外研社高中英语教材电子版
［教材优化全析］
Introduction
1.In ancient China，private teachers traveled from state to state explaining their philosophy.
在古代中国，许多私塾先生都周游各国宣传他们的哲学思想。
philosophy［U］哲学；哲学体系。例如：
the philosophy of Aristotle
亚里士多德的哲学体系
2.Confucius was the most important of the ancient Chinese philosophers.
孔夫子是当代中国最重要的哲学家。
philosopher［C］哲学家，思想家；贤人，哲人；学者。例如：
the Greek philosophers希腊哲学家
take things like a philosopher达观处世
3.Confucius’s teachings influences society for more than 2000 years.
孔子的思想教诲影响了社会两千多年。
teachings［U］教义；教诲；教导。例如：
the teachings of the Church教会的教义
the teachings of Buddha佛教的教义
4.Other important thinkers included Mengzi and Mozi.
其他的思想家还有孟子和墨子。
thinker［C］思想家，思索者。例如：
a great thinker 伟大的思想家
a shallow thinker 浮浅的思想家
5.All three teachers believed in the importance of kindness and good government.
这三位思想家都相信仁政的重要性。
importance［U］重要性，重大。例如：
the importance of education教育的重要性
the importance of the problem问题的重要性
a person of importance一位重要的人物
news of importance重要新闻
6.For example，he hated the idea of war and believed that strong people should look after weaker people.
比如，他痛恨战争并且认为强者应当照顾弱者。
look after 照顾，照料。例如：
My friend looked after my cat while I was on holiday.
在我去度假的时候，我的朋友照料我的猫。
He’s good at looking after himself.
他很会照顾自己。
7.All human beings are equal.
所有的人都是平等的。思维拓展
economic philosophy
经济哲学
educational philosophy
教育哲学
moral philosophy
道德哲学
思维拓展
a moral philosopher
伦理学家
a natural philosopher
自然哲学家；物理学家
思维拓展
methods of teaching
教学方法
class teaching
班级教学
思维拓展
thinking adj.思想的，有思考力的，有理性的
［U］思想；意见
thinkable adj.
可考虑的，可想象的
思维拓展
attach importance to sth.
认为某事物重要
put importance on sth.
认为某事物重要
思维拓展
look back 回顾；停滞
look around 环顾四周
look forward to 盼望
look down upon 轻视
look out 当心，小心
look through 大略地看
look up 查看；抬头看
思维拓展
on equal terms 平等相处
equal adj.平等的；相等的。例如：
All men are born equal.人生而平等。Fight for equal rights of men and women. 为男女权利平等而奋斗。
8.People are more important than rulers. 人民比统治者重要。
ruler［C］统治者；主宰者。例如：
He was the first ruler of the empire.
他是这个帝国的第一位统治者。
9.I very much agree with statement 4.
我非常同意第四种陈述。
agree with v.同意。例如：
We all agree with what he said.
我们都同意他说的话。
At last，she agreed with my words.
最后，她同意了我的观点。
I think I will agree with you.
我想我会同意你的意思。be equal to 等于
feel equal to 能胜任
without equal 无人可比的
思维拓展
as a rule 一般而言
by rule 按照规定
make it a rule to do sth.
习惯做某事
思维拓展
agree with（食物、气候）适合人agree to
同意人的计划（安排、建议）agree on 就某事达成共识agree to do 同意做某事
agree that... 同意……
Reading and V ocabulary
1.Ancient China was a place where states were often at war.
古代中国是一个战乱频繁的地方。
war［C］&［U］战争，战争状态。例如：
the horrors of war战争的恐怖
the outbreak of war战争的爆发
the art of war兵法（战略和战术）
the Second World War 第二次世界大战
nuclear war核战争
the civil war国内战争
2.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers. 但同时也是一个拥有很多伟大哲学家的一个时期。
time ［C］时期；时代。例如：
in ancient times 古代
hard times艰苦时代
ahead of one’s time 思想超时代的
behind the times 落伍，跟不上时代
in the times of Henry Ⅲ在亨利三世时代
in modern times 在现代
3.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society. 他强调仁义、道德、礼仪在社会中的重要性。
（1）kindness ［U］仁慈；和蔼；好意。例如：
Thank you for all your kindness.
