外文化传播服务。 关键词：博物馆解说词目的论翻译问题对策 由于全球化进程步伐的加快，各国间跨文化交流日趋频繁，旅游作为跨文化交际的一种重要形式，在国际经济文化交流过程中发挥着积极的作用。随着中国对外开放的不断深入以及对外交流的不断增加，越来越多的外国人能够游历中国，并通过多种途径了解中国丰富多彩、博大精深的历史文化。其中，参观博物馆是一种行之有效的途径。博物馆解说词的翻译是向外国游客介绍和传播中国历史文化的重要手段。目前，对旅游资料汉英翻译的研究大多集中于旅游景点介绍和景点公示语的汉英翻译问题的探讨，很少触及博物馆解说词的英译问题，缺乏相应的理论指导。 本文尝试运用翻译目的论，以实地拍摄的图片资料为佐证，选取宁波博物馆解说词的英译文为研究对象，分析其存在的问题并归类，同时提出解决方案和总结相关的翻译策略与方法，从而提高博物馆解说词英译文的质量，更好地为中

国的对外文化传播服务。 一、翻译目的论概述 翻译目的论认为“翻译是人类的一种行为活动，而且是有目的的行为活动，而‘制约翻译过程的首要法则便是翻译行为的目的’”[1]。翻译行为的发起者确定翻译目的，规定翻译要求（translation brief）。“翻译要求涉及到多方面，包括规定译本文本的功能（信息功能、表达功能或呼唤功能）、报告译文的预定目的、接受者、接受文本的时间、地点和场合[2]；文本分类并不是说每个文本属于某一类型，事实上，大多数文本会同时兼有以上三种功能，差别在于侧重的功能不同。翻译目的论宣称翻译的标准应当是充分（adequacy），而不是等值（equivalence），充分是指译文要符合翻译要求。译者根据翻译要求采取相应的翻译策略”。这就为译者“增加了可供选择的翻译策略”[3]。与传统“等值观”相比，目的论注重的不是译文与源文是否对等，而是强调译文应从其预期功能出发，根据各语境因素，选择最佳处理方法，因而具有较高的科学性和可操作性[4]。 在目的论框架下，本文将博物馆解说词汉英翻译的具体要求整合成以下三个方面：译文的预期功能、目的和受众情况。博物馆解说词一般包括该馆的概况介绍、最新资讯信息、展品与史料介绍等。从译文文本功能来看，博物馆解说词英译文兼具信息和操作功能，旨在为国外参观者提供准确而详尽的博物馆信息，以促进文化交流与合作。译文接受者是以“对中国事物知之甚少的一般外国受众”[5]为主。由此，笔者认为以下两点可视为博物馆解说词汉英翻译的原则：1.以服务外国游客为导向，译文能准确地传达博物馆相关信息，并且做到通俗易懂；2.以顺利实施跨文化交流为主旨，即译文能有效帮助外国游客观赏博物馆所

博物馆英文欢迎词

博物馆英文欢迎词 篇一：大连英文导游词 半日游导游词 行车路线： 大连港—港湾桥—人民路—中山广场—延安路—大外—胜利路—观景台（停车15分钟）--胜利路—花园广场—五四路—鲜花大世界门口（停车15分钟）—附属医院后身—五四路---中山路—星海广场（停车20分钟）--滨海路---北大桥（停车10分钟）--老虎滩群虎雕像（停车，卫生间15分钟）--中南路—朝阳街—鲁迅路—友谊商城（40分钟） BusRoute 1.dalianHarbor 2.HarborBridge 3.RenminRoad 4.zhongshanSquare 5.Yan‘anRoad 6.dalianUniversityofForeignLanguages 7.ShengliRoad 8.GreenmountainViewingPlatform(parkingfor15minutes) 9.ShengliRoad

