新英汉翻译教程复习大纲

英汉翻译复习材料第二章翻译的过程

1.翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达并说明翻译的特点

1) We refused to take the advice and failed.

【译文】我们没有听劝告，结果失败了。

2) They are all of an age.

【译文】他们的岁数都相同。

3) I was shanghaied in Shanghai.

【译文】我在上海受骗了。

4) Don’t ride the high horse.

【译文】不要趾高气扬。

5) The teacher is popular with his students.（主动形式，被动意义）

【译文】这位老师很受学生的欢迎。

6) He had a fast life, drinking and gambling.

【译文】他过着放荡的生活，又酗酒又赌博。

7) Man has to fight his way through life on earth!

【译文】人生在世，要奋斗不息。

8) He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act the goat so much.

【译文】只要他不恶作剧，就是个讨人喜欢的小伙子。

9) John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.

译文】约翰为人可靠，诚实又正直。

10) Nehru had evidently come to think of their country as the equal of China, or even her superior. 【译文】尼赫鲁显然认为他们的国家应该同中国平起平坐，甚至要高出中国一头。

11) It will soon rain itself out and then we can have our walk.

【译文】雨快停了，我们就能去散步。

12) She was eighteen and beautiful.

【译文】她年方18，天生丽质。

13) There are some beautiful Chinese girls in the picture.

【译文】画中是几个中国美女。（图上是几个漂亮的中国女子。）

14) He was a good father, within his limitations.

【译文】他是个好父亲，虽然也有这样那样的缺点。

15) “Look at that old lady, she’s doing everything wrong.”

【译文】“看看那位老太太，她那个样子最容易出问题。”

1．翻译下列段落

In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone call made after 11 :00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it’s a mater of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. 【译文】在美国，人们通常不在清早打电话给别人。如果你在早晨别人刮脸或吃早餐的时候打电话来，那就意味着你有非常重要而紧急的事请。晚上11点之后打来电话也一样。人们在睡觉的时间接到电话时就会以为发生了生死攸关的事。打电话所选择的时间表示事情的重要程度。

第三章英汉语言对比

课堂互动1翻译句子，注意语序和语态

1．I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.

【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。

3．They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.

【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。

课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文）

3．He is not so ill but he can come to school.

【译文】他还不至于病得不能上学。

4．She is at home in English.

【译文】他英语很棒。

5．He and he alone could control the situation.

【译文】他，只有他，才能控制局面。

6．It is raining cats and dogs outside.

【译文】外面下着倾盆大雨。

7．It is not half bad for a beginner.

【译文】就新手而言，这是相当不错的了。

8. Don’t make light of their design.

【译文】别轻视他们的方案。

9．He is a foreign-language student.

【译文】他是学外语的学生。

10．I came to the university this day 25 years ago.

【译文】二十五年前的今天，我来到这所大学。

11．We’ll be there this time next month.

【译文】下个月的这个时候，我们将到那儿。

12．I’m something of a carpenter.

【译文】我能作些木工活。

13．Xiao Gao is anything of a gentleman.

【译文】小高有点儿君子的风度。

14．He is nothing of a musician.

【译文】他全无音乐家的风范。

15．We sang the old year out and the New Year in.

【译文】我们以歌声辞旧迎新。

课堂互动3：翻译句子，注意句子的结构转换（参考译文）

1．That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.

【译文】那是个是非之地，大家都看得出来。

2．I closed my eyes and said a prayer of thanks before putting the car in gear and returning to the highway.

【译文】我合上双目，感谢上苍，然后挂挡上路。

7．He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall.（按照空间顺序）

【译文】他砸开了手铐脚镣，弄断了双层的橡木栅栏和铁条，用系在一起的床单和毯子从

25英尺高处跳下，爬过了22英尺的高墙，终于逃了出来。

第五章词义的处理

课堂互动2：翻译下列句子, 注意词性和词义搭配（参考译文）

1. Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain.

【译文】运动不但能强心、健肺、壮骨、筋肌，而且还能健脑。

2. We shall never see his match.

【译文】他那样的人恐怕不会有第二个了。

3. The vote was 35 to 25, a margin of 10.

【译文】表决的结果是35票对25票，相差10票。

4. The report is thoroughly sourced.

【译文】这项报告的来源很完备。

5. This hotel can’t be matched for friendliness.

【译文】这家旅馆服务态度之好无与伦比。

6. She was rather advanced in years for a maiden.

【译文】在没有结婚的女孩子中，她年龄算是相当大了。

7. Every one of us poured forth his expertise.

【译文】我们每个人都充分发挥了自己的专长。

8. I’ll not abuse your hospitality.

【译文】我不会辜负你的热情厚谊。

9. I long for you terribly. The moment we say good-bye and I close the door, my torment begins.

【译文】我想你想得要命，我们一分手，关上门，我心里便觉得煎熬。

10. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor.

【译文】我们往往争到父亲那里去。我想，或者是我总有理，或者我善于抓理，因为评起来通常是我有理。

课堂互动3：翻译下列句子,注意词汇的基本意义、衍生意义、搭配意义（参考译文）

1) The sales of the book went deeply into the millions.

【译文】那本书销售达好几百万册。

2) He is four going on five.

【译文】他（四岁）快五岁了。

3) A pound does not go far these days.

【译文】目前一英镑买不到多少东西了。

4) I’ll give you ￡50, but I can't go any further.

【译文】我可以给你50英镑，但不能再多了。

5) This will go a long way toward world peace.

【译文】这对世界和平将起很大作用。

6) A fine appearance and comfort do not usually go together.

【译文】中看并不一定中用。

7) She has the qualities which go to the making of a good teacher.

【译文】她具有一个优秀教师所必需的素质。

8) A foreign language will go far towards widening our mental horizon.

【译文】外语会大大帮助我们开阔思想境界。

9) What he says goes.

【译文】他说了算数。

10) He made a promise and then went back on it.