感谢你的帮助。
They were keeping her only out of kindness. 全析提示
句中where引导的定语从句修饰先行词place。
思维拓展
at war 与……处于战争状态
go to war 进入战争状态declare war on/upon
向……宣战
drift into war 卷入战争
全析提示
句中when引导的定语从句修饰a time。
思维拓展
at one time 曾经
at a time 一次，同时
in no time 立即，立刻
kill time 消磨时间
take one’s time 慢慢来
思维拓展
out of kindness
出于仁慈，出于好意
kill with kindness
以溺爱害人
他们出于仁慈之心才一直收养着她。
（2）duty ［C］［U］（道德上的）责任，义务。例如：
Do not forget your duty to your parents.
不要忘记对父母应尽的责任。
The children send their duty to their teachers.
孩子们对他们的老师很尊敬。
（3）order n.礼仪。例如：
the order of service as laid down in the Prayer Book
祈祷书上规定的礼仪
4.Mengzi was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to that of Confucius.
孟子是一个思想家，他的思想和孔子有些类似。
that是代词，代替teachings。例如：
The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
中国的人口比日本的多。
The air of a suburb is cleaner than that of a city.
郊外的空气比都市的（空气）干净。
5.His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.
他很小的时候，他父亲就去世了，他由母亲带大。
bring up养育，抚养。例如:
She brought up five children.
她养育了五个孩子。
He was brought up respect authority.
他从小就受到尊敬师长的教育。
His parents died when he was a baby and he was brought up by her aunt.
他出生后不久父母双亡，是由姑母抚养大的。
6.However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.
然而，当他看到统治者不采取他的建议时，他辞职了。
resign v.辞职；放弃（权利）。例如：
resign one’s position（as secretary）
辞去（秘书）职务
resign office辞职
resign from a job辞职
resign his post 辞职
7.For many years he traveled from state to state，teaching the principles of Confucius.
多年来，他周游各国传授孔子的道德思想。
principle［U］道义；为人之道。例如：do one’s duty
尽职；尽本分
fail in one’s duty 失职
on duty 值班；值日；值勤
in order 有秩序
out of order 次序紊乱
keep order 维持秩序
思维拓展
be familiar to
为……所熟悉
be familiar with
熟悉，通晓，精通
思维拓展
that代替前边的名词，以避免重复。另外，one也有这种用法，可以代替前边的名词、短语或句子。
思维拓展
bring about 引起，导致
bring down 降低（价格）
bring in 引进，赚入
bring on 使发生，引起
bring out 显示出
bring along 带来
bring back 回忆；使忆起
思维拓展
be resigned to a state lagging behind 自甘落后
not resign oneself to 不甘心resign oneself to 听从
resign oneself to exti nction
束手待毙
思维拓展
in principle
原则上；大致上
on principle
It is a matter of principle with her to answer her children’s questions honestly.
如实地答复孩子们的询问对她来说关系到做人的大问题。
8.Mengzi believed that the reason why man is different from the animals is that man is good.
孟子认为人不同于动物的原因在于人是善良的。
这个句子是一个很复杂的复合句。例如：
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy.
我不知道他为什么看上去不高兴。
9.Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism.
墨子创立了墨子哲学。
found vt.创立（学说等）；创办。例如：
The school was founded in 1920.
这所学校创立于1920年。
The ancient Romans founded colonies throughout Europe.
古罗马人在整个欧洲建立了殖民地。
10.In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.
在某些方面，他的主张和孔子的差不多。
belief［C］&［U］信念，信仰，信条。例如：
a strong belief in God 虔诚地信仰上帝
the Christian belief基督教信仰
11.As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.