10.GardenSquare 11.wusiRoad 12.atthegateofTheFreshFlowerworld(parkingfor15minutes) 13.Backoftheaffiliatedhospital 14.wusiRoad 15.zhongshanRoad 16.XinghaiSquare(parkingfor20minutes) 17.BinhaiRoad 18.northBridge 19.TigerSculpturesonTigerbeach(parking,toiletfor15minutes) 20.zhongnanRoad 21.chaoyangStreet 22.LuxunRoad 23.FriendshipShoppingmall(40minutes) （码头引导客人上车，清点人数致欢迎词）首先自我介绍：我叫XXX,我来自XXX旅行社，我们的司机师傅姓X,我们可以称呼他X师傅，大家今天在大连的游览就是由我们两位为大家服务。(Guidethegueststogetonthebusatthedock,countthenumberoftheguests,mak eaself-introductionanddeliverawelcomingspeech) Goodmorningtoeveryone!Firstofall,i ‘dliketointroducemyselftoyou:i'm....,fromchinaTravelagency.ourdr ivertodayis….wecallhim......welcometothebeautifulcoastalcityofdalian!Pl

从翻译目的论看博物馆解说词汉英翻译

摘要：本研究运用翻译目的论，分析博物馆解说词译文的预期功能、目的和受众情况。选取宁波博物馆解说词英译文为研究对象，批判性地分析了其在文化和语言层面出现的翻译问题并提出改进策略，总结了一系列适用于博物馆解说词汉英翻译的方法，如：增添、重组等，剖析了博物馆解说词英译翻译问题产生的根源及应对策略，旨在提高博物馆解说词英译文的质量，更好地为中国的对外文化传播服务。 关键词：博物馆解说词目的论翻译问题对策 由于全球化进程步伐的加快，各国间跨文化交流日趋频繁，旅游作为跨文化交际的一种重要形式，在国际经济文化交流过程中发挥着积极的作用。随着中国对外开放的不断深入以及对外交流的不断增加，越来越多的外国人能够游历中国，并通过多种途径了解中国丰富多彩、博大精深的历史文化。其中，参观博物馆是一种行之有效的途径。博物馆解说词的翻译是向外国游客介绍和传播中国历史文化的重要手段。目前，对旅游资料汉英翻译的研究大多集中于旅游景点介绍和景点公示语的汉英翻译问题的探讨，很少触及博物馆解说词的英译问题，缺乏相应的理论指导。 本文尝试运用翻译目的论，以实地拍摄的图片资料为佐证，选取宁波博物馆解说词的英译文为研究对象，分析其存在的问题并归类，同时提出解决方案和总结相关的翻译策略与方法，从而提高博物馆解说词英译文的质量，更好地为中国的对外文化传播服务。 一、翻译目的论概述 翻译目的论认为“翻译是人类的一种行为活动，而且是有目的的行为活动，而‘制约翻译过程的首要法则便是翻译行为的目的’”[1]。翻译行为的发起者确定翻译目的，规定翻译要求（translation brief）。“翻译要求涉及到多方面，包括规定译本文本的功能（信息功能、表达功能或呼唤功能）、报告译文的预定目的、接受者、接受文本的时间、地点和场合[2];文本分类并不是说每个文本属于某一类型，事实上，大多数文本会同时兼有以上三种功能，差别在于侧重的功能不同。翻译目的论宣称翻译的标准应当是充分（adequacy），而不是等值（equivalence），充分是指译文要符合翻译要求。译者根据翻译要求采取相应的翻译策略”。这就为译者“增加了可供选择的翻译策略”[3]。与传统“等值观”相比，目的论注重的不是译文与源文是否对等，而是强调译文应从其预期功能出发，根据各语境因素，选择最佳处理方法，因而具有较高的科学性和可操作性[4]。 在目的论框架下，本文将博物馆解说词汉英翻译的具体要求整合成以下三个方面：译文的预期功能、目的和受众情况。博物馆解说词一般包括该馆的概况介绍、最新资讯信息、展品与史料介绍等。从译文文本功能来看，博物馆解说词英译文兼具信息和操作功能，旨在为国外参观者提供准确而详尽的博物馆信息，以促进文化交流与合作。译文接受者是以“对中国事物知之甚少的一般外国受众”[5]为主。由此，笔者认为以下两点可视为博物馆解说词汉英翻译的原则：1.以服务外国游客为导向，译文能准确地传达博物馆相关信息，并且做到通俗易懂;2.以顺利实施跨文化交流为主旨，即译文能有效帮助外国游客观赏博物馆所陈列的展品以及发布的各种信息，同时激发其了解中国文化的兴趣。 下文将根据诺德（nord）自上而下翻译问题的分类模式，以实地拍摄的图片资料为佐证，选取宁波博物馆解说词的英译文为研究对象，着重剖析其文化和语言两大层面的翻译问题，依照笔者所提出的博物馆解说词汉英翻译原则，提出改进建议，同时剖析宁波博物馆解说词汉英翻译问题产生的根源及应对策略。 二、宁波博物馆解说词汉英翻译中存在的问题 （一）文化层面翻译问题 博物馆解说词里常常会出现人名、地名等专有名词，承载着深厚的历史底蕴。若只是简单机械地采用音译的方式，则势必无法让外国游客了解这些专有名词所包含的文化内涵。试

