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英国文学 Geoffrey Chaucer[2]

英国文学 Geoffrey Chaucer[2]
英国文学 Geoffrey Chaucer[2]

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

Life

1.Rich life experience: a royal page, a soldier, a diplomat, a government official, a

courtier.

2.Wide range of learning: familiar with European languages, literature and culture,

Latin, French and Italian, had excellent knowledge of literature, law, science and medicine.

Literary career

1.French period (1360s-1372)

Chiefly under the influence of Medieval French literature;

“Romance of the Rose”

2.Italian period (1373-1385)

Influenced by Italian literature of early Renaissance; Dante (Divine Comedy), Boccaccio (Decameron), Petrarch

Triolus and Criseyde, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women

3.English period (1386-1400)

The Canterbury Tales, his masterpiece

The Canterbury Tales

I. Plot overview see 刘炳善P22

II. General Prologue

Framework, pilgrimage, the Tabard Inn, the Shrine of St. Thomas,

The pilgrims:from all walks of life, different in social position, personality, appearance, habit, manner, interest--—nearly all English classes are represented except the royalty and the serfs.

The story-telling game,

The portraits of the pilgrims, an excellent masterpiece of realistic character portrayal, the father of English realism;

The tales as diverse as the pilgrims: pious, profane, tender, rude and obscene, serious, humorous and funny;

Types of the tales: romances, moral stories, comedies, animal fables—

form: most written in verse heroic couplet

III. Social significance see刘炳善P24

IV. Chaucer’s language: late Middle English, simple and plain, vivid and exact Whan that Aprille with his showers swoote

The drought of Marche hath pierced to the root,

Chaucer as forerunner of English Renaissance:

a)free thinking permeate

b)belief in the right of man to earthly happiness

c)praise man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love for lif e,

d)opposed to the dogma of asceticism

Chaucer as father of English poetry:

1.He contributed a great deal to the establishment of English as the literary

language of England, based on London dialect.

2.He introduced from French poetry various rhymed metrical forms (especially the

heroic couplet”) to English poetry.

Opening passage of the General Prologue

As soon as April pierces to the root

The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shoot

Through every vein of sap with gentle showers

From whose engendering liqour spring the flowers;

When zephyrs have breathed softly all about

Inspiring every wood and field to sprout,

And in the zodiac the youthful sun

His journey halfway through the Ram has run;

When little birds are busy with their song

Who sleep with open eyes the whole night long

Life stirs their hearts and tingles in them so,

Then off pilgrims people long to go,

And palmers to set out for distant strands

And foreign shrines renowned in many lands.

And specially in England people ride

To Canterbury from every countryside

To visit there the blessed martyred saint

Who gave them strength when they were sick and faint.

In Southwark at the Tabard one spring day

It happened, as I stopped there on my way,

Myself a pilgrim with a heart devout

Ready for Canterbury to set out,

At night came all of twenty-nine assorted

Travelers, and to that same inn resorted,

Who by a turn of fortune chanced to fall

In fellowship together, and they were all

Pilgrims who had it in their minds to ride

Toward Canterbury. The stable doors were wide,

The rooms were large, and we enjoyed the best,

And shortly, when the sun had gone to rest,

I had so talked with each that presently

I was a member of their company

And promised to rise early the next day

To start, as I shall show, upon our way.

But none the less, while I have time and space,

Before this tale has gone a further pace,

I should in reason tell you the condition

Of each of them, his rank and his position,

And also what array they all were in;

And so then, with a knight I will begin.

Study of the opening passage(吴伟仁P45--46)

1.In spring when flowers grow and birds sing,people long to go on pilgrimage and the English particularly go to Canterbury,the shrine of St. Thomas.

2. The Ram (白羊宫): One of the signs of the zodiac (黄道带) through whose house

the sun passes between the middle of March and middle of April. (At another place the narrator gives the date as 18 April.)

3. So nature pricks them: so strongly are they moved by natural impulse.

4. Palmers (后来指Pilgrims): Pilgrims who wore a palm-leaf or branch in their hats,

in token of having visited the holy land.

April’s sweet showers have penetrated the dry earth of May, moistening the roots, which in turn coax flowers out of ground; Zephers, the warm gentle west wind, has breathed life into the fields; and the birds chirp merrily. We have a picture of the reawakening of the natural world, budding flowers, growing crops, singing birds. After a long sleep of winter, people began to stir, feeling the need to go on pilgrimage, a travel to holy place as a means of spiritual cleansing and renewal; people feel the need to get up, stretch their legs and see the world outside the window; pilgrimage combined spring vacations with religious purification.

The keynote is established in the opening passage: joyful, cheerful, light-hearted, optimistic, hopeful, lively.

The imagery in the opening passage is of spring’s renewal and rebirth.

The portrait of the nun: (吴伟仁P48--51)

1. Whose smile gentle and full of guilelessness: quiet and innocent. Her expression

should have been sober and withdrawn, perhaps even forbidding.