结果，他花了很多年的时间想找一个人们能听从他教诲的国家。
spend time（in）doing 花费时间做……。例如：
I spent an hour reading.
我花了一小时来读书。
Now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college.
现在城市里越来越多的成年人利用业余时间到学校或大学去深造。
12.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.
墨子教导我们应该去爱护所有的人，去照顾那些比我们自己弱小的人。
该句是一个比较复杂的复合句。按照原则（或道德标准）；根据原则（或道德标准）
全析提示
believe后边是that引导的宾语从句；why引导的是定语从句，修饰reason；第二个that 引导的是表语从句。
思维拓展
found，organize，establish和form 辨析:
found “建立”或“成立”；form “组成”或“构成”；organize“建立”，更强调整个机构中应当分工严密；establish奠定基础。
思维拓展
beyond belief令人难以置信have belief in相信，信任
全析提示
该句中where引导一个定语从句，修饰state。
思维拓展
spend time on sth.
花费时间……
spend money on sth.
花钱，用钱
spend oneself
耗尽精力，精疲力竭
全析提示
其中that引导的宾语从句作taught的宾语；who引导的定语从句修饰先行词those。
Function
1.Often，the reason why people are unhappy is that they do not have enough love.
通常，人们之所以不高兴的原因是他们没有足够的爱。
The reason...is that... ……的原因是……；……的理由是……。例如：The reason why I’m late is that I missed the bus.
我迟到的原因是我没赶上公共汽车。
The reason why he did not buy the clothes was that the price was too 思维拓展
by reason of 由于
reason sb. into sth.
说服某人干某事
reason sb. out of 劝人不要……There is reason in ....
（某事）有道理。
high.
他没买那件衣服的原因是价钱太高了。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
2.Mengzi resigned because the ruler was not following his advice.
孟子辞职是因为统治者不听取他的意见。
follow one’s advice=take one’s advice
接受某人的意见。例如：
He would not follow/take our advice.
他不会听从我们的意见的。
advice ［U］忠告，劝告，建议。例如：
I asked my teacher for advice on my future course.
我请老师对我的未来去向作些建议。
Her advice to me was to work harder.
她给我的忠告是更加努力地工作。have reason for（to do）sth. 有做某事的理由（根据）
It stands to reason（that）... 合乎情理的……
思维拓展
by sb.’s advice
依某人劝告
on sb.’s advice
依某人劝告
ask advice of
向……征求意见，请教
give advice
劝告，忠告
V ocabulary and speaking
1.a sense of responsibility责任感
responsibility［U］&［C］责任；职责；义务。例如：a post of responsibility 有责任的职务
accept responsibility 承担责任
have a sense of responsibility 有责任感
sense［U］意念；意识；……的感觉。例如：
a sense of shame羞耻心
a moral sense道德观念
a sense of hunger 饥饿感
a sense of humor 幽默感
a musical sense音乐感
2.honesty［U］诚实，正直，实在。例如：
Honesty is the best policy.（谚语）诚实为上策。
I can’t，in（all）honesty，believe his story.
老实说，我没办法相信他说的话。
3.justice［U］公平，公正，正义。例如：
Everyone should be treated with justice.
每个人都应受到公正的对待。
The justice of these remarks was clear to everyone.
人人都明白这些话是公正的。
4.respect vt.尊敬；尊重。例如：
I respect his courage.
我敬佩他的勇气。
I’ll respect your wishes.
我尊重你的愿望。
We will respect your privacy.
我们会尊重你的隐私权。思维拓展
responsible adj.
有责任的；应负责任的responsibly adv.负责任地
思维拓展
make sense 有意义make sense of
理解；懂；明白
in a sense
从某种意义上说
思维拓展
honest adj.
诚实的，正直的，可靠的honestly adv.
诚实地，老实地，公正地思维拓展
bring sb. to justice
使某人受到法律制裁
do justice to
公平对待，说句公道话思维拓展
give one’s respects to 向……致候
have respect for
尊敬，尊重，重视
have respect to
牵涉到，考虑到
Listening and vocabulary
1.afford vt.有足够的（时间、金钱）做某事。例如：
He can afford an apartment.