湖北省博物馆英文导游词.doc

湖北省博物馆英文导游词 Good morning ladies and gentlemen; Today, we will go to visit Hubei Provincial Museum. On the way to the museum, I ‘d like to show a present to express my warmest welcome to you. You may wonder what the present is. Well let me introduce it to you. The music you are going to listen to is the very gift. Now, please enjoy the music. Have you ever listened to the music? And what musical instrument is used to play the beautiful melody? That’s the serial bells, a wonder in the wor ld. Indeed a wonder in the world. Every year tourists from all over the world continuously come to visit them and appreciate the programs played by it. Each year they return with unforgetable memory. The building with red wall and green tiers before us is the very museum, Hubei Provincial Museum. Constructed in 1953, the museum is the center for collecting, studying, preserving and displaying historical and cultural relics in Hubei. More than 700,000 ancient relics are stored up in it. There is a collection of 100,000 books on history,

【参考借鉴】美丽中国Wild-China-全集-中英文解说词.doc

美丽中国（WildChina） 第一集龙之心HeartoftheDragon 校正版 最后的隐世净土Thelasthiddenworld 中国China 数世纪来旅人传诵着关于这片神奇土地 Forcenturies,travellerstoChinahavetoldtalesofmagicallandscapes 以及那些神奇生物的传说andsurprisingcreatures 中国文明是世界最古老的文明Chinesecivilizationistheworld'soldest 而如今是最宏博的andtodaRit'slargest 那数十亿的人民withwelloverabillionpeople 现存超过五十个民族It'shometomorethan50distinctethnicgroups 以及各式各样贴近自然的andawiderangeoftraditionallifestRles 传统生活方式ofteninclosepartnershipwithnature 我们都知道中国面对着着众多社会环境问题WeknowthatChinafacesimmensesocialandenvironmentalproblems 但这里也存在着令人窒息的美丽butthereisgreatbeautRheretoo 中国有着世界最高峰Chinaishometotheworld'shighestmountains, 从无垠的炙热沙漠vastdesertsrangingfromfromsearinghot 到麻木大脑的寒冷地带tomindnumbingcold 以及那蒸笼般的森林中steamingforests 隐匿的各种珍稀生物harboringrarecreatures 天际下广阔无垠的草原grassRplainsbeneathvasthorizons 以及富饶的热带海洋andrichtropicalseas 现在我们第一次有机会Now,forthefirsttimeever 深入探索这片伟大的土地wecaneRplorethewholeofthisgreatcountrR 接触栖息于此的珍奇生物meetsomeofthesurprisingandeRoticcreaturesthatlivehere 目睹中国这片神奇土地上andconsidertherelationshipofthepeopleandwildlifeofChina 人与野生世界的羁绊totheremarkablelandscapingwhichtheRlive 这就是最原味的中国ThisiswildChina 仅以此献给我们多灾多难但美丽依旧的祖国 Forourtroubledbutdrop-deadbeautifulmotherland 我们的中国探索之旅始于南方的亚热带OureRplorationofChinabeginsinthewarmsubtropicalsouth 漓江的渔人和鱼鸟栖坐在竹筏上OntheLiRiverfishermenandbirdsperchonbamboorafts 这个组合已延续千年之久apartnershipthatgoesbackmorethanathousandRears 这景致已为世人所熟悉ThisscenerRisknownthroughouttheworld 那是中国水墨永恒的主题arecurringmotifinChinesepaintings 和旅人永远的胜地andamajortouristattraction 中国南部是片有英国国土ThesouthofChinaisavastarea 九倍之大的广阔土地eighttimeslargerthantheUK 这里是山雨的国度It'salandscapeofhillsbutalsoofwater 这里一年之中有250天在降雨Itrainshereforupto250daRsaRear

