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文化导入在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

文化导入在初中英语词汇教学中的应用
文化导入在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

毕业设计(论文)

题目文化导入在初中英语词汇教学中的应用系(院)外语系

专业英语

班级

学生姓名

学号

指导教师

职称

二〇一五年四月二十九日

The Application of Culture Introduction in Junior Middle School English Vocabulary

Teaching

A Thesis Submitted

to Foreign Languages Department of

Binzhou University

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

4,29, 2015

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二〇一五年XX月XX日

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二〇一五年XX月XX日

文化导入在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

摘要

语言学习包括学习语音,语法,词汇三大语言要素,词汇教学是外语教学的一个重要组成部分。对学生进行成功的词汇教学关系到外语教学的最终目标是否能够顺利实现。语言是文化不可分割的一部分,语言是文化的载体,文化的内容通过语言来反映。语言教学不仅包括语言知识的教学,而且包括文化知识的导入。近些年来,随着中西文化交流的扩大以及学术界对词汇教学重要性认识的加深,虽然越来越多的学者和外语教师已经逐渐意识结合文化进行词汇教学的必要性,但关于如何在初中英语词汇教学实践中有效地贯彻文化教学仍然缺乏系统深入的研究。

本文回顾概括了国内外词汇教学及研究的历史,针对我国初中英语词汇教学的现状,分析对比中外文化的差异,查阅相关资料,主要是从英语词汇的文化内涵的,词汇与文化的关系,文化导入在英语词汇教学中的作用,词汇教学和文化导入相结合的必要性,如何在英语词汇教学中进行文化导入等方面论述。在初中英语词汇教学中,把词汇的文化内涵意义融入英语词汇教学的课堂中是很必要的,

作者对文化导入在词汇教学过程中提出了相应的建议,为以后初中英语词汇教学提供一些可行的实施办法,以提高初中英语词汇教学的质量和促进学生语言词汇能力,最终增强学生的跨文化意识和跨文化交际能力,培养他们宽容,开放的情感态度。

关键词:初中英语词汇教学;文化导入;跨文化交际能力

The Application of Culture Introduction in Junior Middle School English Vocabulary Teaching

Abstract

There are three factors of language in language learning, namely, phonetics, grammar and vocabulary, vocabulary teaching is an very important part of foreign language teaching. The success of vocabulary teaching to the students is related to the smooth realization of the ultimate goal of foreign language teaching. Language is an integral part of culture, it is the carrier of culture, the content of the culture was reflected through language. Language teaching includes not only language knowledge teaching, but also the cultural knowledge introduction. In recent years, with the enlargement of the cultural communication between Chinese and western, academia has a thorough understanding of the importance of vocabulary teaching, more and more scholars and foreign language teachers have realised gradually the necessity of combining with culture in vocabulary teaching, It still lacking systematic and further research on carrying out the cultural teaching effectively in the junior middle school English vocabulary teaching.

The author review and summarized the history of vocabulary teaching and research at home and abroad, in view of the situation of junior middle school English vocabulary teaching in China, Contrast and analyze cultural differences of Chinese and foreign , access to relevant information, mainly discuss from the following aspects :culture content of the English vocabulary, the relationship between vocabulary and culture, the role of cultural introduction in English vocabulary teaching, the necessity of the combination of vocabulary teaching and culture introduction, how to carry

out the cultural import in English vocabulary teaching and so on.

The author put forward the corresponding suggestion about cultural introduction in the process of vocabulary teaching, provide some feasible measures for English vocabulary teaching in junior middle school , in order to improve the quality of the junior middle school English vocabulary teaching and promote the students' language vocabulary ability, finally enhance the students' cross-cultural awareness and intercultural communicative competence, cultivate their tolerance and open emotional attitude.

Key words:junior high school vocabulary teaching; culture introduction; intercultural communicative competence

Contents

Introduction (1)

Chapter One Culture (3)

1.1 The meaning of culture (3)

1.2 The relationship between language and culture (3)

1.3 The importance of vocabulary in culture learning (4)

1.4 The purpose of this study (4)

Chapter Two Vocabulary and Culture (5)

2.1 Relationship between vocabulary and culture (5)

2.2 Status of English vocabulary teaching in junior high school (6)

2.3 The role of cultural introduction in English vocabulary teaching (7)

2.3.1 Culture teaching can improve students' knowledge structure (7)

2.3.2 The culture introduction can improve students' ability structure (7)

2.3.3 Culture introduction can stimulate students' interest in learning (7)

Chapter Three The Culture Introduction Research Both at Home and Abroad and the Theoretical Basis for This Study (8)