2. By St. Loy: It was contrary to the rules of the nun’s order to swear (By Christ) all but as St. Loy himself refused to swear, to swear by him is considered as a “ white ”oath, an innocent oath.

She never uses rude language: showing her good breeding, being polite, cultured, refined.

1.With comely air….: gracefully, without straining or grabbing.

2.She was a great delight: The gayest company, very merry and nice.

3.Had her pride, both amiable: She is friendly and gracious in her ways, but she

does not unbend far enough to lose her dignity, whether as a prioress or as a lady.

4.The example of her charity reveals Chaucer’s ironic purpose. It shows how badly

the nun’s charity and pity are misdirected.

Amour: earthly love. No sympathy for the suffering people. Rosery: well-formed, well-shaped.

A nun is a religious woman who vows to poverty, purity and obedience, a woman

who dedicates herself to the service of God, who vows to live a life of……

Poverty: not pursuing any material wealth.

Purity chastity

Obedience having to obey the rules set by God.

Chaucer shows us a woman whose real interests lie not with her religious vocation, the service of God, but in a fashionable world, which she knows only by hearsay. There is comic incongruity (disagreement) in the nun, disagreement between her behaviour and her sacred calling. She appears more like a fashionable lady than a nun. too worldly, a sense of affectation, affected, not natural.

Vain: superior social position, follow (immitate) the trends practiced by the upper-class society.

By revealing this, Chaucer satirized the nun in the disguise of approving observations. Depicting the nun in an ironic and humourous way.

Gentle, mild satire (mocking). Failing to live out her oath.

She is vain, affected, hypocritical, worldly, more like a fashionable lady than a nun.

Here Chaucer’s tone in portraying the nun is humourously satirical.

Poetic form: heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)----rhyming pairs in iambic pentameter (Five accents in iambic meter in a line)(抑扬格五音步)

As soon /as A/pril pier/ces to/ the root/

The drought /of March/ and bathes/ each bud/ and shoot/

Foot(音步): basic unit in metrical poetry(containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables), iambic foot ( above, defeat); trochaic foot (welcome, empty);

Anapaestic foot (understand, introduce)

Metre(格律): a fixed arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables; the number of feet in a line determines its meter: trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter

Rhyme: the use of similar-sounding words in poetry

Questions:

1. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry

2. The social significance of the Canterbury Tales

3. For the quotations listed above please give the name of the author and the title of

the literary work from which it is taken, and point out the metrical form, then give

a brief analysis.

4. From which places can you see the nun is treated in an ironic manner? Try to

illustrate them.

乔叟(约1343─1400)是英国诗人,生于伦敦一中产阶级家庭。他打过仗,做过俘虏,后来当过外交官、海关总监、国

会议员等。丰富的生活经验,使他洞悉人生各个方面,对于他

今后的创作有很大帮助。

乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响。他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。其早期作品《特罗勒斯和克莱西德》(1385),人物性格塑造生动细腻,语言机智幽默。

从1377年开始,乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆,接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想,使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化,开始转向现实主义。根据薄伽丘的一部长诗改写的叙事诗《特罗勒斯和克面西德》摈弃了梦幻和寓言的传统,代之以对现实社会中的人物和生活细节的描写,这是乔叟的第一部现实主义作品。

乔叟在他生活的最后十五年进行了《坎特伯雷故事集》(1387-1400)的创作。这是他最杰出的作品。乔叟视野开阔,观察深刻,写作手法丰富多样,真实地反映了不同社会阶层的生活,开创了英国文学的现实主义传统,对莎士比亚和狄更斯产生影响。

《坎特伯雷故事集》。作品描写一群香客聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里,准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。店主人建议香客们在往返途中各讲两个故事,看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了23个故事,其中最精彩的故事有:骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活,揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善,谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义,肯定了世俗的爱情生活。

《坎特伯雷故事集》的艺术成就很高,远远超过了以前同时代的英国文学作品,是英国文学史上现实主义的第一部典范。作品将幽默和讽刺结合,喜剧色彩浓厚,其中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成,对后来的英国文学产生了影响。人物形象鲜明,语言生动活泼。乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作,也为英国文学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用,因而乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。

杰弗里·乔叟被誉为英语之父和诗歌的启明星,六个世纪后的今天依然是最伟大的三四位英国诗人之一。他第一个以有着普遍而持久的魅力的诗句表达了对于自然、书籍和人的勃勃兴致。他同莎士比亚一样博识多才,他对英语叙事文学的贡献可与莎士比亚对戏剧的贡献相纰美。如果说他缺乏莎士比亚的深度,那么他在基调的幽默性和表达的质朴上要略胜一筹。虽然他的语言现在看来往往显得古雅,在当时他基本上却是新派诗人。如果熟悉了他同时代人的语言和文学,就连最怀疑这一点的人也会确信:乔叟要比他死后很久才出生的许多作家更接近于现代。

