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美国文学 Mark Twain and Henry James

美国文学  Mark Twain and Henry James
美国文学  Mark Twain and Henry James

Part Four THE AGE OF REALISM(1860-1910)

Chapter 21 Mark Twain

I. Background Information

1. Two literary forces in 19th Century

Eastern gentlemen literature

Western frontier spirit

2. Social changes

1). 1880’s industrialization and urbanization

Lose the sense of independence, pride, integrity

extremes of wealth and poverty.

Immigration and Migration (1865-1900)

Gradually abandon transcendentalism and old moral values, No longer romantic, idealistic, not so optimistic

a shameless lust for money and power.

life was not so good, man was not, and God was not.

2). Ceasing of isolation

telegraph lines, a trans-Atlantic cable, the first transcontinental railroad Preserve the local color

3). American frontier

the frontier was people’s hope to realize American Dream.

Lost hope to go to west, end of westward expansion

Disillusioned and frustrated, more practical to daily life.

3. Time:Civil War to World War 1; From Romanticism to Realism; 1865-1914 Name: the Age of Realism the Gilded Age镀金时代,

4. The schools of American realism:

Frontier Humor

Midwestern realism (Howells)

Cosmopolitan and psychological realism (James)

Regionalism, local colorism (Mark Twain)

Naturalism (Dreiser)

5. American Realism

A reaction against the “lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism

Subject matter: Slice of life

Theme: the world of experience of the commonplace and the familiar and the low; real characters; real scenes; real incidents; look for truth in everyday life, Features: more objective than idealistic and subjective, more descriptive than symbolic

Character: studied in depth, more important than action, plot; typical character under typical circumstance

Representatives:WilliamDeanHowells, Mark Twain, Henry James

7. Local colorism:

1)1) In late 1860s, peak in 1880

2)An important part of realistic movement

3)Influenced by frontier humorists.

4)Differences existed between different parts of the country.

5)Emphasis on local peculiarities of speech, dress and habits.

6)Idealize and glorify, give true color of local life

7)Representative Mark Twain

II. Mark Twain 马克.吐温(1835-1910)

1. Contributions:

Father of American Literature

Forerunner of American Realism

Humorous colloquial style

Local colorist

2. Life:

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

moved with his family to Hannibal, a port on the Mississippi River

At 12, Worked as a printer, a steamboat pilot, Served as a volunteer soldier, reporter and writer

After marriage , famous gradually

Tragic later life

3. 3 phases of career

1) . 1865-around 1880s Period of light-hearted, humorous description

Rather confident and optimistic

Criticize the society with light-hearted humor and satire

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County

《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳跳蛙》1865

The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》

2) . 1880s-1900sPeriod of bitter and sharper criticism

Society turned deaf ear to his advices, a combination of romanticism and realism, return to the pure and natural life

Representatives: The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi,1883

3) . 1900-1910Period of pessimism and fatalism

III . The Adventures of T om Sawyer

3. Writing Style

1) Satirical Humor;

Influenced by Frontier Humor

It is generated by the westward expansion in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.

Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength, rough practical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns), and realistic story of encounters with bears, and snakes.

These tales are filled with rough, homely wisdom

What Mark Twain laughs at?

?Education Teacher’s physical punishment, Way of examination, Composition format Education=disciplines=bondages → no freedom

2) Subject matter:

his own experience along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign Cultures

from everyday life, lower strata of society , Mississippi River

3) language:

create a real and genuine American style, colloquial style

informal, oral, easy, unaffected, wild and humorous; regional language: dialect, slang

sentence structure: simple, compound, a series of “than” and “and”, semi-colons, ungrammatical

Dialogues: real to the reader, background information, advance the action 4) . Theme

As a journey of boy’s growth

Conflict between civilization and "natural life"

The seek for freedom

Freedom leads to responsibility and can have negative consequences.

Mockery of Religion and education

People who are respected in society don’t always deserve it. It’s human

nature to be drawn toward those who have money and power.

5) Bildungsroman成长小说

The initiation story tells about the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who is looking for answers and experience. Usually in the beginning of the story, there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonists leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted or assimilated by the protagonists as their disappointment and confusions are over.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is categorized into Bildungsroman (novel of initiation, growth story). In Bildungsroman, the protagonist will experience 4 phases of growth, temptation, departure, confusion and epiphany. Can you find them in the story?

IV Assignment Henry James

Chapter 23 Henry James

ⅠWriters of American Realism

Writers: Howells Twain James Subject matter: Middle class Lower class Upper class Genteel Realism only good side Local colorism Psychological realism

ⅡHenry James亨利.詹姆斯(1843~1916)

1. Contributions: a "writer's writer,"

Forerunner of stream of consciousness

Founder of Psychological realism

Initiator of the international theme and novel.