【译文】他许下了诺言，但没有践行。

课堂互动4: 翻译下列句子,注意词义的近似、深化、升华（参考译文）

1．How they bow to that Creole because of her hundred thousand pounds!

【译文】瞧她们对那个克里奥尔奉承讨好的样儿，还不是看她有成千上万的财产吗！（深化）2．The custom had its spring in another country.

【译文】这种风俗起源于别的国家。（近似）

3．David is swollen in everything, in body and in mind.

【译文】大卫真是虚有其表，身体虚胖，头脑空空如也。（近似）

4．The high-ceilinged room, the little balconies, alcoves, nooks and angles all suggest sanctuary, escape, creature comfort.

【译文】天花板高高的房间，小巧的楼厅，四进的斗室，僻静的角落，这一切都使人联想到静谧的圣殿、遁世避俗的处所和舒适的享受。（深化）

5．…and she held honour—a cheque for twenty thousand pounds with his signature —quite firmly in her hands.

【译文】她把她的战利品——一张他签字的两万英镑的支票——紧紧地攥在手中。（升华）

课堂互动5: 翻译句子, 注意具体词义抽象化和抽象词义具体化（参考译文）

1．The newspaper claims to be the mirror of the public opinion.

【译文】该报宣称忠实反映了公众的意见。

2．Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.

【译文】激光在医学中的应用仍处于发展的初期。

3．But no one forces you to go to sea. It gets in your blood.

【译文】但是谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿嘛。

4．She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

【译文】她确实是一个动情的姑娘，不过我不是一个让感情支配理智的人。

5．As far as the head goes, at least, she does credit to the educational system pursued at my establishment. 【译文】不说别的，就智力才能而论，她确实能为本校所遵循的教育制度争光。

6．He gave up the sword for the plough.

【译文】他解甲归田了。

7．Behind him I see the long grey rollers of the Atlantic at work.

【译文】在他的身后，我看见大西洋上的灰色巨浪，汹涌起伏。

8．But, if public dissatisfaction continues to grow, or appears to do so, politicians may conclude that they have to do something, usually in the name of reform.

【译文】但是，如果公众的不满情绪继续上升，或者似乎将要上升，政客们可能就会得出结论，认为必须采取行动，而且这种行动通常以改革为名。

9．A mixture of fear of the unknown and fear of disenchantment was tormenting her.

【译文】一种对陌生人的恐惧和唯恐美好想象破灭的混合感情折磨着她。

10．But it is best not to be intimate with gentlemen of this profession, and to take the calculations at second-hand, as you do logarithms, for to work them yourself, depend upon it, will cost you something considerable. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)

【译文】不过我劝你少和靠这一行吃饭的家伙来往，你需要资料的话，完全可以间接打听，就像你运用现成的对数表似的就行了。信我的话，倘若自己调查的话，得花不少钱呢。

课堂互动6：翻译下列句子, 注意原文的语言风格（参考译文）

1．How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart?

【译文】评论家和读者之间，也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧如何解释呢？

2．He has a very satirical eye. And if I do not begin by being impertinent myself, I shall soon grow afraid of him. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)

【译文】他挖苦人的本领特别高明,要是我不先给他点厉害,我就会马上怕他呢。

3．It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen.

【译文】人们往往对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。

4．They exhibited neither their glory nor superiority.

【译文】他们既未能争得光彩，也没有显出自己高人一等。

5．A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.

【译文】千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。

6．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the terrorists.

【译文】恐怖主义分子的性格是既残暴又狡猾。

7．During the war, he was an embryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team.

【译文】在战争期间，他是一个初出茅庐的外科医生，参加了巡回医疗队。

8．Honesty pays itself.

【译文】诚实的人从来不会吃亏。

9．“You don’t look like a magician.”

“What do I look like?”

“A musician.”

“I did saw away at a fiddle once.”

“You did? Well, what’s the difference what you do so long as you make, you know what.”And she rubbed her thumb in her palm.

【译文】“你看上去不像一个魔术师。”

“我看上去像什么？”

“像个乐师。”

“我从前拉过小提琴。”

“拉过吗？其实，不论干啥还不是一样，只要能弄到——这个。”她用大拇指在手心搓了搓。

10. In a surprising display of accessibility, Beijing's top leaders have been meeting with almost every American visitor, right down to the lowliest junior congressional representative in town.

【译文】令人惊奇的是，北京的高层领导人表现得如此平易近人，他们几乎会见每位来访的美国人，其中包括来自小镇、资历不深的基层国会代表。

课堂互动7：翻译下列句子, 注意比喻与典故（参考译文）

1．Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

【译文】不可过早乐观。

2．I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.

【译文】我不知道他是不是一个内奸。

3．Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.

【译文】昨天晚上我听见他鼾声如雷。

4．He speaks as if there were a frog in his throat.

【译文】她说话声音沙哑。

5．Andrea thought her mother’s ideas about dating were old hat.

【译文】安德利亚认为母亲对交男朋友的看法有点老土。

课堂互动8：翻译下列句子, 注意褒义译法（参考译文）

1．Common sense and good nature will do a lot to make the pilgrimage of life not too difficult to a light woman.

【译文】洞达世情和心底忠厚对于一个风尘中人来说，常会使她的人生历程比较顺利。

2．The sea adds something to the appearance of Qingdao.

【译文】大海给青岛海滨增添了几分美色。

3．You’re the only girl I’ve ever seen that actually did look like something blooming.

【译文】在我所见过的姑娘中，惟有你看上去确像鲜花一样。

4．The boys went back to camp, a good deal awed, but they found there was still something to be thankful for, because the great sycamore, the shelter of their beds, was a ruin now, blasted by the lightnings and they were not under it when the catastrophe happened.

（Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer）

【译文】孩子们回到露营地,依然惊魂未定；然而他们还是发现有一件令人庆幸的事情，因为庇护他们的宿地的那棵大树遭了雷劈，现在已经完全毁了，而灾难发生时，他们幸好不在树下。

5．If you are a man，you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.

