business ethics

Fight Against Corruption

——A case study of GSK Scandal

I.Introduction

With the implementation in many countries of new laws criminalizing corruption, everybody knows that corruption of civil servants is strictly forbidden, but there is an increasing incidence that officials, serving in political field or in business field, abuse their entrusted power for personal reasons at the cost of being dismissed and prosecuted, even though they know it can take years to a build a reputation of ethics and integrity, and only one bad decision can quickly erode hard-won credibility. From a risk assessment point of view, a bribery deal is actually taking a “casino risk”, it can hardly be defended because there will be no legal evidence of the result of the bribery contract, but on the other hand, it can increase lots of business profits once “succeed”. We know that business ethics aims at increase business profits, which can be achieved by “corruption” t oo, while corruptions against the essence of business ethics, so there may exists a paradox – since business ethics has the same ends with “corruption” in some ways, why they contradict each other?

II.Definition

The definition of corruption is claimed first. There is no globally accepted definition of corruption. Transparency International defines corruption as …the abuse of entrusted power for personal gain?. Generally speaking, corruption is the abuse of bestowed power or position to acquire a personal benefit, the main forms of corruption are bribery, embezzlement, fraud and extortion. A commentary noted that a typical form of corruption is collusion, businessman bribed officials with money or other benefits, and officials explicitly or implicitly give economic facilitation to merchants.

III.C ase Study ----GSK scandal

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is Britain?s biggest d rug maker. In 2013 British pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was hit hard by a Chinese probe into alleged bribery.

1.Snapshot

Chinese authorities found GSK guilty of bribing both hospitals and doctors to help

promote their products in China, using a network of nearly seven hundred travel agencies to pay medical professionals, health-related organizations, and government officials. GSK?s Chinese subsidiary is accused of funneling almost $500 million in bribes to doctors and hospitals in China in exchange for purchasing or prescribing the company?s products.The alleged bribes included sexual favors, cash, and invitations to join high-end academic conferences. GSK employees also allegedly accepted kickbacks and improper commission fees, issued fake invoices, and wrote special bills related to the value-added tax.

At first, GSK denied any involvement in the bribes. Then, after an internal investigation, GSK admitted that certain executives acted independently in ways that broke Chinese law. (Rajagopalan) Chinese television even went so far as to air an alleged confession of one of the four senior GSK executives under investigation of how the scheme relied on “fake conferences and travel agencies to create receipts for services that were never perfo rmed.” (Thompson) GSK denies the sums of money are as high as Chinese officials suggest.

Chinese authorities have detained GSK employees and medical personnel, including four senior Chinese GSK executives, in connection with the scandal. Among the detaine d executives is GSK?s Chinese legal director, Zhao Hongyan.

2.Corruption is “a good and necessary way” for profits

It seemed that corruption do good for getting business profits. Back to the history of GSK, it can be find that this is not the first time for GSK to be into the bribery scandal. GSK paid the US authorities for fined and made a record of $ 3 billion in 2012, for their marketing in the area of fraud bill. According to the established facts, the performance of GSK incidence in China executives "organized, premeditated, or both together bribery", the process is also suspected of tax evasion, which shows commercial bribery has been by no means an individual or accidental , while having a normalization feature. It can?t be denied that this scandal d efinitely created good market conditions in China, which is a good way to achieve business goal----more and more profits.

In a fully competitive market environment, enterprises are facing business competition counterparts, the influence of intense competition among enterprises, there may transfer to employees at all levels, through various channels, so that competition are everywhere. It is understood that, as the protagonist of this bribery door of GSK, is one of the first multinational companies to invest in China R & D, so far, GSK invested alleged drug development has reached $ 150 million, but due to product mix and business model and other reasons, it did not enter the forefront of the prescription drug market in China competition for Chinese diabetes drug market. GlaxoSmithKline against old rivals the giant Eli Lilly in the United States and is close to fierce Sanofi Ann Companies combat; in the respiratory system drug market, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis struggled, for the fight, "a brother" status.

Unfortunately, bribery and corruption is the only way China's health care system to obtain the funds it needs. Without this form of bribery and other illegal funds, China's health care system either collapse or fall into debt. As GSK unmasked today, we cannot simply be attributable to "deform action" under the pressure of competition, but if push down the process from the results, it can be assumed that, once the competition culture cannot produce enough unifying force, once the Company's internal control and compliance review failures, competition format and the results are inevitable alienation, commercial bribery is only this alienation of “clinical performance”.

Although GSK to the world has always emphasized that “the performance of the business must be based on high business ethics as a precondition”, the corporate values, but after a few rounds down, it was found that its market-competitive behavior are conflict to promote business ethics, which makes the discussion that when facing market competition culture, whether the company can withstand the pressure, avoiding the “corruption for business p r ofits”.

3.Failure is the only outcome

On the one hand, the consequences of the bribery scandal had a net negative impact on many people especially patients who carried most of the cost of corruption. The bribes caused many doctors to prescribe certain medications when they should have prescribed others, and it?s caused certain patients to receive better treatment than others.

