新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit5

新视野三版读写B2U5Text A

Spend or save—The student's dilemma

1Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question,"Should I spend or should I save?"I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other.The government tells us to spend or we'll never get out of the recession.At the same time,they tell us that unless we save more,our country is in grave danger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings.Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.

2Here's another familiar example:If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we get demanding,nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:"Your failure to pay is unacceptable.Pay immediately or you'll be in trouble!"Then,as soon as we pay,we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending.Which depiction is correct:a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?The gap between these two messages is enormous.

3The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other.One is the"permissive"perspective,"Buy,spend,get it now.You need this!"The other we could call an"upright"message,which urges us, "Work hard and save.Suspend your desires.Avoid luxuries.Control your appetite for more than you truly need."This message comes to us from many sources:from school,from parents,even from political figures referring to"traditional values".Hard work,family loyalty,and the capacity to postpone desires are core American values that have made our country great.

4But the opposite message,advertising's permissive message,is inescapable.Though sometimes disguised,the messages are everywhere we look:on TV,in movies on printed media and road signs,in stores,and on buses,trains and subways.Advertisements invade our daily lives.We are constantly surrounded by the message to spend,spend,spend.Someone recently said,"The only time you can escape advertising is when you're in your bed asleep!"

5It's been calculated that by the age of18,the average American will have seen600,000ads;by the age of40,the total is almost one million.Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,

from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our vacation.There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy!Now,of course,we don't remember exactly what the products were,but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness,"It's good to satisfy your desires.You should have what you want.You deserve the best.So,you should buy it—now!"A famous advertisement said it perfectly,"I love me.I'm a good friend to myself.I do what makes me feel good.I derive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them.I used to put things off.Not anymore.Today I'll buy new ski equipment,look at new compact cars,and buy that camera I've always wanted.I live my dreams today,not tomorrow."

6What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages?What are the psychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spending habits?On one hand,we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite.Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves.On the other hand,a little voice inside us echoes those upright messages:"Watch out,take stock of your life,don't let your attention get scattered.Postpone your desires.Don't fall into debt. Wait!Retain control over your own life.It will make you stronger."

7Anyway,many of the skills you need as a successful student can be applied to your finances.Consider your financial well-beings a key ingredient of your university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting.They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on your prime objective:successfully completing your education.

8How can you be a smart and educated consumer?Many schools, community organizations,and even some banks offer financial literacy classes.Consider consulting with your school's financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget.An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs.Most importantly,if you find yourself getting into financial trouble,don't let your ego get in your way;urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles.

9All this will help you become an educated consumer and saver.As you learn to balance spending and saving,you will become the captain of your own ship, steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.

Language Points：

1Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question,“Should I spend or should I save?”(Para.1)

Meaning:When asking yourself whether you should spend or save,do you feel puzzled and controlled as I do?

Meaning beyond words:According to the conventional concept,we are the master or the boss of the money we have earned

.It is up to us to decide how to use our money.However,the sentence gives us the hint that we are actually no longer in control of our money.

2I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other.(Para.1)

Meaning:In my opinion,the messages we get in our daily life about the question“Should I spend or should I save?”are against common sense and they often don’t agree with each other.

Usage note:defy,deny

defy和deny都是及物动词，词形相近，但实际上两者词义有别，用法也不同。

1defy主要表示“违抗；反抗；蔑视”，后接名词；而deny主要表示“否认；拒绝承认”，后接名词或that引导的从句。

Nearly11thousand people have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading.近一万一千人因违抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。

The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot to assassinate the president.政府已否认当局发现了一个暗杀总统的阴谋。

2defy后接动词不定式表示“挑战；刺激某人做某事”时，不能用动名词形式；deny表示“否认；拒绝承认”时，后面不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式。

I defy you to come up with one major accomplishment of the current prime minister.我倒要看看你能否讲出一项现任首相作出的重大成就。

He denied doing anything illegal.他否认做过任何违法的事。

3The government tells us to spend or we’ll never get out of the recession.(Para.1) Meaning beyond words:To help the country recover from the economic recession,the government is encouraging people to spend,which will help stimulate production,job markets and bank liquidity.