【译文】如果你是男子，你会说大多数诗人和科学家都是男性；如果你是妇女，你可以反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男的。

课堂互动9 ：翻译下列句子, 注意贬义译法（参考译文）

1．There is safety in numbers.

【译文】人多保险。

2．When he tossed a much-ballyhooed party in Persepolis three years age to celebrate Persia’s 2500th anniversary, he invited virtually everybody who was anybody —but mostly nobodies showed up.

【译文】三年前，在珀塞波利斯举行大肆宣扬的盛大典礼庆祝波斯建国2500年的时候,他几乎邀请了世界所有的有名人士，但真正出席者却大多是些无名之辈。

3. Rip was, moreover, a kind neighbour, and an obedient hen-packed husband.

【译文】瑞普这个人是个好邻居,可天生怕老婆。

4.Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, yet you cannot play upon me.

【译文】无论你把我叫做什么乐器，你也只能撩逗我，不能玩弄我。

5.When I first knew you, I tingled. I would have washed your feet and drunk the bathwater. But when I knew you better, I told myself, Zeftel, it’s a waste—all this trembling.

【译文】我头一回见你便动了心，我愿给你洗脚，甚至喝你的洗脚水。但了解你之后，我便对自己说：

“泽弗特尔，白费劲——别那么神魂颠倒了。”

综合练习及参考译文

1．翻译下列句子，注意词义选择

1）The house is over against the university.

【译文】那幢房子就在学校的对面。

2）We’re up against all sorts of difficulties.

【译文】我遇到了种种困难。

3）The huge waves hurling themselves against the rock broke into clouds of spray.

【译文】猛击着岩石的巨浪碎成一簇簇的水花。

4）The factory has produced 85,000 tons of sugar this year, as against the 60, 000 tons of last year.

【译文】这个厂今年生产了85,000吨糖，而去年只生产了60,000吨。（形成“对照”）

5）He saves money against the rainy day.

【译文】他存钱以备不时之用。

6）Charge it against my account.

【译文】请把这笔钱记在我的账上。

7）She drew a check against her bank balance.

【译文】她开了一张支票提取银行存款的余额。

8）We must not cross the street against the light.

【译文】我们不能不顾交通信号灯就横穿马路。

9）His appearance is against him.

【译文】他的外表对他不利。

10）He was helpless against such forces.

【译文】在这种暴力面前，他感到无助。

2．翻译下列句子，注意词义引申

1) He can mature alcohol electrically.

【译文】他很快能把酒酿成。

2) He had his ups and downs.

【译文】他一生多坎坷艰辛。

3) And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.

【译文】我有一种不安的感觉,他的话不无道理。

4) He was watching me or something for an hour or two.

【译文】有一，两个小时,他大概一直留神看我。

5) Theory is something but practice is everything.

【译文】理论固然重要，实践更为重要。

6) In learning English, grammar is not everything.

【译文】学英语，光学语法是不行的。

8) Is Jane a possibility as a wife for Richard? (=a suitable person)

【译文】简是做理查德妻子的合适人选吗？

9) I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

【译文】我不是那种让感情支配理智的人。

10) She didn’t think of that the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in

her family. Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.

【译文】她没有料到前一天买的那把漂亮的雨伞竟成了祸端，她和丈夫为此吵了很久。

3．翻译下列句子，注意词义褒贬

1）There is something behind, I think.

【译文】我看这里面有文章(名堂)。(贬)

2) They are nameless nothing.

【译文】他们是些无名之辈。(贬)

3) He is really something!

【译文】他真是个了不起的人!(褒)

4) She is as fair as Helen.

【译文】她是个绝世美人。(褒)

5) They predicted the youth would have a bright future.

【译文】他们说，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。(褒)

6) The adoption of the new policies will surely lead to some striking results.

【译文】采取各项新的政策必将带来一些显著成果。(褒)

7) The enemy killed one of our comrades, and we killed an enemy agent.

【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志，(褒)我们宰了一个特务。(贬)

8) There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures.

【译文】若不是采取了断然措施，那定会引起更痛苦的后果。(贬)

9) Mr Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.

【译文】布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请，感到非常荣幸。(褒)

10) He thinks himself to be something, but actually he is nothing.

【译文】他自认为是个了不起的人，(褒)但实际上他是个小人物。(贬)

4. 短文翻译

About ten o’clock on the following morning, seedy and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a luscious big pear—minus one bite —into the gutter. I stopped of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it.

【译文】第二天上午大约十点钟，我饿着肚子，狼狈不堪，正在波特兰路拖着脚步行走时，刚好有一个小孩子由保姆牵手走过，把一只美味的大梨扔到阴沟里——只咬过一口。不消说，我站住了，贪婪地盯着那个泥污了的宝贝。我垂涎欲滴，肚子咕咕直叫，全身心地在乞求它。

But every time I made a move to get it, some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent, and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear at all. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear. I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me ws raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “Step in here, please.” (Mark Twain: The ?1,000,000 Bank-note)

【译文】可是我每次刚一动手想去取它，老是有过路人看出了我的企图，当然我就只好再把身子立直，显出若无其事的样子，假装根本就没有想到过那只梨。这情形老是一遍又一遍的重复，我始终无法把那只梨弄到手。后来我简直给搞得无可奈何，真想不顾一切体面，硬着头皮去拿它的时候，忽然我身后有一扇窗户打开了，一位先生从里面喊道：“请进来吧。”

具体译法（单词、词组、成语）语义上具体化

Transportation

运输—运输工具

Advertisement

广告--广告资料

Translation

翻译—翻译资料

Family

家庭—家庭成员

Class

班级—全班同学

Committee

委员会—委员会成员

Press

出版—出版物；报纸；杂志；出版社

Retirement

退休—退休处；幽静地方；偏僻地方

Very timid

非常胆小—胆小如鼠

Very strong

非常强壮—状得像头牛

Keep quiet

不吱声—噤若寒蝉

Do evil things openly

豪不隐蔽地干坏事—明火执仗

具体译法（句子）

抽象名词后面加范畴词

We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water.

我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。

No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.