On the other hand, relying on the acceptance of bribes or other illegal means to increase the cost of goods sold in China may be quite high. Under the fierce competitive pressures, hospital administrators and doctors in order to increase sales and expand market share, large pharmaceutical companies may have no choice but to bribe government officials. However, doing so is not only a violation of the company's governance and regulatory compliance procedures, and more troublingly, the law of its home country and the host country.

In addition, the scandal has caused serious setbacks expansion strategy in China GSK markets. Since the government probe continues, the opponents seize its market share. GlaxoSmithKline product sales resulted in a decline, from 25 percent the previous. Since GSK has acknowledged its wrongdoing in China, and its overseas practices facing investigation by the US and British authorities, which may lead to further and more severe punishment. GlaxoSmithKline has been a huge hit in the United States next ─ fines in 2012, it paid $ 3 billion for settlement.

IV.Conclusion

Going for the business profits is the only goal for a company. Corruption helps getting money and chance in the short-term while ignoring the long run benefits,

such as social image, corporate reputation, potential customers, etc. is actually break business ethics. So in this way, fight against corruption is accord with the essence of business ethics. Corruption does not only affect the people who are directly associated with the act. It will affect the behavior of a large segment of society. Even when others are doing bad things, do it yourself will only make the problem worse operation.

And perhaps most importantly, companies must ensure that compliance is ingrained in the corporate culture of their Chinese subsidiaries. Ultimately, any in-house counsel is powerless to insist upon compliance with anti-corruption laws unless top-level managers throughout the organization are committed to a policy of zero tolerance for bribery. In the longer term companies are advised to implement an anti-corruption program which incorporates the joint guidance issued by the US Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”)and the UK government?s guidance on adequate procedures under the Bribery Act.

V.International laws and practice

1.United Nations Convention against Corruption（31/10/2003）

The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is a multilateral convention negotiated by members of the United Nations. It is the first global legally binding international anti-corruption instrument. UNCAC covers five main areas: preventive measures, criminalization and law enforcement, international cooperation, asset recovery, and technical assistance and information exchange. It includes both mandatory and non-mandatory provisions.

The agreement on asset recovery is considered a major breakthrough and many observers claim that it is one of the reasons why so many developing countries have signed UNCAC. Asset recovery is indeed a very important issue for many developing countries where high-level corruption has plundered the national wealth. Reaching an agreement on this Chapter involved intensive negotiations, as the legitimate interests of countries wishing to recover illicit assets had to be reconciled with the legal and procedural safeguards of the countries from which assistance will be sought. Generally, in the course of the negotiations, countries seeking to recover assets sought to establish presumptions that would make clear their ownership of the assets and give priority for return over other means of disposal. Countries from which the return was likely to be sought, on the other hand, had concerns about the language that might have compromised basic human rights and procedural protections associated with criminal liability and the freezing, seizure, forfeiture and return of such assets.

Chapter V of UNCAC establishes asset recovery as a "fundamental principle" of the Convention. The provisions on asset recovery lay a framework, in both civil and

criminal law, for tracing, freezing, forfeiting and returning funds obtained through corrupt activities. The requesting state will in most cases receive the recovered funds as long as it can prove ownership. In some cases, the funds may be returned directly to individual victims.

2.The United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The FCPA is the most well-known of the anti-corruption legislation that has, in recent years, been proliferating around the world. The FCPA has two primary provisions, the first prohibits bribery of foreign (that is, non-US) public officials, for the purpose of corruptly influencing the official to assist in obtaining business. The second provision requires publicly traded companies to maintain accurate books and records and to adopt internal financial controls. The US Department of Justice(DOJ) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have criminal and civil enforcement authority over the FCPA. Both agencies have highly centralized, well-funded, and dedicated units that focus exclusively on FCPA enforcement. As a result of their efforts, the US has literally collected billions of dollars in fines, disgorgements, forfeitures, and other sanctions. Many US and foreign nationals are now serving significant prison sentences as well.

Though focused on “public” corruption outside of the United States, the FCPA has a staggering reach. The anti-bribery provision governs (i) all US Persons (citizen or resident, individual or entity), (ii) all agents or subsidiaries (whether US or foreign and whether the agency is formal or informal) of those US Persons, (iii) and all foreign persons (individual or entity) that cause, directly or indirectly, any act within the territorial borders of the United States that furthers any corrupt conduct in violation of the FCPA. 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1, 2 and 3. There is no need for any of the purported offenders to have ever been in the United States, they merely need to have caused an act, even an otherwise legal one, furthers corrupt activity. The specific conduct prohibited under the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA is giving or promising “something of value” to a “government official” in exchange for “corruptly” inducing that official to use his or her official position to “obtain or retain business. . .” or to obtain any “improper [business] advantage.” Id. The US government has successfully prosecuted cases in which the thing “of value” was as direct as a cash payment and as in definite and vague as “an opportunity.” Moreover, the definition of “government official” is extraordinarily broad. The DOJ and the SEC assert that this covers all levels of foreign or international government personnel (and officials of foreign political parties), from an engineer in a city planning department to the Prime Minister, and any person who works for any foreign government owned business, such as a public hospital or a telecommunications company.