4At the same time,they tell us that unless we save more,our country is in grave danger.(Para.1)

Meaning:Meanwhile,they warn us that if we don’t save more money the economic

recession will grow and severely harm our country.

Usage note:unless

1unless作连词，表示“除非…；如果不…”，引导条件状语从句，意为“如果某个条件不出现，某件事就不会进行”。使用unless时必须留意从句中动词的时态。虽然unless所说的条件都是未出现或未发生的，但必须用一般现在时或过去时，不能用表示将来的时态。例如：I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip.如果公司不支付旅费，我不会去北京。（不能用will pay）

She wouldn’t do that unless I allowed her.如果我不允许，她不会去做那件事。（不能用would allow）

She will keep on singing unless she is told to stop.她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。（不能用will be told）

She would not come to work as before unless her mother’s health condition turned for the better.她不会像以前那样来上班了，除非她母亲的病情好转。（不能用would turn）

2unless和if…not都可以引导条件状语从句，但适用情况不同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。指将来可能发生或可能真实的情况用unless；如果知道事情没有发生或不真实则用if…not。可以说If you weren’t always in such a hurry,your work would be much better。不说Your work would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry。见更多例句：Unless they get protection,they will not testify.(=If they do not get protection,they will not testify.)如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。

I would go out if it wasn’t raining.(=But it is raining,so I am not going out.)要是不下雨，我就出去了。

5Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings.Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.(Para.1)

Meaning beyond words:Here is the“spend or save”paradox.On one hand,the government tells us to spend,and,on the other hand,they want us to save more.While the banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money,they send us credit cards to encourage us to spend.

6Here’s another familiar example:If we don’t pay our credit card bill on time,we

get demanding,nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:“Your failure to pay is unacceptable.Pay immediately or you’ll be in trouble!”(Para. 2)

Meaning:If we fail to pay our credit card bill on time,the credit card company will send us harsh and unfriendly email messages to warn us that either we pay at once or we’ll get penalties.

Sentence structure note:祈使句+or/and+陈述句

1“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构表示“…否则…”，其中，or还可以换成and，表达的意思发生相应的变化，表示“如果…，就…”。对连词or或者and的选择，主要根据相应连词前后句表达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就用or，一般表达一种负面的结果；如果前后句表示意义顺承，无转折关系，就用and。例如：

Listen to the teacher carefully in class,or you can’t catch what he is saying.上课时要仔细听老师讲课，否则你就无法了解他在说什么。

Walk down our street,and you’ll see kids playing.你要是走上街头，就会看到孩子们在玩耍。

2在“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中；陈述句通常用将来时态,即“will+动词原形”，也可用情态动词can，may等。但通常不能用一般现在时或现在进行时。例如：

Work hard,and you can make rapid progress in your study.努力吧，你会在学业上突飞猛进的。

Follow the advice of the doctor,or you won’t be well very soon.遵从医生的叮嘱，否则你的身体就不会很快好起来。

3“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构可与if引导的条件状语从句互换。例如:

Get up quickly,or you will be late.(=If you don’t get up quickly,you will be late.)快点起床，不然你会迟到的。

Work hard,and you will pass the exam.(=If you work hard,you will pass the exam.)如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。

4“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中，祈使句有时可以省略动词。例如：

Make more effort,or you won’t be successful.(=More effort,or you won’t be successful.)如果不多些努力，你就不会成功。

Give me one more hour,and I’ll get the work finished.(=One more hour,and I’ll get the work finished.)再给我一个小时，我就能把工作做完。

7Then,as soon as we pay,we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending.(Para.2) Meaning:To lure us into more spending,once our credit card bill is paid,a follow-up email in an entirely different tone will be sent to us,claiming that we are valuable customers.

Note:The word resume can be used either as a transitive or intransitive verb.As a transitive verb,it may be followed by a noun or a v.-ing form.

8Which depiction is correct:a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous.(Para.2)

Meaning beyond words:As there is such a huge difference between the two email

messages,we feel confused about who we are:a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?

9The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other.(Para.3)

Meaning:The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing with each other.