对他在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。

More and more people have realized the necessity of learning computer. 越来越多的人认识到了学习计算机的必要性。

His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness.

他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。

Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.

她的妒忌心理是她失败的根源。

Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

她的冷漠态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。

The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

政府正在竭尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张局势。

There had been too much violence in that region.

那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。

抽象译法（单词、词组、成语）

Lick sb’s boots 巴结

Keep sth. under one’s hat 保密

be in irons 被监禁

Break the ice破冰

Turn thumbs down on sth

I was practically on my knees but he still refused.

我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他仍然拒绝。

He is a rolling stone, I don’t think he can go far.

他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。

I must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad!

我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的。

The society held its meeting behind closed doors.

这个社团秘密开会。

He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.

他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。

增词译法

I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.

原来我以为这不过是一种亲热地表示，但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。

增时间状语

Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.

我和厄尔决定把狗带出去溜溜，不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍。

增加主语和时间状语

After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.

在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要的会议去参加。

增动词

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

增动词

Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.( the economist)

最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。

增加修饰语

The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock

raisers for screw-worms.

库拉索岛上的实验取得的巨大成功引起了佛洛里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣，他们也想以同样的办法消除旋丽蝇幼虫这一祸害。

增加定语

Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.( Helen Adams Keller: The story of My life)

后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的帐开了花”一样。

增加定语

This great scientist was born in New England.

这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。

增加定语

省词译法

He is not well today, but he still comes to class.

他今天身体不适，但（他）还是来上课了。

If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one.

我要是学摩托车的话，（我）就一定去买一辆新的。

He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.

在（我们的）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好的朋友。

In September 1939, the Second World War broke out.

（在）1939年9月，第二次世界大战爆发。

One hundred thousand citizens in Hiroshima of Japan were killed by the first atomic bomb in the world.

（在）日本广岛有10万市民被人类第一颗原子弹夺取生命。

合词译法

You'll supply financial power, and we'll supply manpower. Isn't that fair and square?

你们出钱，我们出人，这难道还不公平吗？

In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking.

我们车间有严格的规定，不许吸烟。（我们车间严禁吸烟.)

He is dead and gone.

他的确死了。

（后面的部分在另外一张纸上）

转性译法

I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.

我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。

（原文中以for引导的的介词词组在译文中被处理成连接词“因为”，定语his转译成了主语“他”，定语continuous转译成了状语“不断地”，名词encouragement转译成了动词“鼓励”，定语during my childhood转译成了状语“在我小时候”。

换形译法

You think she will come if it is fine tomorrow. But I don’t think so.

你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（我不认为是这样。）

You say he works hard; so he does.

你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力。

（他确实是这样。）

The bandits robbed him of his ox, but it was his only family property.

土匪抢走了他的水牛，可那水牛是他唯一的家产啊。（……可它是他唯一的家产啊。）

The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year.

整个工程在三个月内就完成了。

（整个工程在四分之一年内就完成了。）

It took them two decades to do the job.

这项工作花去了他们二十年时间。

（这项工作花去了他们两个十年。）

He was in New York in the first ten days of March.

三月上旬，他在纽约。

（三月的前十天）

A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured into the airport during that five minutes.

那5分钟内，有十八架飞机涌进了这个机场。

（那五分钟内，有一打半飞机涌进了这个机场。）

He is over sixty years old.

他已年逾花甲。/他已年过六旬。

（他已经六十多岁。）

My mother is in her seventies.

我母亲已步入古稀之年。/我母亲已年过古稀。

（我母亲已经七十多岁。）

He is well over forty years old.

他早过了不惑之年。（他早过了四十岁。）

褒贬译法

The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework.

这个男孩因功课做的仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。

In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work.

事实上，正是因为他的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。

Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War.

她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员。

The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

那个莽撞的驾车人在这次车祸中丧生。

These boys are big enough to be self-respecting.

这些男孩大了，应该有自尊心了。

She is quite unpopular among her colleagues for she is so egotistic.

她在同事中间非常吃不开，因为她太自私自利了。

We need tough-minded soldiers in our army.

我们军队需要意志坚强的士兵。

He did not yield in the face of the ruthless enemies.

他在残忍的敌人面前没有屈服。

He is respected by his people for his foresightedness.

他由于富于远见而受到人民的尊重。

I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him. 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又唯利是图，所以总是尽力设法避开他。= Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.

很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。

Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.

他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。

The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents’advice.

这个倔男孩不肯听父母的忠告。

The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people .

侵略者遭到了当地人民顽强的抵抗。

She is fidgety and restless.

她生性急躁好动。

All the inventors have a restless mind.

所有的发明家都有一个探索不止的头脑。

As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.

真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里刚巧没有人。

As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.

真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。

The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war. 这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。

She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。

Funny

You’ll be sorry if you try anything funny in class.

你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼花样，肯定会后悔的。

She is a bit funny sometimes.

他有时候有点疯疯癫癫的。

Don’t get funny with your boss!

不得对老板放肆！

It’s always something that you are the owner of so many wonderful books.

想想你拥有这么多好书，你就会感到安慰。

He has a strong desire to be somebody.

他极想出人头地。

Everybody who was anybody in Labor politics turned up.

工党政治生活中的头面人物个个都到场了。

“She is my horse, my dog, my anything,”the male chauvinist husband said. “她是我的马，我的狗，反正是属于我的东西”，那个大男子主义的丈夫说。They are nameless nothing.

他们是无名之辈。

He is always saying the usual polite nothings.

他老是在说那些寻常的客套话。

I am a mere nobody.

我是个微不足道的无名小卒。

第六章词义与修辞

补充例句

双关

例1：——Why do you say the river is rich?

——Because it has two banks.

【译文】——为什么说这条河很富有？

——因为它有两家银行。（河岸）

例2：——What flower does everybody have?

——Tulips.