References

Jack, Andrew, Patrick Jenkins, and David Oakley. “GlaxoSmithKline China Sales Face Growing Pressure –https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da11779973.html,.”Financial Times. Financial Times LTD, 23 Sept. 2013. Web. 18 July 2014.

Shobert, Benjamin. “Three Ways To Understand GSK?s China Scandal.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 04 Sept. 2013. Web. 25 June 2014.

(Second Source from) Hatton, Celia. “How Serious Is China on Corruption?” BBC News. BBC News, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 25 June 2014.

Martin Rogers, Bernard Chen Zhu and Jianwei (Jerry) Fang, Davis Polk & Wardwell, Hong Kong

Business against corruption Case stories and examples, Implementation of the 10th United Nations Global Compact Principle against corruption

https://https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da11779973.html,/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption https://https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da11779973.html,/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act

Global Anti-Corruption Laws- Dentons

Ethics in Business - Technip

Business Anti-Corruption Portal

Phoenix Finance

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制造业项目与项目管理方法-培训教材

第一讲制造业项目与项目管理方法（上） 前言 20世纪，项目管理学科的应用领域已经从初期的航天、国防、建筑等个别行业拓展到制造、信息、流通、服务、软件、金融等各个行业，甚至政府、机关的政务和事务管理。这是由于组织的经营或运作管理面临着前所未有的挑战。政治变革、经济波动、科学发展、技术革命、市场竞争、法规变化、产品更新等一系列变化因素，使组织处于剧烈动荡的经营或运行管理环境和面临前途未卜的发展变革风险。 制造业的发展趋势 为了应对上述环境条件变化，组织的经营或运作管理不再仅仅局限在以往的重复性连续过程活动，组织中的一次性过程活动，即项目活动，既有数量的增加也有幅度的增强。 （一）项目和项目管理 项目的定义是“创造独特产品或服务的一次性活动”，项目的特点是“具体”的目标体系、“暂态”的活动排列、“系统”的人物组合、“变易”的过程演化和“独特”的发展结果。 项目管理是“将相关知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项目活动以满足项目的要求”。项目管理的对象是新系统、新体系和新过程的建立活动或对已经存在的系统、体系、过程的改善活动，是研究发展、变化和改革的规律和方法。 由于现代制造方式正在从单品种大批量的重复性制造方式向多品种小批量的适应性制造方式发展，从而为项目管理学科提供了坚实的应用基础、广泛的应用市场和巨大的发展空间。这也是2000年以来项目管理能够在制造业形成应用热潮的根本原因。 （二）制造方式的演变 新制造方式是对原有制造方式的继承和发展而不是替代，这意味着现代制造业仅仅具有单项优势还不够，在成本、质量、实现能力和前置时间方面都要表现优秀。即多快好省(Cheaper , Better, Variable and Faster)。 图1-1 制造方式的演变 制造业的制造方式及特点 不同类别的制造业会显示出不同的生产方式及特点。

Business Ethics

Content 1.0Introduction of the Companies and Industry............................1~2 1.1History (1) 1.2Product and services........................................................1~2 2.0 Evaluation of business practices on ethical aspects................3~5 2.1Positive ethical aspect.....................................................3~4 2.2Negative ethical aspect (5) 3.0Application of 4 relevant Ethical Theories in analysis............6~9 3.1Ethics of Right (6) 3.2Ethics of Justice (7) 3.3Utilitarianism (8) 3.4Ethics of virtue (9) 4.0References (10)

1.0Introduction of the Companies and Industry 1.1 History BANK OF CHINA (BOC) found by Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai, which established in 1912, is one of China’s oldest banks. (bank of china, Retrieved on November 14, 2014, from: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/da11779973.html,/aboutboc/ab1/) Since China's reform and opening up, BANK OF CHINA hold countries use foreign capital and advanced technology to speed up the economic development the historical opportunity, given full play to the unique advantages of foreign exchange operations for a long time, became the main channel of the nation's utilization of foreign capital. In August 2004, the BANK OF CHINA co. LTD. was founded. Between June and July, 2006, the BANK OF CHINA successively on the Hong Kong stock exchange and Shanghai stock exchange listed success, to become the first domestic "A + H" offering Chinese commercial Banks. In 2013, the BANK OF CHINA in global systemically important Banks again, become the emerging market economies in financial institutions within three consecutive years. 1.2 Product and services BANK OF CHINA service as the main business of commercial bank, which are including company financial business, personal financial business, capital business, financial institutionsbusiness and so on.