他能买得起一套住房。
Can you afford $12 000 for this car?
你花12 000美元买这辆车吗？
If we could afford it，we’d like to go abroad for our holidays. 如果出得起旅费，我们想到国外去度假。
2.bark［U］树皮。例如：
flake bark片状树皮
horse chestnut bark马栗树皮
ordeal bark 毒树皮
primary bark初生粗皮，初生皮
ring bark 环状剥皮
scaly bark鳞状树皮
raw bark 粗皮
3.chemist［C］化学家；药剂师。例如：
a chemist’s shop［英］药房
a technical chemist药学士
organic chemist
有机化学家；有机化学工作者
4.contribution［U］捐助；捐款。例如：
assistance contribution援助捐款
silent contribution隐名捐款
voluntary contribution自愿捐款
the contribution of money to charity
慈善捐款
additional special contribution
额外特别捐款
5.leaf［C］叶子，叶。（pl.）leaves。例如：
dead leaves 枯叶
fallen leaves 落叶
green leaves绿叶
6.leather［U］皮革。例如：
leather gloves皮手套
leather shoes皮鞋
a leather jacket皮夹克
be made of leather用皮革制成的
artificial leather人造革
crown leather 上等皮革
7.material［C］&［U］原料；材料。例如：
building materials 建筑材料
writing materials 书写材料
raw materials for industry 工业原料思维拓展
afford 通常与can，could，be able to 连用；多用于否定句和疑问句。
思维拓展
bark ［C］狗叫声，咆哮
vi.吠；咆哮地说。
例如：
Dogs always bark at strangers.
狗总是对着陌生人吠。
The officer barked out an order.
那个军官大声发出命令。
思维拓展
chemical adj.化学的
chemistry［U］化学
思维拓展
contribute v.
捐献；贡献；投稿给……contribute...to...
捐款给……
contribute to
有助于；成为……的原因
思维拓展
in leaf 生叶子的
come into leaf 长叶，发芽
思维拓展
Leather-headed adj.
笨头笨脑的
leather-lunged adj.
大嗓门的
思维拓展
material adj.物质的
material wealth
物质财富
official material 当官的材料
high-quality raw material 优质的原料
a widely used material
使用广泛的材料
8.monk［C］修道士；和尚。例如：
monk’s cloth僧侣袈裟呢料
a Buddhist monk和尚；喇嘛
The hood does not make the monk.［谚］
穿上袈裟不一定就是和尚；不可以貌取人。9.print v.印刷；出版。例如：
This firm prints a lot of musical and sports books. 这家公司出版了大量的音乐和体育书籍。
This automatic printer can print 120 pages a minute. 这台自动印刷机每分钟能印120页。
10.printing［U］印刷术。例如：
the invention of printing印刷术的发明
electron printing电子印刷术
embossed printing浮凸印刷术
11.spread v.张开；伸展；延长。例如：
spread out a map 摊开地图
spread one’s arms张开双臂
spread tea on the table
把茶点摆在桌子上
The bird spread its wings.
这只鸟展开翅膀。a material witness 重要证人material needs 身体的需要
思维拓展
nun［C］尼姑
monkish adj.修道士的，和尚似的
思维拓展
in print
已出版；已印好；在销售
out of print 已绝版的
printed matter 印刷品
print shop 印刷厂
思维拓展
printing house 印刷厂
printing machine 印刷机
思维拓展
spread oneself
舒展四肢；夸夸其谈
spread out 张开；伸开；铺开spread to 传到；波及；蔓延
Writing
1.Cars were first used at the end of the nineteenth century，and were no faster than a horse.
汽车是在19世纪末出现的，并且和马车跑得一样都不快。
at the end of 在……末；在……尽头。例如：
At the end of the day the new manager is no better than the previous one.