【译文】——人人都有的花该是什么花？

——郁金香。

【解析】这是因为郁金香“tulip”的读音恰巧和人的双唇“two lips—tulips”的读音相似，此处正好借用这一发音巧妙造成双关。

例3：Once a pretty girl student came to the room for the interview. It was the first time that she had taken the exam. She was so excited and nervous during the interview that she left her bag on the desk. When she came back for it, my colleague, Mr. Smith, handed her the bag.

“Thank you very much,”she said.

“You are welcome,”Mr. Smith replied, smiling.

【译文】一天，有位漂亮的女学生走进考场。这是她第一次参加口试，在面试中太激动，太紧张了，临走时竞忘了拿包。当她再次回来取包时，我同事史密斯先生将包递给了她。

“谢谢你。”那女生说。

“欢迎你再来！”史密斯先生笑着说。

【解析】“You are welcome”在这里有双重意思，一是“不客气，不用谢”，二是“欢迎下次再来”。女学生向史密斯先生表示感谢，是因为他给她递了包，而史密斯先生巧用“You are welcome”向学生表示客气，应译为“不客气”，这样才能和“谢谢你”一致，可译为“不客气”，反倒失去了考官之本意；同时向学生开了个玩笑“欢迎你再来”，让学生也这样理解，两个意思都存在，一语双关。由此可见，这种双关产生的幽默就体现在语境之中。

例4：Bruce hit something hard when eating a meat pie. He found that it was a piece of human nail. He felt annoyed and went to the owner of the snack bar.

“You really surprised me, sir,”he began. “I found something foreign in the food,”Bruce complained.

“What?”the owner looked confused.”We’ve got nothing from other countries.

【译文】布鲁斯吃肉馅儿饼时，咬到一个硬的东西，一看是块人的指甲。他很气愤，马上来到快餐店店主面前。

“这太令人吃惊了，先生，”他说，“我在你的馅儿饼里发现异物（something foreign），”布鲁斯表示不满。

“什么？”店主大惑不解地说，“我们店里没有外国货。”

【解析】“foreign”有两个意思，一个是“外国的”，一个是“异质的”，即不属于某个地方的，不应该在某个地方出现的。店主显然是按第一种意思把“something foreign”理解车成了“外国货”，而顾客指的是“异物”。这种用法在此出现，显得风趣幽默，滑稽可笑。

矛盾修辞

补充例句

例1：New York has the poorest millionaire, the littlest great man, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.

【译文】纽约城里有的是最贫穷的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最难看的美女，最低级龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐，比我所见到的任何城市都有过之而无不及。

例2：

“——That time is past,

And all its aching joys are now no more,

And all its dizzy raptures.”

(Wordsworth: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey)

【译文】“——快乐的时光已成过去，

这痛苦的喜悦，眩晕的狂欢

都不复存在。”

夸张

补充例句

例1：I am greater than the stars for I know that they are up there and they do not know that I am down here.

【译文】我比星星还伟大。因为我知道星星在天上，而星星却不知道我在地上。

【解析】用幽默夸张的手法，讽刺了“我”的无知和渺小，强调了“人贵有自知之明”的道理。

例2：Splendid cheeses they were, ripe and mellow, and with a two hundred horsepower scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles, and knock a man over at two hundred yards.

【译文】这些奶酪妙极了，酥软、香甜、四溢的香气足有两百马力那么强大，保证三英里以外都可以闻到，二百码远处站着的人，也会被它的香气熏醉冲倒。

【解析】这里运用了一连串夸张性的数字“a two hundred horsepower，three miles, two hundred yards”, 淋漓尽致地写出了奶酪香味之浓烈，有效地烘托了氛围，给人以身临其境之感。这种夸张用法常用以渲染气氛、烘托意境，给人留下深刻而鲜明的印象。

类比

补充例句

例1：The chess-board is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is a1ways fair, just, and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance.

(Thomas Henry Huxley: A Liberal Education )

【译文】棋盘是世界，棋子是宇宙中的现象，下棋规则是我们称之为自然法则的东西。对弈的棋手躲避我们。我们知道他走棋公平、公正、有耐心。可是我们付出过代价才明白，他从不丝毫疏漏，也决不原谅无知。

例2：The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is... not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improved by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen they must fall on good

ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. (Winston Churchill )

【译文】培养业余爱好和新的兴趣……非一朝一夕之功，也不单凭意志方可奏效。培养精神爱好是个漫长的过程。若要使它给人带来鲜果在需要之时能信手摘来，就必须细心选择种子，且播于沃土之中，并予以辛勤照料。

逻辑关系

补充例句

例1: A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face; a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form. 【译文】形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美。

【解析】如果译成“美丽的外形胜过美丽的脸蛋，美丽的行为胜过美丽的外形”。似乎是把脸蛋看成是人体外形以外的部分，令人费解。大家都知道，脸蛋使人体外表的一个不可缺少的部分，可见译文在逻辑上不通。正文中的“form”应指“body”，即“形体”，所以原文应译为“形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美”则更符合逻辑。

例2: They left me at the gate, not easily or lightly; and it was a strange sight to me to see the cart go on, taking Paggoty away, and leaving me under the elm tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or liking any more.

【译文】送到门口，我们就分手了，当时的气氛既不凝重，也不轻松。马车拉着帕格迪走了，我站在老榆树下，望着那没有感情，没有爱的房子，很恍惚。

【解析】他们在门口分手时的情景是“not easily or lightly”，要表达这种感觉，用了“当时的气氛”来说明那时的心情“既不凝重，也不轻松”。

例3: My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age, and not the golden age either; it comprised an irksome struggle with difficulties in habituating myself to new rules and unwonted tasks. The fear of failure in these points harassed me worse than the physical hardships of my lot, though these were no trifles. （Charlotte Brontee: Jane Eyre）

【译文】我在劳渥德的一个季度似乎有一个时代那么长。而且还不是黄金时代；在这个季度里，我得作令人种种生厌的斗争，来克服困难。使自己习惯于新的规则，习惯于陌生的工作。我一直担心，怕在这方面出什么差错，这可比命中注定要身受艰苦，更叫我苦恼，虽说艰苦也并不是小事。

【解析】从经历上说，“我”在这个季节里→作斗争→克服困难→习惯规则→习惯工作→担心→怕差错；从感觉上说，“我”感到这个季节似乎长→生厌→担心→怕→受苦→苦恼→小事；从逻辑关系上说，符合发展规律，合情合理。

重复

补充例句

例1：His mother described him at two as “round and fat and strong as a five-year-old.”