(项目管理)制造业项目管理

（项目管理）制造业项目管 理

制造业项目管理 第一讲制造业项目与项目管理方法（上） 前言 20世纪，项目管理学科的应用领域已经从初期的航天、国防、建筑等个别行业拓展到制造、信息、流通、服务、软件、金融等各个行业，甚至政府、机关的政务和事务管理。这是由于组织的经营或运作管理面临着前所未有的挑战。政治变革、经济波动、科学发展、技术革命、市场竞争、法规变化、产品更新等一系列变化因素，使组织处于剧烈动荡的经营或运行管理环境和面临前途未卜的发展变革风险。 制造业的发展趋势 为了应对上述环境条件变化，组织的经营或运作管理不再仅仅局限在以往的重复性连续过程活动，组织中的一次性过程活动，即项目活动，既有数量的增加也有幅度的增强。 （一）项目和项目管理 项目的定义是“创造独特产品或服务的一次性活动”，项目的特点是“具体”的目标体系、“暂态”的活动排列、“系统”的人物组合、“变易”的过程演化和“独特”的发展结果。 项目管理是“将相关知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项目活动以满足项目的要求”。项目管理的对象是新系统、新体系和新过程的建立活动或对已经存在的系统、体系、过程的改善活动，是研究发展、变化和改革的规律和方法。 由于现代制造方式正在从单品种大批量的重复性制造方式向多品种小批量的适应性制造方式发展，从而为项目管理学科提供了坚实的应用基础、广泛的应用市场和巨大的发展空间。这也是2000年以来项目管理能够在制造业形成应用热潮的根本原因。 （二）制造方式的演变 新制造方式是对原有制造方式的继承和发展而不是替代，这意味着现代制造业仅仅具有单项优势还不够，在成本、质量、实现能力和前置时间方面都要表现优秀。即多快好省(Cheaper , Better, Variable and Faster)。 图1-1 制造方式的演变

Code of Ethics for a Business企业的道德规范

Code of Ethics for a Business企业的道德规范 By Maurice Moss Do companies have a moral compass? Often leaders try to impart their philosophy about business to employees in an annual address or a global email. This type of communication is good, but not frequent enough to offer consistent guidance. This is where a company code of ethics is useful. Employees can refer to this manual at anytime for guidance on appropriate business conduct. Significance Industries with high incidents of fraud and abuse benefit from a code of ethics. The home care industry suffered from widespread fraud and abuse at one time. The utilization of patient visits far exceeded what was appropriate to take care of the patient. The government subsequently implemented compliance programs for all agencies. Many agencies went a step further and created customized codes of ethics that served as guides for employees in administering care. Features A good code of ethics plan is reviewed by all employees and stakeholders within a company. They are also very clear in scope and duties. There should be little room for interpretation in any plan. Employees should walk away knowing that when there is a problem related to how company business is conducted, this tool will provide an answer. Time Frame All code of ethics plans need to have a set date where they are reviewed for updates. Depending on the industry, this could be annually or every five years. Government legislation and societal trends may affect some of the guidance within a code of ethics plan. All stakeholders should be clear on exactly when a code of ethics plan is effective. This is as simple as placing an effective date range at the beginning of the written document. Warning Failure to implement a code of ethics may result in confusion throughout the company. A bank, for example, may fail to communicate a code of ethics for loan officers. As a result, some loan officers may process loans that pass official requirements while the loan officers may have knowledge of the applicant's pending termination. Pressure to perform well may delude the officer's ethics related to appropriate loan procedures. A code of ethics is there to provide a clear stance on where the company is on these types of issues. Theories/Speculation Most companies want to believe that they hire ethically sound employees. They fail to implement these types of plans because they don't want to bring light to negative issues that have occurred in the past. In both cases, this is akin to placing one's head in the sand. A code of ethics is a good move for any company regardless as to whether incidents How to Build Business Ethics如何建立企业伦理 By Sheila Shanker Since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, passed as a response to the Enron scandal, ethics has become a very important subject in the business world. Even though the Act related to mostly public firms, many smaller businesses have embraced ethics as a guide to their operations, helping to promote goodwill. Businesses may have an informal sense of ethics, such as the accepted behavior in the workplace; however, making it "official" can help firms build a good reputation