3.1 The research both at home and abroad: (8)

3.2 The theoretical basis of this study (9)

3.2. 1 Schumann Acculturation Model (9)

3.2.2 Language Transfer Theory (10)

Chapter Four The Necessity of Combining Vocabulary Teaching and Cultural Introduction (11)

4.1 Cultural characteristics of language (12)

4.2 Culture teaching potential of vocabulary (12)

4.3 The necessity of combining vocabulary teaching and culture introduction (13)

Chapter Five How to Conduct Culture Introduction in English Vocabulary Teaching (13)

5.1 The content of culture introduction (13)

5.1 .1 Customer (13)

5.1.2 Culture which derived from literary works (14)

5.1.3 Religion and mythology (14)

5.1.4 Festival (14)

5.2 Approaches of culture introduction in vocabulary teaching (15)

5.2.1 Direct introduction (15)

5.2.2 Recommended reading (15)

5.2.3 Apply multimedia teaching (15)

5.2.4 Improve English teachers' cultural literacy (16)

5.2.5 Increase the introduction of cultural background knowledge of the vocabulary in the textbooks (16)

Chapter Six Conclusion (16)

References (19)

Acknowledgements (20)

Introduction

With the further development of China's reform and opening-up policy, there are differences between different cultures, intercultural communication is increasing in our country, misunderstanding in communication is common. It is very important to cultivate the students' culture capacity in English teaching. To train the ability of students' culture, we must conduct the culture of target language teaching in the language teaching at the same time. However, researchers pay little attention to study of cultural meanings of English vocabulary in junior middle school. There are mainly three methods English vocabulary teaching, including Grammar Translation Method, the Audio-lingual Method and the communicative language teaching.

In this thesis the writer adopts the method of literature research and comparison, collect, consult and analyze related literature data. Based on Language Transfer Theory and Schumann Acculturation Model, we know the importance of culture introduction in junior middle school vocabulary teaching. V ocabulary is the basic element of language, is the survival pillar of language.There are huge differences between Eastern and Western culture, these cultural differences reflected in the lexical level especially, vocabulary is the largest carrier of culture, vocabulary itself contains rich cultural significance.

At present many problems still exist in teaching junior high school English vocabulary. The current form of junior high school English vocabulary teaching is monotonous, mainly is the teacher's explain, the main role of the students have not been fully exploited and reflected, students lack interest in learning. Mainly aiming at test when the teachers teach vocabulary, the interpretation of the word meaning is more from the aspects of surface meaning, rarely on associative meaning and the implied cultural factors. While in language teaching ,conducting corresponding cultural introduction at the same time has become a new concept of modern education. Culture is a part of English teaching, it has a great role in promoting for English teaching. Culture teaching can improve students' knowledge structure,improve students' ability structure and stimulate students' interest in learning.

The thesis is intended to offer some suggestions about how to conduct culture introduction in English vocabulary teaching, so as to effectively improve students' sensitivity to the differences of culture between Western and Chinese and the ability to identify, cultivate the students' intercultural communicative competence.

Chapter One Culture

1.1 The meaning of culture

The word "culture" in the West comes from the Latin cultura, the original meaning refers to farming and the cultivation of plants.Since the 15th century, gradually extended use, the cultivation of human character and ability also known as culture.High frequency of use of the term culture, the scope of use is also very broad, it is very rich in connotation and extension, so the definition of culture are numerous.

Culture has four explanations in Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, 1.Refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc.; 2.State of Intellectual development of society; 3.Particular form of intellectual expression, e.g.in art and literature; 4.Customs, arts, social institutions, etc.of a particular group or people.(2002:347) “Culture can be defined as membership in Discourse community that shares a common social space and history,and common imaginings.”(Kramsch, 2008:10) “According to the definitions of sociologists and anthropologist,culture refers to the total patterns of beliefs,customs,institutions,objects,and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.”(Deng, Liu, 2010:3)

Generalized culture is the sum of all human beings to create material goods and spiritual products. The narrow sense refers specifically cultural language, literature, art and all ideologies, including spiritual products.

1.2 The relationship between language and culture

About the relationship between language and culture, Zhang Hongling (2007: 83) consider that: First, language and culture is the main difference between a nation or group of signs and other ethnic groups, it is a major component of society.They are acquired through the acquisition of social communication, usually at the same time, so they have a closed relationship.Secondly, language is a symbolic meaning system, is the main way to reflect and disseminate culture, and an important part of culture.Thirdly,

culture involving all aspects of social life, is a tie to unite members of the community, to provide a frame of reference for their actions and behavior, is the foundation of their faith and evaluation.