【译文】母亲描绘他两岁时的情景时说: “圆圆胖胖, 结结实实, 象个五岁的孩子”。

例2：I teach because I like the peace of the academic calendar …

I teach because teaching is a profession built on change …

I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students …

【译文】我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步骤。……

我教书，是因为教学是建立在“变”这一基础上的职业。……

我教书，是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由，有自己吸取教训的自由，

有激励自己和激励学生的自由。……

I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer …

I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real life …(《大学英语》, Unit 3, B.III)

【译文】我教书，是因为我喜欢向学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。……

我教书，是因为我喜爱想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来，步入现实世界。……

【解析】这里使用重复“I teach because I…”，译为“我教书，是因为我……”，和英语的修辞手段一致，由浅入深，哲理深远，说理透彻，层层递进，逻辑性强。

例3：It doesn’t matter what you learn, but once you learn something, you must never give it up until you have mastered it. It doesn’t matter what you look into, but once you look into something, you must never give it up until you have completely understood it. It doesn’t matter what you try to think of, but once you think of something, you must never give it up until you have got what you want. It doesn’t matter what you try to carry out, but once you try to carry out something, you must never give it up until you have done it completely and well.

【译文】你学什么都好，一旦起学，必定掌握，决不放弃；你研究什么都行，一旦开始，必定彻底弄懂，决不放弃；你想什么都可，一旦思想，必定想通，决不放弃；你做什么都成，一旦动手，必定完美，决不放弃。

平行排比

补充例句

例1：Their sunburned faces were dark, and their sunwhipped eyes were light.

【译文】他们太阳晒黑的脸忧郁阴沉，他们久经风霜的眼睛炯炯发光。

例2：It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quiet stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as fullness.

【译文】其源头，隐隐约约，并不引人注目；其流势，时而平缓，时而湍急；其水情，有汛期，也有枯竭期。

例3：The din of the stall-holders crying over their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining makes you dizzy.

【译文】货主的叫卖声，赶驴娃和脚夫响亮的喊人让路声，以及那些或许是买主的人讨价还价的争吵声，持续不断，叫你感到头晕目眩。

例4：And raising good cotton, riding well, shooting straight, dancing lightly, squiring the ladies with elegance and carrying one’s liquor like a gentleman were the things that mattered.

【译文】他们所关心的，是种棉花要种得好，骑马要骑得棒，开枪要开得准，跳舞要跳得轻松，追女人要追得得体，喝酒要喝得不至于坍台。

拟人

补充例句

例1：And I have loved thee, Ocean! And my joy of youthful sports was on thy breast to be borne onward.

【译文】我爱你呀，大海！在我少年之时，我最喜欢投身于你的怀抱把我带向远方。

例2：Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, may change.

【译文】多少世纪以来，渺渺苍天曾为我族洒下多少同情之泪；这个在我们看来像是永恒不变的上天苍穹，还是会变的。

例3：That freedom of the soul, which looks straight onward in its path, losing no time to reason upon its steps, to study them, or to contemplate those that it has already taken, is true simplicity. (Fran?ois Fénelon: True and false Simplicity)

【译文】我们的灵魂要是能够无羁无绊，直视眼前的道路，并不白白浪费时间于权衡研究脚下的步伐，或是回顾已经走过的道路，这才是真正的单纯。

反语

补充例句

例1：Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and middle-sized are alone entangled in.

【译文】人们通常发现，法网对犯法者是这样的：小者穿网而过，大者破网而出，只有不大不小的才会坠入网中。

例2：Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen. (Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal )

【译文】比较省俭的人（我们必须承认这年头需要节约）可以先给孩子的尸体剥皮；皮经过加工，可以做贵妇手套，给绅士做夏天穿的靴子。

例3：They were, in fact, very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humour when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited. ( J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)

【译文】其实，她们都是非常好的小姐；她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是要在她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题是在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味高傲自大。

课堂互动1 ：考考你，看谁能译出歧义和双关？（参考译文）

1．He went to see the artist himself.

【译文一】他亲自去看画家。（himself是he的同位语。）

【译文二】他去看画家本人。（himself是the artist的同位语。）

2. He is capable of doing anything.

【译文一】他什么事情都会干。（指“能干”）

【译文二】他是什么事情都能干出来的。（指“亡命之徒”）

6．She didn’t do that to please her mother.

【译文一】为使她母亲高兴，她没有做那事。

(=She didn’t do that in order to please her mother.)

【译文二】她做那事并不是为了使她母亲高兴。

(=She did that not to please her mother.)

9.They can fish.

【译文一】他们会钓鱼。

【译文二】他们把鱼装进罐头。

10．They are visiting friends.

【译文一】他们是来访的朋友。

【译文二】他们在访问朋友。

课堂互动2 ：考考你，看谁能译出矛盾修辞格？（参考译文）

3．painful pleasure

【译文】悲喜交加

4．Bad Good News (Time)

【译文】不好的好消息

6．I like sweet-sour apricots.

【译文】我爱吃甜中带酸的杏子。

课堂互动3：运用夸张手法翻译句子（参考译文）

1．He sat perfectly quietly, and never spoke a syllable.

【译文】他静静地坐着，一言不发。

课堂互动5 ：根据逻辑关系翻译下列句子（参考译文）

1．He is lying on his side.

【译文】他侧身躺着。

3．A smile would come into Mr Pickwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. (Charles Dickens: Pickwick Papers)

【译文】于是匹克威克先生的脸上就会浮现一丝微笑，微笑逐渐变成大笑，大笑变成狂笑，狂笑勾起一阵哄堂大笑

课堂互动6 ：运用重复手法翻译下列句子（参考译文）

3．The law should meet with your approval because it is simple, because it is enforceable, and because it is just.