制造业经典案例分析

对于制造业给出150个案例的分析，可以结合自己的实际去联想、分析，以达到举一反三的作用。 【案例1】 某涂料厂生产丙烯酸系列内、外墙涂料，质检科长说他们的产品分别执行国家关于内、外墙涂料的两份通用标准。但是该厂涂料有十多个品种，其产品说明书声称各种指标参数分别高于国家标准的规定，并且价格也高低相差十余倍。 该厂提供了每年按国家标准规定做的型式试验报告，但没有说明是送哪个品种去做的型式试验，报告仅记录了按国标要求各项参数结论为“合格”，但没有提供高于国家标准要求的试验证据。 质检科长说：“涂料检测站都是只按上述两份国家标准检测的。” 审核员问：“你们没有针对不同的涂料制定企业标准吗？” 质检科长：“没有。” 案例分析： 由于该厂涂料品种有十余种，价格也相差十余倍，可见产品的性能肯定也有很大差别，而且该厂对外声称其产品性能高于国家标准，就应拿出高于国家标准的证据。对这些产品的型式试验就应该按高于国家标准的要求来做，因为国家标准不能覆盖这些产品的要求。企业应该制定高于国家标准的企业标准，并按企业标准要求进行型式试验。本案违反了标准“8.2.4产品的监视和测量”规定的“组织应对产品的特性进行监视和测量，以验证产品要求得到满足。这种监视和测量应依据策划的安排，在产品实现过程的适当阶段进行。” 【案例2】 某公司新产品研制均由产品设计工艺负责人负责，从研制到投产所有技术问题均由他一个人负责。 审核员想了解对产品工艺的有关规定，开发部经理说：“这些东西都在产品设计工艺负责人脑子里，为了保密，只在个人的笔记本里有记录，没有整理成文件。” 审核员要求索看笔记本，经理拿来一个项目的笔记本，审核员看到上面密密麻麻写了很多的内容，多是平时做试验的记录，没有一定的格式。 审核员问开发部经理：“你看得明白吗？” 经理说：“都是当事人自己记的，我一般不看他们的记录，一切由产品设计工艺负责人自己负责”。

制造业项目管理基本知识

5.方茴说：“那时候我们不说爱，爱是多么遥远、多么沉重的字眼啊。我们只说喜欢，就算喜欢也是偷偷摸摸的。” 6.方茴说：“我觉得之所以说相见不如怀念，是因为相见只能让人在现实面前无奈地哀悼伤痛，而怀念却可以把已经注定的谎言变成童话。” 7.在村头有一截巨大的雷击木，直径十几米，此时主干上唯一的柳条已经在朝霞中掩去了莹光，变得普普通通了。 8.这些孩子都很活泼与好动，即便吃饭时也都不太老实，不少人抱着陶碗从自家出来，凑到了一起。 9.石村周围草木丰茂，猛兽众多，可守着大山，村人的食物相对来说却算不上丰盛，只是一些粗麦饼、野果以及孩子们碗中少量的肉食。 1.“噢，居然有土龙肉，给我一块！” 2.老人们都笑了，自巨石上起身。而那些身材健壮如虎的成年人则是一阵笑骂，数落着自己的孩子，拎着骨棒与阔剑也快步向自家中走去。 制造业项目管理基本知识 课程背景： 世界500强企业中，超过80%的企业运用项目管理 (Project Management Methodology) 的方法进行企业运作管理 (包括 G.E, Flextronic, Motorola 等)，而中国的制造业，却不到10%的企业了解项目管理，更少于1%的企业真正运用项目管理……项目如果缺乏科学的管理，您的企业将遭遇到： ·产品开发周期长 (Prolonged R&D Cycle) 而失控，市场压力下匆匆量产，生产不顺，品质不稳 ·项目成本 (Confusing Costing Methods) 不清晰，成本控制难以下手，赚不赚钱难以界定 ·制造周期长，反应速度慢 (Long Lead Time, Low Reponses) ·交货不准时，客户投诉多 (Late Delivery, Customer Complaints) 曾任500强企业专家将全面教授如何引入项目管理的方法，培养合格的项目管理人才…… 培训目标： ·制造业项目管理基本知识，了解项目制管理与传统的制造业管理的区别；掌握制造业项目制管理组织 结构设计方法及运营管理体系； ·学习制造业项目报价分析模式，让项目赢在起跑线上 ·掌握制造业项目管理的寿命期阶段管理方法，塑造以客户为导向的工厂运营管理； ·系统学习项目开发阶段的过程管理（EVT/DVT/PVT/MP ）；掌握项目成熟开发体系的管理要领，让项目赢在开发、设计．．．．．． ·学习量产管理中项目运营管理方法及核心运营指标管理，让项目经理（负责人）成为一个合格的“微 型工厂”总经理； ·全面剖析项目成本结构，运用精益思想和方法降低项目成本，提升项目（产品）的综合赢利能力。 课程大纲： 第一部分：项目管理基础 （第一天：9:00-12:00） ·项目管理的起源及其发展 ·项目管理的概念及定义 ·项目管理的重要性分析 ·从制造业面临的困境看项目管理 ·通过项目责任制改善制造业内部管理 ·制造业项目管理的动因及目标 ·传统组织形式在开发项目管理中面临困境分析:部门协作障碍、进度失控、质量失控…… ·产品开发过程中实施项目管理的优势分析 ·矩阵式项目组织架构设计要点