Language and culture influence and interact each other, understand the language must understand the culture, understand culture must understand Language and without cultural factors , to fully master a language is impossible.

1.3 The importance of vocabulary in culture learning

V ocabulary is the basic element of language, is the survival pillar of language.There are huge differences between Eastern and Western culture, these cultural differences reflected in the lexical level especially, vocabulary is the largest carrier of culture, vocabulary itself contains rich cultural significance. The importance of vocabulary in learning culture is also reflected in the relationship between the two, vocabulary and culture are interdependent.V ocabulary is the foundation and the necessary conditions for cultural learning, separated from the cultural vocabulary will eclipse, lack of vitality.The development and change of cultural affect the vocabulary,The development and change of vocabulary reflect the cultural. For example, starting from 43 AD, the Romans has invaded Britain for more than 400 years, during which Rome culture and customs gradually infiltrated Britain, "Rome" phenomenon in social life begin to emerge. Language also changed, especially English vocabulary, it has retained a lot of traces of Roman culture. Such as: Worth one's salt (competent), thumbs up (in favor of)) and so on. So we must understand the culture if want to learn vocabulary.

1.4 The purpose of this study

Language learning involves learning phonetics, grammar and vocabulary ,in which the vocabulary is an important part of learning. In junior high school English vocabulary teaching, we found that students fear of difficulties for vocabulary learning.

First, student's vocabulary is limited, this situation directly affects the students' development of listen,speak,read and write skills.

Secondly, students understand of English words and phrases only staying on the surface, although remember a lot of words, but only know their literal meaning and don't know how to use. V ocabulary is the carrier of cultural information, therefore, beyond the conceptual meaning of vocabulary, vocabulary teaching also shoulder culture introduction, so that students can use words accurately and appropriately , so as to achieve the purpose of effective communication.

In addition to enabling students to master a new language and communication tool, English teaching also can enhance the students' intercultural awareness and intercultural communicative competence, cultivate their tolerant and open attitudes, improve their comprehensive quality by combining language teaching and culture introduction.

Chapter Two Vocabulary and Culture

2.1 Relationship between vocabulary and culture

Mastering any language is without vocabulary. Linguist George.W.Wilkins (1972) has pointed out the importance of learning English vocabulary: "Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed." Thus, the human thinking activities and the exchange of ideas largely rely on vocabulary.

V ocabulary is the largest carrier of culture. As one of the main content of English teaching ,vocabulary and its cultural significance constitute an important aspect of cultural teaching in English teaching. V ocabulary contains abundant cultural significance. Words, phrases, idioms belong vocabulary category, which are a national language, crystal of social and cultural development , fully reflect the cultural environment ,values and habits of this language community.

For example: A lot of English vocabulary relate to bread and reflects the diet customs of the English nation. such as "earn one's bread "(make ends meet)," butter both

sides of one's bread "(on two things at the same time profit). Due to the impact of national culture, some words are often accompanied with different cultural meaning, different cultural emotional color.

Due to the impact of national culture, some words are often accompanied with different cultural meaning, different cultural emotional color. Such as: "Dog" containing disrespect in Chinese, such as:" 狗眼看人", "狗仗人势", and it is not necessarily so in English. For example: Every dog has his day. "dog" in the sentence above does not contain derogatory sense. Therefore, we should promote cultural introduction in junior high school English vocabulary Teaching. To ensure that students understand and use the word accurately and appropriately.

2.2 Status of English vocabulary teaching in junior high school

At present many problems still exist in teaching junior high school English vocabulary.

First, some teachers do not guide students to master effective methods and techniques memorizing vocabulary in teaching, students memorizing words is time-consuming, the effect is small, the realization of the goal of teaching English teaching was effected.

Second, the current form of junior high school English vocabulary teaching is monotonous, mainly is the teacher's explain, the main role of the students have not been fully exploited and reflected, students lack interest in learning.

Third, Mainly aiming at test when the teachers teach vocabulary, the interpretation of the word meaning is more from the aspects of surface meaning, rarely on associative meaning and the implied cultural factors, lead to students can't understand thoroughly and use vocabulary accurately.

In addition, because the limitation of teachers' time and energy, not make full use of modern teaching means such as multimedia.It is difficult to make students' visual,

auditory and kinesthetic functional fully activate, greatly reduces the teaching effect.

2.3 The role of cultural introduction in English vocabulary teaching

While in language teaching, we conduct corresponding cultural introduction at the same time has become a new concept of modern education. Culture is a part of English teaching, it has a great role in promoting for English teaching.