10One is the“permissive”perspective,“Buy,spend,get it now.You need this!”(Para.3)

Meaning:One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance,“Buy,spend,get it now.You need this!”Note:The word permissive is an adjective,a derivative from permit.Being“permissive”implies a very easy and too relaxed position on something and usually lacks good judgment.For example:

They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and ill-behaving adults.他们是太过放任的父母，他们的孩子长大后会变成被宠坏、行为举止欠妥的成年人。Usage note:permissive,tolerant

The synonym of permissive is tolerant,but tolerant is positive in

meaning.Permissive carries a negative connotation.Tolerant implies good judgment with a right balance of perspective or actions.For example:

The employee’s tolerant position on the differences in working style meant that the team performed well.员工对工作作风的差异持宽容的立场意味着这个团队表现出色。

11The other we could call an“upright”message,which urges us,“Work hard and save.Suspend your desires.Avoid luxuries.Control your appetite for more than you truly need.”(Para.3)

Meaning:We could call the other one an“honest”message,which advises us to work hard and save money,stop having too many desires,avoid spending too much,and limit our purchases to what we really need.

Usage note:urge,persuade

1从词义上说，urge的基本意思是“力劝；敦促”，引申可表示“强烈要求”等，比较正式；persuade主要表示“说服；劝说”，指通过劝说、感情交流等使对方做劝说者所希望的事。urge语气强，但不一定“力劝；敦促”成功；persuade语气不如urge强，但强调不仅“劝”，而且使之“服”。例如：

We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement.我们将敦促他们遵守《巴黎协议》。My husband persuaded me to come.我丈夫劝我来的。

2从用法上说，urge和persuade都可用作及物动词。urge可用于urge sb.to do sth.结构，

意为“催促某人做某事”；persuade表示“说服”时，可用于persuade sb.to do sth.结构，也可用于persuade sb.into doing sth.结构，都表示“说服某人做某事”。它们也都可以引出that 从句。urge引出的that从句中用（should）+verb，而persuade用于persuade sb.that结构，不用（should）+verb。例如：

His father urged him to speak his mind.他父亲敦促他说出心里话。

We’re trying to persuade manufacturers to sell their products here.我们正在努力说服制造商在这里销售他们的产品。

Sir Fred urged that Britain(should)join the European Monetary System.弗雷德爵士敦促英国加入欧洲货币体系。

We had managed to persuade them that it was worth working with us.我们已设法说服他们，与我们合作是值得的。

12This message comes to us from many sources:from school,from parents,even from political figures referring to“traditional values”.(Para.3)

Meaning:We get this kind of message from many sources such as school,parents,and even politicians who like to talk about traditional values.

13But the opposite message,advertising’s permissive message,is inescapable. (Para.4)

Meaning:But you cannot escape from the opposite message,advertisements that push you to spend more.

14Though sometimes disguised,the messages are everywhere we look…(Para.4) Meaning:Though these messages are sometimes subtle and change in form,they can be found everywhere we live.

15Advertisements invade our daily lives.We are constantly surrounded by the message to spend,spend,spend.(Para.4)

Meaning:Our daily lives are flooded with advertisements.Very often we find ourselves enclosed by advertisements that lure us into spending.

16It’s been calculated that by the age of18,the average American will have seen 600,000ads;by the age of40,the total is almost one million.(Para.5)

Meaning beyond words:Americans grow up seeing countless advertisements,and this continues throughout their life time.

17Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our

vacation.(Para.5)

Meaning beyond words:Advertisements are everywhere and have invaded people’s everyday lives.

18There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy!(Para.5)

Meaning:There are plenty of ideas of what to buy and how to spend money.

19Now,of course,we don’t remember exactly what the products were,but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness,“It’s good to satisfy your desires.You should have what you want.You deserve the best.So,you should buy it–now!”(Para.5)

Meaning beyond words:Advertisements are very effective in talking people into buying things.Though it’s hard to remember all of the products in advertisements,these messages have already been hammered into our heads.The messages tell us that we deserve the best and we are entitled to what we want.

20A famous advertisement said it perfectly,“I love me.I’m a good friend to myself.