制造业项目管理

制造业项目管理 项目管理如何正确、适度地应用于制造业?在制造业以职能组织为主，及大规模、重复生产的企业形态下，怎么做才能发挥项目管理的专业优势?更好地经营制造业环境下的项目，提高企业的运营效率与经济效益。本文将从项目环境、组织体制、计划编制与实施、风险控制、沟通管理、业绩考核等角度，探讨适用于制造业的项目管理方式，从项目管理这个切入点来带动企业的整体进步，从而作为企业管理的一种辅助管理技术，切实地起到项目管理所具有的作用，服务于企业经营的革新发展的要求。 项目管理以其临时性、独特性的特点，更多被适用于建筑、工程、IT等领域，并通过其先进、有效的管理方式，促进了这些领域的进一步发展。作为更广阔的制造业领域，本身也有很多项目管理的需求，但其管理方式很多仍以传统的职能管理为主，从而不能将该项目的管理优势发挥到最大化，也影响到项目的最终成果。如何用项目管理的方法，管理制造业环境下的项目，是摆在制造业中项目管理者前面的一个课题。下面笔者结合自身在制造业环境下的项目管理实践，从以下几个方面，谈一下自己的看法。 一、营造一个有利于项目推行的环境 一个有助于项目管理运用的企业环境，是项目赢得成功的必要条件之一，项目环境的土壤是项目这棵树苗能获得多少营养的先天条件，在传统的制造业中，培育一个适合项目成长的环境，是项目开始之时就要着力的事情。 管理层重视。制造业的项目的发起人，多是企业的领导层，获得企业领导的积极支持，使其认识到项目管理技术能够提高效率，推进企业管理水平升级，并为企业带来效益，这些积极因素会促使管理层主动运用项目管理的理念和方法去推进项目，为项目的资源配置提供了保证，领导的示范带头作用也为项目的顺利推进提供了组织保障，上行下效，项目的利害干系人也运用项目管理的方法的话，整个项目团队将得到有机融合。 项目管理知识的普及，项目管理人才的培养，也是项目成功开始前的先决条件。项目是由人推动的，只有项目的推进者掌握了项目管理方法，才能结合实际去运用，所以首先在组织内要培养项目管理的专业人才或者带头人，以此为支点，在企业内进行项目管理知识的普及，从理念上使大家接受它，看到将其运用到项目上所能发挥的优点，并自觉推广使用，尤其是项目团队的成员，都要求掌握。具有共通的职业语言，沟通会便捷许多，也会减少因对不同职业语言的理解而产生的误解，而对工作产生的不利影响，也不致于把过多的时间浪费于解释上面。 主动运用项目管理技术解决实际问题，通过实际成效，来验证项目管理的使用价值，从而推动将项目管理技术借鉴和运用到更多的项目中去，为企业带来切切实实的效益。

项目管理案例

1.西游记：古代最成功的项目管理案例 古代有一个最成功的项目团队，那就是西游记的取经团队。为了完成西天取经任务，组成取经团队，成员有唐僧、孙悟空、猪八戒、沙和尚。其中唐僧是项目经理、孙悟空是技术核心、猪八戒和沙和尚是普通团员。这个团队的高层领导是观音。 团队的组成很有意思，唐僧作为项目经理PM，有很坚韧的品性和极高的原则性，不达目的不罢休，又有很得上司支持和赏识(直接得到唐太宗的任命，既给袈裟，又给金碗；又得到以观音为首的各路神仙的广泛支持和帮助)。 沙和尚言语不多，任劳任怨，承担了项目中挑担这种粗笨无聊的工作。猪八戒这个成员，看起来好吃懒做，贪财好色，又不肯干活，最多牵一下马，好像留在团队里没有什么用处，其实他的存在还是有很大用处的，因为他性格开朗，能够接受任何批评而毫无负担压力，在项目组中承担了润滑油的作用。 最关键的还是孙悟空，由于孙悟空是这个取经团队里的核心，但是他的性格极为放荡，回想他那大闹天空的历史，恐怕作为普通人来说没有人会让这种人呆在团队里，但是取经项目要想成功实在缺不了这个人，只好采用些手腕来收复他。这些手段是，首先，把他给弄得很惨(压在五指山下500年，整天喝铜汁铁水)；在他绝望的时候，又让项目经理去解救他于水火之中以使他心存感激；当然光收买人心是不够的，还要给他许诺美好的愿景(取完经后高升为正牌仙人)；当然最主要的是为了让项目经理可以直接控制好他，给他戴个紧箍，不听话就念咒惩罚他。 孙悟空毕竟是牛人，承担了取经项目中的赶妖除魔的绝大多数重要任务，虽然是个难于管束的主，不能只用手段来约束他，这时猪八戒的作用就出来了，在孙悟空苦恼的时候，上司不能得罪，沙和尚这种老实人又不好伤害，只好通过戏弄猪八戒来排除心中的郁闷，反正猪八戒是个乐天派，任何的指责都不会放在心上。 在取经的项目实施的过程中，除了自己的艰辛劳动外，这个团队非常善于利用外部的资源，只要有问题搞不定，马上向领导汇报(主要是直接领导观音)，或