陕西历史博物馆英文导游词

陕西历史博物馆 Hello, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Shaanxi History Museum. First, I want to give you a brief introduction of this museum. Shaanxi History Museum is a sizable national museum with a wide range of artifacts. The museum shows a great deal of elegance and originality in style. It was designed by Zhang Jinqiu, a very famous female architect in China. Now we are in the Preface Hall. Here we can see a giant lion and three big pictures. The giant stone walking lion was originally erected in front of Shunling Mausoleum. It represents the cultural exchange between China and other countries. The massive picture shows the surging and roaring Yellow River and the vast Loess Plateau, the habit of Shanxi residents and the candle of their ancient civilization. //序言大厅 Ok, we are going to rhe first gallery. The first section focuses on the history of the Prehistoric Age. Here is the Liantian Ape-man, the fossil of a human skull in Liantian. It was the earliest known Homo erectus in North Asia. And this is the painted pottery. There are a lot of symbols on the edge of it.//史前时代 Ok, we are going to the Zhou Dynasty which was a slave society. The bronze casting technology was in the high period, so we also call it the Bronze Age in Chinese history. The “ding” or tripo d, which is a cooking utensilof ancient times, is the symbol of power and rank (and were things used by royal family members). Divination had to be practiced for all major activities at that time. A record of the divination results was carved onto the tortoise-shell or animal bone, which formed China’s earliest written script, known as “oracle bone inscription”.Here we can also see some other artifacts, like the Chime Bell, wine vessels.//周代 And next, let’s come to the Qin Dynasty. Agriculture was integral to the economy of the Qin state. The iron implements unearthed from the site indecate that iron wares widely used instead of bronze wares. Here we see a tiger tally（虎符）. The body of it can be divided into two halves. The left was held by the general while the right was held by the Emperor. When both pieces were matched together, the general was allowed to move the army. We can also see a bronze sword which retains its sharpness and glitter without a sign of rust after being buried for 2000 years. Well, then, we come to the Han Dynasty. This is a very important historical stage in China’s history. The Han nationality was officially formed during this period. So did the languages. The Han city of chang’an was the first international metroplis in Chinese history. The Han Dynasty also paid great attentions to agriculture and animal husbandry. Here, we can see a national treasure- a Jade Seal(皇后玉玺). This one belonged to a queen in Han Dynasty. Called LuZhi, she was a very powerful woman at that time. And the gold and silver censer is another national treasure. Well, This lamp was very famous in Han Dynasty. At that time people lit an oil light on the round part. The smoke would collect in the stem and then would be filtered in the water filled body.//秦汉时代Next, we come to the Wei, the Jin, the South and North Dynasties. It was the most turbulent period in ancirnt times. There were wars of unification and national dividion.

广东省博物馆木陶瓷展英文讲解词

土火之艺——馆藏历代瓷展览 Exhibition of Pottery and Porcelain through Dynasties 2009/11/17 前言 水、土、火的碰撞，产生了绚丽多彩的瓷文化。器是全人类共同拥有的财富。而瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的重要贡献，中国因此而拥有了“瓷之国度”的美称。 早在新石器时代，我们的祖先就已经学会制造和使用器。商周时期出现了原始瓷。成熟的青釉瓷器烧成于一千八百多年前的东汉时期。经过三国两晋南北朝的初步发展，到了唐宋时期，我国的制瓷业进入第一个发展高峰。明清时期，我国瓷业发展到了巅峰阶段。 至少在唐代，我国已开始大量出口瓷器。此后历经宋、元、明、清各朝，日益发展，长久不衰。从东海和南海通向东亚、东南亚、中西亚、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的各条航线，无不见证了这一辉煌。因此这条海外贸易通道也被称为“瓷之路”。 最早的器出现在新石器时代早期。晋代开始出现青釉瓷器。唐、宋、元时期的制瓷业飞速发展，并大量输出国外。明、清时期，石湾器、广彩瓷器成为斐声中外的著名品种。 一部中国瓷史，反映的不仅仅是整个中国文化史的面貌，而且也书写了经济贸易史、工艺美术史、航海史、对外贸易史等方面的篇章。 Introduction Collision of water, clay and fire gave rise to colorful pottery and porcelain culture. Pottery is a treasure of humankind. However, porcelain is an important contribution of the Chinese nation to the world civilization. China won its name as "Country of Porcelain". As early as the Neolithic Age, Chinese people had already got to know how to make and use pottery. Proto-porcelain had been made in the Shang Dynasty. Mature green glazed porcelain was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and had well developed in the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties, and the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry reached its first peak of development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry developed to a summit stage. Porcelain had begun to export in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, large quantities of pottery and porcelain exported from the East Sea and