从各个方面来看，这位新经理并不比前任强。
He is down at the end of the garden.
他在花园的尽头的那边。
no + 比较级+ than 和……一样都不……。例如：
He runs no faster than I.
他跑得和我一样都不快。
He is no more careful than his brother.
他和他的哥哥都不仔细。
He is no less careful than his brother.
他和他的哥哥都很仔细。
2.Up to five people can travel in a car，so often it is cheaper to go by car than to take a train. 思维拓展
in the end 最后，终于
by the end of 到……末为止make ends meet
收支相抵
demand an end to
要求废除
come to an end 结束
no more...than...
与……一样不……
not more...than...
没有……那样……
no less...than...
与……一样
not less...than... 不亚于
思维拓展
up to now 到目前为止
达到五个人时就可以乘车去旅行，这样乘车比坐火车便宜得多。
up to（数目）到……之多。例如：
up to 100 men 可达一百人
count up to twenty slowly 慢慢数到二十
3.In conclusion，I think that cars are very useful because travel is so easy with a car.
总之，车是很有用的。因为乘车旅行太方便了。
in conclusion adv.最后，总之。例如：
In conclusion，I’d like to say you are fired from our company.
最后，我想说你被公司解雇了。up to date 现代的；最新的up to his ears in debt
债台高筑
It’s up to you.由你来决定。思维拓展
false conclusion 假结论inductive conclusion
归纳推理
terse conclusion
简明结论
Everyday English
1.They say that you need to be a bit mad to be an inventor.
据说要想成为发明家，得需要一点疯狂和着迷。
they say（that）人家说，据说。例如：
They say that Ken is very good at operating computers.
=It is said that Ken is good at operating computers.
=Ken is said to be very good at operating computers.
据说肯很会操作电脑。
a bit adv.有点；稍微。例如：
I’m a bit tired tonight.
今晚我有点疲倦。
The painting on the wall is a bit crooked.
墙上的油画有些歪。
Don’t believe all he says —he’s a bit of a boaster.
别全信他说的，他有点自吹自擂。
I asked her to give me a hand but she’s being a bit bolshy about it.
我请她过来帮忙，但她却有点不乐意。
2.If so，then my friend Peter is a bit mad.
要是那样的话，那么我的朋友彼得就有点疯了。
if so 要是那样的话；在那种情况下。例如：
—If so，why didn’t you tell me?
如果是这样，你为什么不告诉我？
—No，not so.
不，不是这样的。
3.He’s just invented a clock that not only tells the time，but also plays
a song to wake you up!
他刚发明了一种表，不仅报时，而且用音乐来叫你起床。
tell the time vi.看表；说出时刻。例如：
My youngest daughter has just learnt to tell the time.
我最小的女儿刚学会看表。
Our watch can tell the time of itself.
我家的钟表可以自动报时。思维拓展
It is believed that...
人们认为……
It is hoped that....
人们希望……
It is reported that....
据报道……
It is supposed that....
人们认为……
思维拓展
a bit与a little 辨析：
a bit of salt=a little salt
not a bit=not at all
not a little=very例如：I am not a bit tired.
我一点也不累。
I am not a little tired.
我很累。
思维拓展
if any 即使有，假如有
if possible 如果可能的话
if only 只要；但愿
if anything
如果有什么（区别）的话
全析提示
句中not only...but also
...连接并列的谓语动词，在定语从句中作谓语。
思维拓展
keep time（表）走得准
take one’s time 慢慢来
buy time 赢得时间
not only...but also... 不但……而且……not only...but also...可以连接谓语、宾语、表语、主语和句子等。例如：
Not only you but also she has to attend the ceremony.
不只是你，她也必须参加典礼。
Not only did he teach school，but he wrote novels.
他不但在学校里教书，而且还写小说。
4.To give an example，they are much better at maths than most westerners.
to give an example=for example举例说，比如。例如：
He likes listening to English songs，to give an example，“My heart will go on”.