2.3.1 Culture teaching can improve students' knowledge structure

Culture teaching usually impart cultural knowledge to students through the language itself, students can acquire political economy, ethnic customs, social etiquette and a series of knowledge of this country through language, so that optimize the students' knowledge structure. For example, we can tell students that different nationalities endow color words with different cultural connotation when encounter color words .Such as "feel in the pink " refers to a healthy body, "in a blue mood" means low spirits.

2.3.2 The culture introduction can improve students' ability structure

Cultural introduction can promote effectively the formation of students' cross-cultural communicative competence.Through the teaching of language and culture factors, It can enhance students' practical ability in language, effectively solve how to say, how to say appropriately. In our country, for example: in order to express concern for the health of a person, we always use some slightly mandatory discourse.Such as, "You should Put on more clothes. "the tone of this to English-speaking people like parents speaking to a child.

2.3.3 Culture introduction can stimulate students' interest in learning

Interest is an important psychological factor, which influence the efficiency of the learning activities, stimulating students' interest in learning is the most direct and effective teaching method in junior high school. English inflections , complex grammatical structures and many other factors lead to boredom in students’mind when they learn English. Practice has proved that we can arouse students' interest in learning,only if we continue to improve teaching methods, put interest throughout the teaching process.

Culture introduction,namely, we understand the national cultural semantics through language learning ,So it can effectively stimulate students' interest in English learning.

Chapter Three The Culture Introduction Research Both at Home and Abroad and the Theoretical Basis for This Study

3.1 The research both at home and abroad:

Culture, as an integral part of foreign language teaching, have already accepted by the national foreign language teaching workers, due to the different social environment and historical background, cultural teaching research and practice have its own characteristics. Then next three decades, the researches about culture as a integral part of foreign language teaching , which have sprung up in the United States , Cultural studies and practices entered a mature stage of development. Millions of foreign language teaching workers have discussed culture teaching from different angles,The landmark researchers and achievements include: Robert Ludo(1957), Edward T.Hall(1959,1966,1976), Nelson Brooks(1968), Howard L. Nostrand (1974), Gail L.N.Robinson(1985),Louise Damen(1987), H. Ned Seelye(1976,1993), Kramsch(1993).

European language and culture teaching conducted a series of reform and research Since the 1980s , the mid-term research results laid a solid foundation for the popularization of culture teaching . In 1989 it began a modern Language program called Language Learning for: European Citizenship. This study focus on how to improve learners' social culture teaching and cross-cultural communication ability in foreign language teaching.

Driven by the above activities, It launched a variety of conferences, workshops and laboratory courses on cultural teaching in Europe, thus greatly improving the promotion and application of cultural teaching thought and theory. Through nearly 20 years of trying, the development of European culture teaching research is rapid,

theory research and teaching practice closely connection, so the European culture teaching has achieved great success.

This view of foreign language teaching must focus on culture teaching was widely accepted in China foreign language teaching field , but for a long time, in order to keep our the glorious traditions of the Chinese nation, to purify our mind, We usually follow the principle of rejecting the dross and assimilating the essence of foreign culture. Feared of invasion by adverse factors of foreign culture, our culture teaching have a strong selectivity and political nature. But the cultural teaching works and papers in foreign language teaching are not uncommon in China. Luo Changpei (1957), Deng Yanchang (1989), Gu Jiazu (1999), Wang Fuxiang, Wu Hanying (1994).Hu Wenzhong, GaoYihong(1997) and so on, write books and set up a theory successively, discuss on language and culture, language teaching and culture teaching.

Chinese culture teaching research and practice are quite limited, when time permits, the teacher talks to the students about some cultural theme according to their interests. How should we carry out culture teaching in language teaching? Cultural background knowledge of a language is quite widespread, what should and must be put in the language teaching, the above problems need to solve in culture teaching.

In our country, the formal definition of the culture teaching and acculturation in related literature of Language and cultural studies in the early 1990s. Culture teaching is not always taken seriously. Although academia and education have the new consensus about its status and role in the teaching in recent 20 years. no matter in theory or practice, It has a certain gap with the objective requirement of the purpose of foreign language education.