纪录片美丽中国__中英文解说词

美丽中国（Wild China）第一集龙之心Heart of the Dragon 永波： 我们的中国探索之旅始于南方的亚热带 Our exploration of China begins in the warm subtropical south 漓江的渔人和鱼鸟栖坐在竹筏上 On the Li River fishermen and birds perch on bamboo rafts 这个组合已延续千年之久 a partnership that goes back more than a thousand years 这景致已为世人所熟悉This scenery is known throughout the world 那是中国水墨永恒的主题 a recurring motif in Chinese paintings 和旅人永远的胜地and a major tourist attraction 中国南部是片有英国国土The south of China is a vast area 九倍之大的广阔土地eight times larger than the UK 这里是山雨的国度It's a landscape of hills but also of water 这里一年之中有250天在降雨It rains here for up to 250 days a year 到处都是积水and standing water is everywhere 在扬子江的涝原In a floodplain of the Yangtse River 黑尾鹬在泥泞中寻索着虫子 black-tailed godwits probe the mud in search of worms 并非只有野生动物在这样的环境下茁壮成长 现在是交配的季节It's the mating season 雄禾田蛙们为了吸引异性而卖力高鸣 and male paddy frogs are competing for the attention of females 但这并非总能为你吸引来关注的目光 But it dosen't always pay to draw too much attention to youself 中国池鹭是个饕餮掠食者The Chinese Pond Heron is a crapulous predator 就算在耕作过的稻田中央Even in the middle of a ploughed paddy field 也会上演喙与爪的血腥剧目nature is red in beak and claw 或许这看上去像一场屠杀This may look like a slaughter 但每只池鹭一次只能吞噬一只蛙but as each heron can swallow only one frog at a time 此时剩余的多数派得以逃生并获得了明日再度高歌的机会 the vast majority will escape to croak another day 元阳县这样广泛种植水稻的 Terrace paddies like those of Y unYang county are found across much of southern China 梯田横贯中国南部This whole vast landscape is dominated by rice cultivation 苗族人在炎热的贵州发展了高度发达的水稻种植

青岛啤酒博物馆讲解词

关于青岛的英文导游词一： The distinctive Qingdao Underwater World offers a breath-taking view of a marine world. Lying to the northeast of famous Luxun Park and to the west of Number One Bathing Beach, it is situated on Huiquan Bay in Qingdao, Shandong Province. By means of modern techniques and advantageous geological location, it combines the advantage of the Qingdao Aquarium, Qingdao Specimen Hall and Qingdao Freshwater Fish Center, becoming a hot spot for marine ecotourism. The underwater world consists of several interesting underwater landscapes, including the inter-tidal zones, underwater tunnel, performance hall and exhibition areas. The inter-tidal zones are teeming with many special species, forming a particular ecosystem. Various algae, echinoderms, marine mollusks, arthropods and small amounts of fish are living here. Common marine life like starfish, sea urchins, sea turtles, octopus, crabs and small sharks can be seen; some bright-colored or odd-shaped varieties will bring you a unique and spectacular view! The underwater tunnel breeds thousands of kinds of halo bios which are from all over the world, among them are some rare species. Sauntering in the tunnel, you can see the sharks cruising leisurely in the water, shoals of fishes pulling on the reefs, and still some species staying quietly in the seabed. Wonderful items, like the dances between human and sharks, sea-maiden exhibitions and underwater ballets are performed in the performance hall. If a new couple is willing to experience an underwater wedding here, they will undoubtedly have an unforgettable memory of this solemn and happy moment. In the large cylindrical exhibition chamber, the colorful corals, various beautiful seaflowers and gorgeous tropical pet fish will fully occupy your eyes. In addition, there are exhibition areas for sea horses, nautilus, lobsters, jellyfish and other marine life. Qingdao Aquarium was the first aquarium of China. The magnificent main building followed the Chinese traditional fortress, and was reputed as one of the ten most imposing buildings of Qingdao City. Sea beasts like