研究生综合英语上第二单元

Culinary delights in china

1.Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found

scattered everywhere throughout the world.

中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。

Today,the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before. A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100000 restaurants of different sizes in the city.

当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。2.Regional Chinese Cuisines

It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of cuisine based on regional cooking. They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces.

众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。

In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in china has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.

除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。

3.Sichuan, known as Nature’ Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine.

被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都。

Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare.

在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食。

The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different.

川菜的原料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究。

Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines.

川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜。

What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one’s tongue and mouth.

川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用。尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉。

Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are also usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper.

除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料。

Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods, Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world.

因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎。

In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.

近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头。

4.Guangdong Province is located in southern china, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round.

广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富。

As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of china as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine.

它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一。广东的餐饮文化独具特色，对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响。Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes.

Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.

广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称。

广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。

5.Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River.

One famous dish is west lake vinegar fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature.

浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。

5西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。

Many Chinese restaurants in china, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.

中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。

6.Every dish has a story

The names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular.

中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱。

A good name can make the dish more interesting; however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners.

一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不清楚。If you only translate the names literately with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.

你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来。

7.Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example.

These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade. When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers.

拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧。“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎。这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。

The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy. Then,why the name?

皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻。可为什么叫“狗不理”呢?

8.There is an interesting story behind it. Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin about 150 years ago. A local

man by the name of gouzi worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi( steamed buns).

After three years, he set up his own baozi shop. Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns.

“狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事。大约150年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相。当地有个小伙子，名叫狗子，在一家包子店当学徒。三年后，自己单独开了一家包子店。他做的包子味道鲜美，因此生意十分红火，吸引了越来越多的顾客。

As hardworking as gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served. Impatient, some people coming would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn’t answer.

狗子工作十分卖力，可他还是满足不了大家的需要，顾客们只得等很长时间。有些顾客等得不耐烦了，就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点，可狗子忙着做包子呢，哪有时间搭理。。

People therefore came to call his buns goubuli, meaning “goguzi pays no attention.” This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since.

后来人们就把他做的包子称作“狗不理”，意思是“狗子不搭理他们”可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字，反倒起了很好的广告作用，这个名字一直沿用到了今天。

Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.

如今“狗不理”已经成为天津的老字号。

9.In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo meat.

浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜，叫东坡肉。

This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork ate braised with green onion, ginger,

cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar.

这道菜是把五花肉切成大块，配上青葱，在锅底放些生姜，然后加料酒、酱油和糖用慢火做出来的。

The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the goubuli buns, not at all greasy.

这道菜色泽红亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一样毫无肥腻之感。

This dish was named after sudongpo , a great poet of the northern song dynasty, who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou. 它以北宋时代大诗人苏东坡的名字命名。苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜。

It is said that when he was in charge of the drainage work for the west lake, sudongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it dongpo meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.

据说，他当时负责西湖的排污工程，经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人。后来为了纪念这位才华横溢、慷慨大方的诗人，人们就把它称作东坡肉。

10.Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha jumping over the wall, the number one dish of the province.

佛跳墙是福建莱里的一道名菜，亦被称作福建第一菜。

This dish is prepared with more than 20 main ingredients, including chicken, duck, sea cucumber, dried scallop, tendon, shark lip, fish maw, and ham.

这道莱的主料不下20种，有鸡肉、鸭肉、海参、干贝、蹄筋、鱼唇、鱼肚、火腿

All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick.

所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里，加上料酒和鸡汤后，用文火炖，一直炖到肉汁鲜美，柔润细腻，汤味浑厚。

Then it is served with more than a dozen garnishes such as mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and pigeon eggs.

配料10多种，有蘑菇、冬笋、鸽蛋等。

It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth. The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows.

轻舔一口，余香满口。这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事：

11.Buddha jumping over the wall was created in a restaurant called gathering spring garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during

the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu.

It was first named eight treasures stewed in a pot and the name was later changed to blessing and longevity.

佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的，早先菜名为八珍锅，而后改为福寿全。

One day, several scholars came to gathering spring garden for meal. When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem:”Fragrance spreads to the neighborhood once the lid lifts, one whiff and the Buddha jumps the wall, abandoning the zen precepts. ” hence the name of the dish!

一日，几位秀才到聚春园饮酒。菜上桌时，其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻，佛闻弃禅跳墙来。”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来。

12.Warmth and hospitality expressed by food

In the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals ,is to eat in a warm atmosphere.

在中国人看来，吃最重要的，尤其在过节时，莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛。

Often the young and the old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders. Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.

吃饭时，年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好，在欢乐祥和的气氛中，说说笑笑。席间，长辈为晚辈夹菜，晚辈给长辈敬酒，营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛。

13.A hostess or host in china will apportion the best parts of the dished to guests.

Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest.

在中国，主人会把最好的莱分给客人。他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾。

Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.

这种习俗用来表达尊敬、关怀和好客之意，至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行。

14.Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people. In a sense, it has

strengthened the collective spirit of the nation.

At a party or a banquet, everyone fist takes into consideration the needs of the group; with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.

这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响。

从某种意义上说，它增强了人们的集体主义精神。无论在聚会还是在宴席上，人们首先考虑大家的需求，把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合。

15.In china, food eaten during festivals is particularly important.

中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么，

At different festivals, people partake of different fare. For example, on the eve of spring festival, people in the north always eat jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions. This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year.

不同的节日吃不同的食物。比如除夕夜全家团圆时，北方人吃肉饺或菜饺，象征辞旧迎新。

The latern festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection.

元宵节吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子，象征家庭团圆、美满。

At the duanwu festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan, who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged.

端午节吃粽子，人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原。屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江。Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river the hope that the water dragon would not take him away. This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the duanwu festival.

传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龙不要带走他。之后，端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了。

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Unite 1 P15 1.Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate/alleviate(减轻，降低) that risk.作为一个未来的员工,你的工作是帮助招聘经理降低风险。 2.You need help them identify(认定，认同) you as prospective/expected(预期的，未来的) “key player”.你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 3.Kelly was outstanding and outshone/surpassed(优于,超过) every other player on the field.凯利非常出色，胜过了球场上所有其他球员。 4.Better still,develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates/originates(发动，创建) collaborations.更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人之间，培养一个良好的声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人。 5.He is a former scientist who transitioned/transferred(转变，改变) to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position.他之前是一名科学家，许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级经理的职位。 6.The unions mobilized/organized(组织) thousands of workers in a protest(抗议，游行) against the cuts.协合会组织了一场数以千计的工人游行来抗议裁员。 7.This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions/beliefs(信念). act on ones convictions 按某人的想法行事。 这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己想法行事的人们提出了要求。 8.His speech was made with such great ambiguity/vagueness(不清楚) that neither supporter nor opponent(反对者) could be certain of his true position.他的演讲有许多疑点，既没有支持者也没有反对者来肯定他的立场。 9.The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize(优先处理) his or her relationship assets/advantages(资源，优势) above their technical assets.想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。 10.This approach, combined with a liberal(开明的) use of the pronoun “we” and not just ”I”when describing your accomplishments(业绩), can change the company’s perception/impression(看法，印象) of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator.这个方法，加上你在描述业绩是开明的使用代词“我们”而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。 11.I’m trying to foster/encourage(培养，鼓励) an interest in classical music in my children.我尝试着培养孩子在古典音乐上的兴趣。 12.A German company collaborated/cooperated(合作)with a Swiss firm(公司) to develop the product.一个德国公司和一个瑞士公司合作开发的产品。 P17 The independence-versus-interdependence issue has been written about regularly and is often introduced as the major issue separating the two worlds of scientific employment：academic and industrial. For decades, academia has paid lip service to the idea of collaboration, but the incentive-and-reward system has been slow to adjust . Despite the widespread interest in collaboration and its obvious value in an academic setting , collaboration remains informal and is actually discourage by the tenure process, in which scholars are penalized for sharing credit for their work with others.

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