【译文】你应该批准这个法律，因为它是简单的，还因为它是可实施的，更因为它是正义的。课堂互动9：运用反语与讥讽翻译下列句子（参考译文）

1．The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

【译文】气象预报员竟说今天天气温暖，他一定是在浴室里读气象资料的。

2．This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.

【译文】一周读不了一小时的书，多刻苦好学的孩子。

3．He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need.

【译文】他是你最不需要帮助时帮助你的人。

第六章增补与省略

增补

补充例句

例1：Practically every river has an upper, a middle, and a lower part.

【译文】但凡是河流都有上游、中游和下游。

例2：We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.

【译文】我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。

【解析】英语原文“never have”和“never will”之后都省略了“retreat”，汉语补译出“后退”，使表达完整。

例3：Presently there came a quivering glow that vaguely revealed the foliage for a moment and then vanished. By and by another came, a little stronger. Then another.

(Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)

【译文】一会儿闪出一道颤动的亮光，隐约照亮了树上的枝叶，然后很快又消逝了。不一会儿，又是一道闪光，比前一次更亮些。然后又是一道。

【解析】“another”指“glow”，“a little stronger”还是指“glow”，英文省略，中文增补译出。例4：I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in society was at the bottom.

【译文】我没有人生观，倒是有向上爬观，我处于社会的底层。

【解析】增加“有……的观”，与前面的“人生观”相一致，把隐义显化，使语言生动，具

有幽默感。

例5：This is largely a manifestation of strong black identity, forged from experience of extensive discrimination and a consequent rejection of the values of mainstream British society. 【译文】这主要表现了一种强烈的黑人个性，这种黑人个性是由他们普遍受歧视的经历以及随之而产生的对主流英国社会价值观念的否定态度而造成的。

【解析】“forged”的逻辑主语是“strong black identity”。把逻辑主语“这种黑人个性”重复补译，强调主语，使译文意义更加清楚，再次说明黑人的个性是由两种情况形成的，即“感到普遍受歧视”和“否定主流英国社会价值观念”。“consequent”意思是“随后的；作为结果（后果）的，随之发生的”，“consequent”所引起的结果是由前一件事造成的。

补译替代部分

补充例句

例1：Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is higher than when it is low.

【译文】温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。

【解析】根据“温度高，水蒸发得快”这一点，那么，“when it is low”就是“温度低”，原文省去了“water evaporates slowly”，汉语增译“水蒸发得慢”也就很自然了。

例2：Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it.

【译文】时间被当作几乎实实在在的东西对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、解释时间是怎么用的；我们还要因为花了时间而收取费用。【解析】“it”代替“时间”，连用九次，第一个译为“实实在在的东西”，其余八个全都译成了“时间”。试想，如果把“it”译为“它”或省而不译，会变成什么样的汉语？

例3：You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it.

【译文】如果不懂制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造成一条船，盖好一座房子或生产出一台机床来。

【解析】“it”代前面的“design”“图纸”，把代词译为名词，意义更加明确、形式更加完美。补译解释说明

补充例句

例1：They went to Beijing by a Shanghai.

【译文】他们乘坐“上海”牌小轿车去了北京。

【解析】“Shanghai”是指“上海牌小轿车”不是“上海”。

例2：And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.

【译文】越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍然是少数。

【解析】这句话的翻译增加了一个“虽然”从句，不但打破了原文的语法结构，而且又将“growing minority”拆开分别译成“越来越多”但“数量上是少数”。

例3：His speech was Irish throughout，versatile，witty and occasionally pointed.

【译文】他的演说自始至终都带有爱尔兰人的风格：洋洋洒洒，妙语横生，有时则犀利尖刻。【解析】把原句中的“throughout，versatile，witty，pointed”分别汉译成“自始至终，洋洋

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大学汉英翻译教程-Note

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(完整版)大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)练习与作业

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《英汉翻译简明教程》学习辅导书(课文-演 讲)【圣才出品】

第10单元演讲（Speeches） 10.1 复习笔记 翻译理论选读 一、 A New Concept of Translating by Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. T aber Each language has its own genius.1 In the first place, it is essential to recognize that each language has its own genius. That is to say, each language possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character. 尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)博士是美国圣经学会翻译部主任。他不仅在美国主持《圣经》的英译工作，还在世界各地指导许多其他语言的翻译工作。 奈达认为，过去人们在翻译过程中过于重视与原文在形式上保持一致，而他主张着重考虑读者对译文的反应，应使译文的读者和原文的读者产生同样的感受。 关于原语，就《圣经》而言，也就是希伯来语和希腊语，奈达认为它们也不过是工具，被人们用来表达《圣经》里包含的意思而已。 关于译语，奈达认为每一种语言都有自己的特点，在构词法、语序、句子结构、谚语诸方面各不相同。各个民族的文化背景不同，对各自的语言也产生不同的影响。译者不必因为译语缺少某种表达方式而抱怨；相反地，他应该尊重这一语言的特点，最大限度地发挥其潜

力，以找出适当的表达方式。他的结论是，要想使译文保持原作的内容，就必须在形式上有所改变。 word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, techniques for linking clauses into sentences, markers of discourse,2 and special discourse types of poetry, proverbs, and song. Each language is rich in vocabulary for the areas of cultural focus, the specialties of the people, e.g., cattle (Anuaks in the Sudan), yams (Ponapeans in Micronesia), hunting and fishing (Piros in Peru), or technology(the western world). Some languages are rich in modal particles.3Others seem particularly adept in the development of figurative language, and many have very rich literary resources, both written and oral. To communicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language. Rather than bemoan the lack of some feature in a language, one must respect the features of the receptor language4and exploit the potentialities of the language to the greatest possible extent. Unfortunately, in some instances translators have actually tried to “remake” a language. For example, one missionary in Latin America insisted on trying to introduce the passive voice of the verb into a language which had no such form. Of course, this was not successful. One must simply accept the fact that there are many languages which do not have a passive voice. They merely choose to report actions only as active. Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon an- other, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes5 necessary