经商和道德BusinessandEthics(大学英语作文)

经商和道德Busi ness and Ethics 大学英语作文 Most people lear n from the TV series that bus in essme n are mea n and immoral, they can do what they want in order to achieve the biggest profit. In reality, some bus in essma n in deed chase for the possible profit at the cost of being lack of ethics, while others believe that bus in ess ethics helps further success. I agree with the latter. 大部分人从电视剧上了解到商人是自私和不道德的，他们为了达到最大的利润，可以不惜一切手段。在现实生活中，一些商人确实为了追求利润，以道德的确实为代价，然而另外一些人相信商业道德能让他们得到更大的成功。我同意后者。Bus in ess ethics helps a compa ny to keep long term cooperative relati on ship with employees and customers. First, some bosses to get more in comes at the basis of reduc ing the employees ' wellbe in g, it will cause the employees get dissatisfied with the company and they come to job-hopping, then the company need to recruit ano ther new employees, retrain them aga in, it will cost time and waste resources, the company can ' t run well during the unstable change. Second, if a company has a good

商务英语 案例篇_西南财经大学_2 Unit2BusinessEthics_(2.4.1) 2.4Powe

Unit 2 Business Ethics Doing Well by Doing Good 谢娟 Joanne 西南财经大学· 经贸外语学院 School of Foreign Languages for Business, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics 中国大学MOOC

Learning Objectives ?Case study: IBM social responsibility-the CSC assignment ?Business study: Attaining sustainable growth through corporate social responsibility ?Language study: Words and expressions related to business ethics

To love our neighbor as ourselves is such a truth for regulating human society, that by that alone one might determine all the cases in social morality. ?John Locke 1632-1704 British philosopher

Doing Well by Doing Good Is business ethics an oxymoron? Make profit vs. Give back

制造业项目管理

制造业项目管理1.针对学生市场的100美元笔记本电脑属于：1.A新技术产品 2.B新市场产品 3.C新型号产品 4.D新品种产品 正确 2.制造业的核心过程是： 1.A管理 2.B产品实现 3.C资源 4.D度量和改善 正确 3.投资机会和预研阶段的重点问题： 1.A侧重方向性和战略性 2.B侧重方向性和战术性 3.C侧重方案性和战术性

4.D侧重方案性和战略性 正确 4.饱和市场需要使用的预测方法是： 1.A等增量预测 2.B相关回归预测 3.C曲线拟合方法 4.D龚帕兹函数预测 正确 5.启动阶段和计划阶段费用管理的主要内容是：1.A估算、概算、配置资源和编制预算 2.B申请费用 3.C控制支出 4.D稽核费用 正确 6.结束阶段费用管理的主要内容是： 1.A估算、概算、配置资源和编制预算 2.B申请费用

3.C合同结算和竣工决算 4.D稽核费用 正确 7.决定项目程度的本源是： 1.A数量 2.B交付期 3.C产品配置的变化 4.D管理水平 正确 8.根据ICRMOT的TIER划分方法，TIER3集中在：1.A院校 2.B中小企业 3.C研究所 4.D大型企业集团 正确 9.显示器的平面化改善、分辨率的均匀度改善属于：1.A新技术产品

2.B新市场产品 3.C新型号产品 4.D新品种产品 正确 10.可行性研究阶段的重点问题：1.A侧重方向性和战略性 2.B侧重方向性和战术性 3.C侧重方案性和战术性 4.D侧重方案性和战略性 正确 11.仅适用于短期预测的方法是：1.A等增量预测 2.B相关回归预测 3.C曲线拟合方法 4.D龚帕兹函数预测 正确 12.项目管理的核心是：

第二课Business ethics

Business ethics 1 The social responsibility of business 1a Discussion ①Business is business ②Caveat emptor(Latin expression meaning‘let the buyer beware’) ③Companies have an obligation to maximize profits because shareholders expect the maximum return on their investments. ④All you have to do is adhere to conventional standards of morality. ⑤Your only ethical obligation is to act within the law. ⑥You should always apply your own personal ethical standards when doing business. ⑦ A company has responsibilities to its suppliers, its employees, the local community and society in general as well as to its shareholders. Which of the views expressed in the illustration do you agree with? 1b Reading Four of the views expressed opposite are referred to in the following text. Which are they? PROFITS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY In the 1920s, many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension funds, employee stock ownership, life insurance schemes, unemployment compensation funds, limitations on working hours, and high wages. They built houses, churches, schools and libraries, provided medical and legal services, and gave money to charities. Since this is fairly surprising behavior for business corporations, there must be a good explanation.