3.2 The theoretical basis of this study

3.2. 1 Schumann Acculturation Model

This theory originated in the late 70s of the 20th century, developed by Schumann and Andersen. Ellis (1997:1997) discussed that: in the process of learners gradually adapt

to the new culture, second language acquisition is considered one aspect of acculturation. Many factors affect the learners' culture of social distance and psychological distance in learning the culture of target language , thus affect the rate of second language acquisition and the final success. Their so-called language acculturation refers to the individual under a kind of cultural background , in order to behave appropriately in another culture must through the attitude, knowledge and behavior change process , This process includes not only the social adaptation but mental adaptation. Schumann (Ellis1999:252) condered that the second language acquisition is just one aspect of language cultural acculturation, the degree of language cultural acculturation will control the second language acquisition. This means that successful language acculturation will bring success of second language acquisition, and vice versa. Schumann also think that social and psychological distance are key factors in determining how successful language acculturation. Social distance is caused by relations between learners and the target language community, psychological distance is caused by the learner's different emotional factors. He believed that social and psychological distance is smaller, the learning environment is better, the learning effect will be better.

3.2.2 Language Transfer Theory

"Transfer" is a psychological term, refers to the phenomenon that learners' prior knowledge or skills affect acquisition of new knowledge or new skills in the learning process . The transfer theory related to foreign language acquisition and learning is put forward in the 1950s.It refers to the phenomenon learners communicate in the target language, try to use the native language pronunciation, meaning, structure rules or cultural habits of the native language to express thought. This kind of phenomenon is very common in foreign language teaching and learning, especially in the primary stage of learning a foreign language. There are generally two kinds of language transfer: namely, positive transfer and the negative transfer .When some of the characteristics of native language and target language are similar or identical, it tend to be positive transfer; when some of the characteristics are dissimilar, if learners study target language with the help of the native language rules ,it can produce negative transfer phenomenon. In English

teaching, the Chinese negative transfer refers to those Chinese learners' prior knowledge, experience or habits prevent themselves using English to communicate in the process of English learning. Positive transfer is conducive to language learning, negative transfer is prevented foreign language learning.

In English teaching, language transfer affects the pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax, pragmatics, culture and other aspects. For example, the negative transfer of vocabulary level , the situation of negative transfer of Chinese students learning English in vocabulary level is more complex, and it has many categories. In general, the level of negative transfer mainly embodied in the meaning of words and collocation of words. For example: some people think that "love" is "爱", so "爱人" is the "lover", the word "爱人" in modern Chinese generally refers to a husband or wife, and "lover" refers to the lover or mistress in English in the Anglo-American society. It has the different meaning with the "husband" or "wife",the concept meaning of "love" and "lover" is different, when some people introduce their husband or wife to others,they say: / He/She is my lover. This is one of the manifestation of negative transfer.

Reasons of cultural transfer: (1) The thought pattern have differences. (2) Code of conduct are not identical (3) The different value orientation. (4) The pragmatic transfer. According to the study of Ellis (1997) 51% of the mistakes made by students whose mother tongue is Chinese from the interference of mother tongue in English learning, only 3% of the mistakes made by English learners whose mother tongue is Spanish from the interference the mother tongue. From above we can conclude that Chinese has a lot of interference in English learning. Therefore, in teaching English, we should analyze carefully the similarities and differences between language and culture of English and Chinese, so as to promote the positive transfer and reduce the negative transfer.

Chapter Four The Necessity of Combining Vocabulary

Teaching and Cultural Introduction

4.1 Cultural characteristics of language

Language has distinct cultural characteristics: Not inherited by gene. Language has a close relationship with race in history, the same ancestors using the same language. But there isn't the necessary relationship between language and race.As Chinese immigrate to the United States ,their children inherited their parents' physical characteristics, but can not inherited Chinese. Because these children grew up in America, the natural acquisition is English, even if the parents tutoring them Chinese at home, they can't master authentic Chinese. So language isn't obtained by genetic inheritance, but learned by ourselves. The cultural nature of the language decided language teaching can't without the cultural teaching, language teaching and culture teaching can and should be combined.

4.2 Culture teaching potential of vocabulary

Many Chinese students still feel that their English level is not high after learning English for seven or eight years , they meet a lot of obstacles especially in communicate with foreigners. One of the main reason is that they are not concerned about English culture learning, It is an effective way to solve this problem by learning the cultural significance of English vocabulary. On the one hand, It can promote students to fully grasp the meaning of the English vocabulary by instructing cultural significance of English vocabulary ,on the other hand, it is not pure teaching of vocabulary, it is also a practical and effective method for instructing English culture. The degree of culture introduction is one of the key factors influencing language learning. Therefore, we teach students culture by teaching the students cultural meaning of English vocabulary , it will accelerate cultural introduction and eventually increase the effectiveness of language learning.

浅谈初中英语词汇教学的艺术

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