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第7单元篇章翻译 7.1 复习笔记 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。语篇特征为：连贯、衔接，且具有明确的论题结构。 一、衔接 根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》，衔接手段大致可分为两种：语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）。前者又可以包括指称（reference）、省略（ellipsis）、替代（substitution）和连词（conjunction）。 1. 指代 指代主要分为三类：人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。 英语中，为了实现衔接，一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”，省略主语。例： My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说，买这座房子时，孩子们还在上学，如今都成家立业了。 2. 省略

省略可以分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。例： I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 【译文】我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 3. 替代 “替代”指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。 （1）名词替代比较常见的是使用one代替前文出现的某个名词。例： Carrie picked out the new abode because of its newness and bright wood—work. It was one of the very new ones supplied with steam heat, which was a great advantage.（Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T） 【译文】嘉莉选中这套新居所，是因为它是新建的，而且房间的木质部分色泽鲜亮，屋里有暖气，这是当时最新的房子才有的。 【分析】原文中，ones替代了abode；译文中，“房子”与其前面的“居所”构成同义词。 （2）动词替代经常是用助动词do的几种形式来代替前文出现的某个动词或动作意义。例： And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos. 【译文】可是在我看来，这个约翰·奥彭肖似乎是正在面临着比舒尔托更大的危险。 【分析】原文中，did替代了walked amid peril；译文中，该处同样进行了省略处理。 （3）小句替代使用指示代词指代前文出现的某一小句或者某一概念。例： “Well, I’ve got twenty-two dollars, but there’s everything to be paid for this

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英汉互译教程总复习 1．Joint military exercises have increased in the region, to the detriment of trust between countries. 联合军事演习在本地区有增无减，不利于国家间建立信任。 2．This old man gets up and goes to bed with the sun everyday. 这位老翁每天黎明即起，日落而息。 3．A nearby object falling into a black hole is never heard of again. 附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，就会销声匿迹。 4．我们应该抢时间赶任务。 We should work against the clock. 5.These hospital expenses made inroads on my savings. 这些住院费耗掉了我大部分积蓄。 6．They killed a bottle of Kaoliang between them. 他们二人对酌，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二净。 7．When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. 一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了。 8．Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 9．人们笑贫不笑娼。 People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 10. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 11．They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼着命地逃跑。 12．People were born survivors. 人的生存能力是与生俱来的。 13．这个环境工程是个“民心工程”。 The environment-friendly project is a “popularity-winning” project. 14. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功夫不可。 The mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 15. 会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。 The meetings were marked by such absence of living discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. 16. They pay lip-service to education but don’t work for better schools. 他们口惠而实不至，口口声声支持教育，却又不肯为改善学校条件做一些实际工作。 17．Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 失业人数高居不下，已经十多个年头了。 18．有些厕所似乎仍是这次卫生大扫除活动的死角。 Some toilets seem immune to the clean-up campaign. 19. 这个摊贩叫卖道：“快来买呀，过了这村可没这个店啦。” The street peddler hawked, “Now or never!” 20. Why carry coals to Newcastle? 何必多此一举？ 21．You’re just teaching your grandmother how to suck eggs. 你这是在班门弄斧。 22．His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. 主人对他的冷淡使他更加不自在。 23．I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.

汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二．翻译下列句子 （1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. （4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter. （6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. （8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

汉英翻译基础教程 第1章 练习参考答案

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances. 2. This state of affairs must be changed. 3. How do matters stand with them?

王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(文学翻译)

第18章文学翻译 18.1 复习笔记 一、文学翻译的标准 对于文学翻译的要求是，“用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。 钱钟书把文学翻译的最高标准概括为一个“化”字。 二、文学翻译的过程 借鉴茅盾的有关解释，把文学翻译过程分为三个阶段： (1) 理解阶段； (2) 印证阶段； (3) 表达阶段。 在表达阶段强调的内容是： (1) 必须使用文学语言； (2) 尽量保持原作风格； (3) 力求内容和形式的辩证统一。 三、文学翻译须使用文学语言 这里仅介绍英文小说翻译的几个侧面：

1. 文学语言具有准确、形象、生动、自然等特征，译者应根据原作的艺术意境和语言特色，在译文里寻找适当的语言形式，使之文情并茂。 Daffodils all along the hedgerow swung like yellow, ruffled birds on their perches. 清风徐徐，沿灌木篱笆旁的水仙花轻轻地摇摆着，颇似栖息的鸟儿掀动着金黄色羽毛。 2. 运用娴熟的汉语，再现人物语言的形象化和个性化，使译文产生“如闻其声，如见其人”的艺术效果。 “Say, some tenderness, that!” This is reference to a smile or a melting glance on the part of a female. “唷，瞧那样多温存!”这说的是一位女性的嫣然一笑，或者回眸传情。 3. 凭借自己的审美体验，深刻理解原作的艺术美，进而形神兼备地再现这种艺术美。 四、加强文学翻译的基本功训练 有兴趣于或有志于从事文学翻译的青年，可在课内外分门别类地选做一些练习，以集中提高某些方面的表述能力。 18.2 课后习题详解 将下列英文译成汉语： 1. One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of inquiry as to whether there was anything a- bout the place that she could do. She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and

英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】

《英汉翻译教程》 第一章总论 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。 （张培基等1983） 我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有―象胥‖（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到―译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。‖这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。 （罗新璋1984） 一、关于翻译 何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是―把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来‖。根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，―翻译‖这个中性术语是指将一种语言（―原语‖）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（―目的语‖）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：―将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。‖（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。 翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。中国加入WTO后，翻译的重要作用就更是不可忽视。经济竞争是在交际中进行，而没有翻译在场，交际就很难进行，交际不成，生意就做不成。因此，翻译的作用，再怎么强调也不过分。 关于翻译的种类可以从下面几个角度来划分： （１）从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类。 （２）从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译、手势翻译和机器翻译。