I do what makes me feel good.I derive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them.I used to put things off.Not anymore.Today I’ll buy new ski equipment, look at new compact cars,and buy that camera I’ve always wanted.I live my dreams today,not tomorrow.”(Para.5)

Meaning beyond words:The advertisement is trying to send out the message:It is not wrong for people to be self-centered and buy everything they want right now.Enjoy life today!The underlying purpose is to persuade people to spend.

21What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages?What are the psychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spending habits?(Para.6)

Meaning beyond words:Since people are surrounded by these contradictory but clear messages,there must be some psychological and social consequences.For instance, some people may spend more while others may save more,depending on how much they get influenced.

22On one hand,we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite.Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves.(Para.6)

Meaning:Most of us become happy when we treat ourselves,so we always want to have more things to satisfy our material desires.

23On the other hand,a little voice inside us echoes those upright messages:“Watch out,take stock of your life,don’t let your attention get scattered.Postpone your desires.Don’t fall into debt.Wait!Retain control over your own life.It will make you stronger.”(Para.6)

Meaning beyond words:From a more traditional point of view,we should be cautious about spending money.We should be focused on our life in order not to fall into debt. Being in control of our life will make us stronger.

24Anyway,many of the skills you need as successful student can be applied to your finances.Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of your university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. (Para.7)

Meaning beyond words:It is not difficult to avoid a financial disaster if you apply the skills you already have for being a successful student.Be aware that financial stability is of crucial importance to your college life since money worries could bring you down.

25They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on your prime objective:successfully completing your education.(Para.7)

Meaning:Money worries can make you feel terrible and distract you from your main objective:successfully completing your education at college.

Usage note:hinder,prevent

hinder和prevent都有“阻碍；阻止”之意，都可以用于hinder/prevent sb.from doing sth.结构，但两者有区别。

1)hinder表示“使…受阻；使…做起来困难”（make sth.difficult）。例如：

His poor health hindered him from going to work daily.(=He continued to work but with difficulty.)身体欠佳让他每天上班很困难。

2)prevent表示“使…不发生；使…不做”(make sth.impossible)。例如：

His poor health prevented him from going to work.(=He stopped working.)他的健康不佳，令他无法外出工作。

26How can you be a smart and educated consumer?Many schools,community organizations,and even some banks offer financial literacy classes.(Para.8) Meaning:To become a consumer who is clever and acquires relevant knowledge,you can take some financial literacy classes where you learn basic concepts of finance.These courses are offered by many schools,community organizations and some banks.

27Consider consulting with your school’s financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget.(Para.8)

Meaning:In planning how to use your money wisely,you may discuss your financial situation with your school’s financial aid office or get advice from your parents as well as from respected others.

28An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs.(Para.8)

Meaning:Another choice is to find a partner who can help you stay in the right direction of your own financial management and get pleasure from doing it.

29Most importantly,if you find yourself getting into financial trouble,don’t let your ego get in your way;urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles.(Para.8)

Meaning:The most important thing is not to feel embarrassed to ask for help if you find yourself getting into financial trouble,and you should do it quickly to retain control and avoid breaking the law.

30As you learn to balance spending and saving,you will become the captain of your own ship,steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.(Para.9)

Meaning:When you learn to keep a balance between spending and saving,you are in control of your own financial situation,and which will lead you to a successful and productive life despite the twists and turns on your way to the financial goal.

Note:Here“the captain of your own ship”is figuratively used.It compares your capability to balance spending and saving to the situation of sailing in the sea.If you are in control of your financial situation,you,the captain,can surely steer your own ship of life smoothly.

高英第2课课文

Marrakech George Orwell As the corpse went past the flies left the resta urant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but t hey came back a few minutes later. The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boy s, no women--threaded their way across the market p lace between the piles of pomegranates and the taxi s and the camels, walling a short chant over an d over again. What really appeals to the flies i s that the corpses here are never put into coffin s, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag an d carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulder s of four friends. When the friends get to the bu rying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or tw o deep, dump the body in it and fling over i t a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which i s like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no id entifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is m erely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derel

新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解

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Unit1 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is li kely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace

新视野大学英语第二册课文原文

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