他喜欢听英语歌曲，比如，《我心永恒》。
The little boy is very clever，to give an example，he can recite many ancient poems.
这个小男孩很聪明，举例说，他能背很多古诗。
5.A Chinese friend of mine explained a difficult maths problem to me，and for the first time ever I understood.
我的一个中国朋友在给我解释了一道数学难题，我茅塞顿开。
for the first time ever 第一次。例如：
For the first time ever，she became so angry.
这是她第一次生那么大的气。
For the first time ever in his life，he became the proud owner of a bed which had springs and a mattress.
有生以来第一次有了一张带垫子的弹簧床，他为此很得意。全析提示
not only...but also...连接两个作主语的名词时，谓语动词的单复数应该和靠近的名词一致。
not only置于句首时，其后的从句要用倒装语序。
思维拓展
make an example of sb.
惩一儆百
follow the example of
照……的样子
give an example to
做……的榜样
set an example to
为……树立榜样
思维拓展
the first time
第一次……的时候
for the first time
第一次例如：
The first time I went to China，I visited Mount Tai.
For the first time，the policeman lost his temper.
Cultural corner
1.These changes became possible because of inventions such as the steam engine.
由于一些发明，像蒸汽机，这些变化成为了可能。
because of因为，由于，为了。例如：
I didn’t go out because of rain.
因为下雨，所以我没有出去。
The driver lost his young life because of his careless driving.
那个司机由于粗心驾驶而失去了自己年轻的生命。
2.During the Industrial Revolution，factory owners became more powerful than land owners.
在工业革命期间，资本家比地主更强大。
more...than... 比……更……；与其说……不如说……。例如：
He is more intelligent than his brother.
他比他哥哥更聪明。
He is more a scholar than a teacher.
与其说他是教师，不如说他是个学者。
3.Thousands of people left the countryside to work in the city.
成千上万的人都离开乡下到城市里去工作。
thousands of数千的；成千上万的。例如：思维拓展
as a result of
因……的结果
thanks to 多亏；幸亏due to 由于；应归于on account of 由于owing to 归因于
思维拓展
more than 多过；不止no more than 仅仅
not more than 不超过no less than 与……相同not less than 至少
思维拓展
tens of thousands of
数以万计的
thousands of people 成千上万的人
thousands of times 几千遍，千遍万遍；千万倍
4.Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions. 通常，工厂里的工人都住在条件又差又拥挤的地方。crowded adj.拥挤的，挤满人的。例如：
crowded downtown area 闹市，繁华商业区
a crowded train拥挤的火车
a theater crowded with audience
挤满观众的戏院hundreds of thousands of 数十万的
思维拓展
a crowd of 一群，一堆in crowds 成群，大群地follow the crowd
随大流，从众
go with the crowd
随大流，从众
be crowded with
满是……
Grammar（Ⅰ）
限制性定语从句思维拓展
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词（或代词）之后，这种名词（或代词）被称作先行词，引导定语从句的关联词被称为关系代词和关系副词。现将关系代词和关系副词的用法简述如下：
一、关系代词
昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。（who作主语）
2.The man who I saw is called Smith.
我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。（who作宾语，亦可省略）
3.I know the man whom you mean.
我认识你指的那个人。（whom作宾语）
4.A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.
用铅笔写的信很难读。（that作主语，指物）
5.Is he the man that sells eggs?
他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗？（that作主语，指人）
6.We told him to consult the doctor，which advice he took.
我们让他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。（which作定语）
7.The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact，they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上真是如此。（which作表语）
8.I have that which you gave me.
我有你给我的那个。（which作宾语）
9.This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.
这就是那本有多种译本的书。（which作主语）（1）who/that的区别：
指人时，在下列情况下一般选用who:
①当先行词为those，one，anyone，nobody等不定代词时。例如：
The one who knows me well is Tom.
②在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词代指人。例如：
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
③先行词为there be 结构的主语时。例如：
There is a man who wants to see you.