2. Life and Career

born in a wealthy and cultured family New York on April 15, 1843

His father, a philosopher ; his brother William, an outstanding philosopher and psychologist.

educated in unorthodox circumstances; attended Harvard Law School but read literary works there

toured in Europe and met many famous writers, Flaubert, Maupassant, Zola wanted to be a critic in New York but could not endure the prevailing materialism; left for England and became an English citizen in 1915 Remained single, few close friends

3. Literary Works

First period: International theme

《黛西·密勒》(Daisy Miller,1878)

《贵妇人的画像》(The Portrait of a Lady,1881)

《美国人》(The American 1877)

Second Period (1882-1895) : studies of interpersonal relationships 《波士顿人》(The Bostonians,1886)

Third Period(1895-1905):

added complexity and profundity to his international theme

The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Ambassadors专使The Golden Bowl金碗4. Writing Style

Theme: International theme

America Europe

innocent sophisticated

individualism social customs

?Question1

Why Isabel obey the European social convention?

1. Conscious commitment to individualism

2. unconscious desire for safety , comfort and stability of social custom.

?Q2: Why the book is named “The Portrait of a Lady”

?Osmond’s profession

?The way to understand a man and a portrait

?Psychological portrait

–Before marriage:

?Self-evaluation and meditation on the world

?Contradictory personality

–After marriage:

?Awakening

?Self-reflection, husband’s nature

5. Subject matter:

Upper reaches of American society

An imaginative treatment of reality or psychological realism

Clash between Am. & Europe

6. Language:

Written, abstract, nouns; long sentence 35.1 (Lawrence 19.8) Clauses;

Periodic sentence 圆周句, Adjective and adverbs

obscure, round-about way, Highly refined, Elaborate, insightful ,ambiguous 19世纪末20世纪初西欧一些文学家的确有类似印象派绘画和音乐的那种创作方法,即致力于捕捉模糊不清的转瞬即逝的感觉印象later works has been compared to impressionist painting.

7. Narrative “point of view.”

stories told not by author but by different minds from different perspectives

Internal monologue; the inward movement of character in face of outside occurrences.

elliptical technique.

3 Assignment Dreiser

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美国文学史及选读期末复习题

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徐佩岚2012213068 Since I took the English literature course last semester, I realize that to have a deep understanding of a work, one should know about the writer; and to understand the writer, one should look to a larger background--the history. Therefore, literature is to some extent connected with the history. In other words, literature reflects and sometimes reviews history. America is a country established after struggling for independence. At that time, they value private judgement on religious and political issues, and self-knowledge and self-expression. They want to get rid of Britain's governance, and they began to propaganda the value of freedom and individuality. In this way, an essential part of American Dream--individualism has been deeply rooted in their mind when the county was born. In American literature, one can always catch a swift of American dream, sometimes a bunch of. As American Dream changes from time to time, it has been reflected on American literary works. And of course, different writers have different understandings and attitudes towards American Dream. Here, I will primarily focus on three writters—Washington Irving, Walt Whitman, and Francis Scott Fitzgerald. In Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle, one can feel the embryo of American Dream and how it changed Americans. From the contrast of the village before and after the Independent War, the power of struggling for freedom and individuality is evident. "Instead of the great trees that used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was a naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red night-cap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes- all this was strange and incomprehensible.”“‘What brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village?’- ‘Alas! Gentlemen,’ cried Rip,somewhat dismayed, ‘I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God blesses him!’ Here a general shout burst from the bystanders- ‘A tory! A tory! A spy! A refugee! Hustle him! Away with him!’" what’s more, they regard General Washington as a kind of hero (this might be the starting point of their heroism). From those descriptions of the changed appearance of the hotel, the people in front of the hotel inspecting and talking austerely to Rip Van Winkle, and the beautiful picturesque village and tranquil life before the War, I feel that aspiration for freedom and individuality drove the establishment of America, and consequently, the establishment of America convinced them that their pursuit of freedom and individuality is the right path to go. American poet Walt Whitman is apparently a supporter of the American Dream. In the poem “I Hear America Singing”, he described the harmonious atmosphere in America—the carpenter singing, the mason singing… The theme of the poem is a eulogy to the thriving American nation, to the proud and strong love for country contribution, the laboring people and the poet’s optimistic attitude towards the world and life. In another poem “There Was a Child Singing”, the “child” in the title represents a young and growing America. “And the ?rst object he look’d upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years.” In my opinion, this means that America is aa young and progressive country that actively learn things from the outside world. His admiration for American is most distinct in the poem “Song of Myself”. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”This is a strong declaration of the value of individualism and democracy. He went through the Civil War, and experienced the nation hero Abraham Lincoln’s assassination. With the unity of the north and the south, and the liberation of the black convinced him “An individuality is as superb

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature (6) 附:作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图,附:一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2.威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3.约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4.罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5.安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2.詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1

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