(项目策划)制造业项目与项目管理方法最全版

（项目管理）制造业项目与项目管理方法

第一讲制造业项目与项目管理方法（上） 前言 20世纪，项目管理学科的应用领域已经从初期的航天、国防、建筑等个别行业拓展到制造、信息、流通、服务、软件、金融等各个行业，甚至政府、机关的政务和事务管理。这是由于组织的经营或运作管理面临着前所未有的挑战。政治变革、经济波动、科学发展、技术革命、市场竞争、法规变化、产品更新等一系列变化因素，使组织处于剧烈动荡的经营或运行管理环境和面临前途未卜的发展变革风险。 制造业的发展趋势 为了应对上述环境条件变化，组织的经营或运作管理不再仅仅局限在以往的重复性连续过程活动，组织中的一次性过程活动，即项目活动，既有数量的增加也有幅度的增强。 （一）项目和项目管理 项目的定义是“创造独特产品或服务的一次性活动”，项目的特点是“具体”的目标体系、“暂态”的活动排列、“系统”的人物组合、“变易”的过程演化和“独特”的发展结果。 项目管理是“将相关知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项目活动以满足项目的要求”。项目管理的对象是新系统、新体系和新过程的建立活动或对已经存在的系统、体系、过程的改善活动，是研究发展、变化和改革的规律和方法。 由于现代制造方式正在从单品种大批量的重复性制造方式向多品种小批量的适应性制造方式发展，从而为项目管理学科提供了坚实的应用基础、广泛的应用市场和巨大的发展空间。这也是2000年以来项目管理能够在制造业形成应用热潮的根本原因。 （二）制造方式的演变 新制造方式是对原有制造方式的继承和发展而不是替代，这意味着现代制造业仅仅具有单项优势还不够，在成本、质量、实现能力和前置时间方面都要表现优秀。即多快好省(Cheaper,Better,VariableandFaster)。 图1-1制造方式的演变 制造业的制造方式及特点 不同类别的制造业会显示出不同的生产方式及特点。

business ethic 商业道德

LEC7-EMPLOYESS AS KEY STAKEHOLDER Q1:Employee rights & duties, ethics in global supply chains（Arnold & Bowie） ?Respect for persons Critics of sweatshops frequently ground their protests in appeals to human dignity and human rights. According to Kant: the second principle of his categorical imperative: respect for humanity→Persons ought to be respected because persons have dignity; they have dignity because they are capable of moral activity. Autonomous responsible beings are capable of making and following their laws, they are not simply subject to the casual laws of nature. Respecting people requires honoring their humanity, which is to say it requires treating them as ends in themselves. Respecting people also means that we can’t be indifferent to them. Indifference is a denial of respect. Hill argued that We have an obligation to be concerned with physical welfare of ppl and their moral well-being. It is these rational and moral capacities that distinguish ppl from animals. Ppl who are not free to develop these capacities may end up leading lives that are closer to animals than to moral beings. Applied Kran’s doctrine in the business context, specifically in the context of global manufacturing facilities, all global actors, including MNEs, have a moral obligation to respect basic human rights. Among the rights identified by the UN are: freedom from injustice and violations of the rule of law; freedom to decent好的work without exploitation; and the freedom to develop and realize one’s human potential. ?MNEs are morally responsible for the way their suppliers and subcontractors treat their workers. Because: 1.Concur: an MNE is composed of individual persons and, since persons are moral creatures, the actions of employees in an MNE are constrained by the categorical imperative. 2.Kant: individuals have unique duties as a result of their unique circumstance. One key feature in determining individual’s duty is the power they have to offer assistance. E.g.: a wealthy person has a duty of charity that in impoverished person lacks. Researchers noted the relationship of power between MNES and their subcontractors is significantly imbalanced in favor of MNES as more and more developing countries have sought to establish export sectors, local manufacturers are locked in fierce competition with one another. This resulting oversupply of export factories allow MNEs to move from one supplier to anther in search of the lowest price.Therefore, large MNEs have enormous power to dictate the price at which they will purchase goods.→MNEs are well positioned to help ensure that the employees of its business partners are respected because of this imbalance of power, in addition, MNEs can draw upon substantial economic resources, management expertise, and technical knowledge to assist their business partners in creating a respectful work environment ?MNEs have the following duties in their off-shore manufacturing facilities: 1.To ensure that local laws are followed ?It is commonplace for employer in developing nations to violate worker rights in the interest of economic efficiency and with the support of state institutions. Violating of laws relates to wages and benefits, forced overtime, health and safety, child labor, sexual harassment, discrimination, and environmental protection. ?The intentional violation of the legal rights of workers in the interest of economic efficiency is fundamentally incompatible with the duty of MNEs to respect workers. MNEs at least have a duty to ensure that their offshore factories and those of their suppliers and subcontractors are in full compliance with local laws.Also, MNEs rely on the rules of law to ensure the protection of their own interests (e.g. contract, property, copyrights). It is inconsistent for an MNE to permit the violation of the legal rights of workers while at the same time it demands it own rights to be protected. 2.To refrain from coercion抵制强迫 Here, we explore the requirement that we not use ppl as means. One common way of doing so recognized by Kant is coercion. Coercion is wrong because it treats the subjects of coercion as mere tools.