词汇学知识要点Unit 2

Unit 2

1. Word & Morpheme (词素/形位/语素)

1) A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language and the smallest functional unit in the composition of words.

词素是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体, 它是语言中最小的构词单位。

2) A word is the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alone.

词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用的并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。

3) Words are composed of morphemes.

e.g.: One morpheme: nation

Two morphemes: nation-al

Three morphemes: nation-al-ize

Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize

…

2.Morpheme, Morph& Allomorph

1) Morpheme (词素/形位/语素) : The basic unit of grammatical meaning, an abstract unit of meaning, which cannot be further divided or analyzed.

2) Morph 语素形式(形素/形位形式): The unit of grammatical form which realizes a morpheme, the phonological (spoken) or orthographical (written)representation of a morpheme.语素的语音或拼写法的体现。

3) Allomorph 词素变体: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. Such alternative morphs are called allomorphs or variants (phonological or orthographical) of the same morpheme.

4) 词素morpheme(形位、语素等)是语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位。MEANING 词素是抽象的，它是通过词素形式morph表现出来的。FORM

词素还具有变体形式，allomorph词素/语素/形位变体,是同一个词素的不同形式。VARIANT e.g.: 1) maps, cats,

dogs, keys,

boxes, watches …

The morpheme {–s} with the meaning of plurality is realized phonologically by the morphs (in the forms)

/s/ (after voiceless consonants),

/z/ (after voiced consonants and vowels),

/iz/ (after s, z, x, ch, sh),

/s/, /z/, /iz/ are called allomorphs (variants) of the same morpheme {–s}, as they have the same meaning and the same grammatical function.

2) Morpheme of negative prefix {in-}

in- before all other consonants and vowels (e.g. inflexible, inexcusable); its allomorphs are

im- occurs before p, b, or m (e.g. imperfect, imbalance, immobile);

ir- before r (e.g. irresponsible);

il- before l (e.g. illogical);

im-, ir- and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme {in-}.

3.Classification of Morphemes

1) Free morpheme ( 自由词素)(content morpheme/ free form/ free root)

FREE: independent of other morphemes

It has complete meaning in itself and can be used as a free grammatical unit in sentences.

具有完整词汇意义又能够单独构成一个词并独立使用的词素。e.g. man, earth, etc.

2) Bound morpheme (粘着词素)(grammatical morpheme/ bound form)

(1)Bound Roots(粘着词根) :A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. E.g.: dict- convey s the meaning of ‘say or speak’ (contradict, predict) (2)Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 只有语法意义，而没有词汇意义的词素，或者有一定词汇意义，但是在词中只表达次要的意义的词素称为词缀(affix).

According to the position of affixes: prefixes (前缀) & suffixes (后缀).

).

4. Root(词根), Stem(词干) and Base(词基)

1) Root: refers to that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed.词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

2) Stem: refers to that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

3) Base: refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。

e.g.:

Works: stem=root=base= work

Workers: stem=base=root (work) +derivational affix (er)

nation (root, stem, base)

internationalist (stem, base)

4.Major Methods of Word-formation

1) Affixation/ Derivation（词缀法/派生法）

2) Compounding/ Composition（复合法/合成法）

3) Conversion / Functional shift/ Transmutation （转化法/功能转换法/转移法）

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七年级下册英语unit-1-12单元全册知识点归纳与复习教案

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