（2）which/that区别：
代指物时，一般可以互换，在下列情况下常选用that：
①先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词及all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the last等修饰词语时。例如：
I have read all the books that you gave me.
（2）先行词为all，few，nothing，everything，little，much 等不定代词时。例如：
He did all（that）he could to help us.
二、关系副词
关系副词的一般用法列表如下：
1.We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们决不会忘记中华人民共和国诞生的那一天。
2.The office where he works is on the second floor.
他工作的办公室在二楼。
3.The reason why he didn’t come was not made clear.
他未来的原因没有表明。③先行词既表人又表物或者既表时间又表地点时。例如：
He talked about the teachers and the schools that he had visited.
④当主句主语是以who 或which 开头的疑问句时。例如：Who is the man that called on you just now?
全析提示
关系副词如果不是充当状语，则不可使用。
例如：
I’ll never forget the day that I spent in the country.（that作宾语）They worked in a factory that makes radio parts.（that作主语）The reason that he gave me why he didn’t attend the meeting is that he was badly ill.（that作宾语）
Grammar（Ⅱ）
“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句
在定语从句中作宾语的只有whom，which，that 三个关系代词，这三个词也能在定语从句中作介词的宾语，但只有whom和which可直接置于介词之后构成“prep. + whom/which”这一结构。例如：
I don’t know the old woman to whom I gave the umbrella yesterday.
我不认识我昨天给她雨伞的那位妇女。
This is the largest clock in the world，of which the minute hand is six metres long.
这是世界上最大的钟，其分针长达6米。
这一结构中的介词从何而来呢？如何选定介词呢？有下面三种情况：（1）它是定语从句中动词的一个固定部分或动词所需的某种习惯搭配。例如：
He bought much furniture，on which he spent almost all the money he saved.
他买了一些家具，几乎把他所有的积蓄都花光了。
The 3 yuan for which I bought the book was borrowed from my friend.
我买书花的那三元钱是从我朋友那儿借来的。
Smith，from whom we’ve learned a great deal，is an old worker.
史密斯是一位老工人，我们从他那儿学了很多东西。
（2）它是先行词的某种习惯搭配。例如：
The speed at which light travels is 300 000 per second.
光传播的速度是每秒钟300 000公里。全析提示
定语从句中介词的位置：
（1）在书面语中，介词多放在关系代词之前，口语中多放在之后。例如：
This is the man to whom you spoke.（书面语）
This is the man who/whom you spoke to.（口语）
（2）在限制性定语从句中，介词可放在关系代词之前或之后；在非限制性定语从句中，介词一般放在关系代词之前。
（3）介词如果是定语从句中短语动词的固定部分，要放在动词之后，多半不拆开用。例如：
Is this the book which he was looking for?（不可将for放在which之前）
（4）如果介词是由句中先行词决定的，还是放在关系代词之前为好。例如：
May 4 is Youth Day，on which we young people always have meetings for celebration.
5月4日是青年节，我们年轻人总是在这一天开会庆祝。
His bag，in which she put all her books，has not been found.
他的书包尚未找到，她把书她的全放到他的书包里了。
（3）它是根据所表达意思来确定的。例如：
This colorless gas is called oxygen，in which fires burn much better.
这种无色的气体叫氧气，火在氧气里燃烧剧烈。
This colorless gas is called oxygen，without which we could not live.
这种无色的气体叫氧气，没有它我们就不能生存。
This colorless gas is called oxygen，with which we can rescue patient
这种无色的气体叫氧气，用氧气我们能够拯救病人。
以上重点讲述了关系代词前介词的来历和选定，请细心体会，灵活运用。The speed at which light travels is 300 000 per second.
（5）“介词+ 关系代词”作定语时，介词不能后置。例如：
I live in a room，the window of which opens to the south.
（6）that不能直接放在介词前作介词的宾语，who也是这样，即不能出现有“介词+that/who”的形式。例如：
Is this the restaurant in which you work?（不能用“in that”）
The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very well known.（不能用“to who”）