英国文学史2

The understanding of English literature 一The brief introduction of English literature in renaissance The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that eased the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. The Renaissance was slow in reaching England not only because of England's separation from the Continent but also because of its domestic unrest. Thus began the English Renaissance, which was perhaps England's Golden Age, especially in literature. Among the literary giants were Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne. The English Renaissance had no sharp break with the past. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values resented in the works. In the medieval society, people as individuals were largely subordinated to the feudalist rule without any freedom and independence; and in medieval theology, people's relationships to the world about them were largely reduced to a problem of adapting to or avoiding the circumstances of earthly life in an effort to pare their souls for a future life. The 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More (1478__1535) wrote his Utopia(1516) in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of future happy society. At the end of the 16th century the great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon (1561_1626) wrote his famous philosopher and literary works. In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt(1503_1542), Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517_1547) and others who

英国文学名词解释

Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟): a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature

王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉

第2单元威廉?莎士比亚 Hamlet 1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense,Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil. 2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet? Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world,maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world. 3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet. Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’t

英国文学题库2(含正确答案)

1.______ is not a novel written by Jane Austen. A. Jane Eyre B. Sense and Sensibility C. Pride and Prejudice D. Emma 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought to its last perfection ______ Dryden had successfully used in his plays. A. the heroic couplet B. the free verse C. the bland verse D. the Spenserian stanza 3. ______ has been regarded by some as the “Father of the English Novel” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. A. John Bunyan B. Henry Fielding C. Daniel Defoe D. Alexander Pope 4. ______ defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.” A. William Blake B. William Wordsworth C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge D. John Keats 5. Romanticism does not emphasize ______ . A. the special qualities of each individual’s mind B. the inner world of the human spirit C. individuality D. the features that men have in common 6. Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of Defoe’s language? A. Elegant. B. Colloquial. C. Vernacular. D. Smooth. 7. The Rivals and ______ are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A. The School for Scandal B. The Duenna C. Widowers Houses D. The Doctor’s Dilemma 8. ______ was the only important dramatist of the 18th century. A. Alexander Pope B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. Samuel Johnson D. George Bernard Shaw 9. What makes Jonathan Swift’s satire all the more bitter, biting and poignant is that his satire is often masked by ______ on the part of the author. A. an apparent eagerness, gravity, sincerity and detachment in tone B. a softness and persuasiveness in manner and firmness and thoroughness in action C. a strong indignation in tone and open defiance and challenge D. a friendliness and frankness in tone and the seeming indifference and nonchalance

英国文学名词解释

课件上找的 1)classicism 2)realism 3)sentimentalism 1.Epic: 史诗 A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral form and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. 2.Alliteration: 头韵 A rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound(头韵). 3.Kenning:比喻的复合辞(=metaphor) A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle. 4.Understatement: expressing something in a controlled way. 5.Romance:传奇 A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 6.Renaissance文艺复兴(欧洲14至16世纪) Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. “Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. The Renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival”, is actually an intellectual

新编英国文学选读(上册)翻译

英国文学史(上册) 第一章安格鲁—撒克逊时期(450—1066) 1.历史背景 不列颠群岛最早的居民是凯尔特人,他们最初居住在莱茵河上游地区,大约在公元前600年,他们移居到了不列颠群岛。在大约公元前400到公元前300年时,凯尔特人的一个分支——布立吞人,来到了不列颠群岛,“不列颠”这个名字便是由他们所取。凯尔特人的文化属于铁器文化的早期阶段,他们知道如何铸造铁剑和种植庄稼。关于他们的信仰,我们所知甚少,但是我们能了解到他们五月节的宗教典礼和槲寄生(一种植物)的祭奠仪式,这些已经成为英国人民民族传统的一部分。 从公元前55年到公元407年,不列颠群岛在罗马帝国的统治之下。那时,罗马帝国是奴隶社会,它统治了整个欧洲,并且有很高的文明水平。罗马人打败了凯尔特人,成为了不列颠群岛的主人,伦敦就是在罗马人的统治时期内建成的。 第一个来到不列颠的罗马将领是著名的尤里乌斯.凯撒,公元55年,在他取得高卢战役的胜利后,带领一万名士兵跨过英吉利海峡来到那里。但是他只在哪儿待了几个星期,虽然他在第二年又来到了不列颠,他并没有在岛上驻扎军队,因为他当时正忙于平息欧洲大陆的叛乱,还有罗马帝国的内战。在罗马人对不列颠扩大征服之前,就这样过去了一个世纪。罗马人统治了不列颠三个半世纪,他们筑寺庙、修大路、砌城墙、建军营,但是,对凯尔特人的文化生活却影响不大。他们建成了四、五十个城邑,如今无论何时,如果你在英国听到一个城镇的名字是以“切斯特”或“卡斯特”结尾的,那么毫无疑问,它一定是坐落在一个罗马军队曾经的屯兵之地上。因为这样的词来源于拉丁语“卡斯楚”,它的意思是“要塞、堡垒”。大部分我们所知道的罗马统治时期的不列颠,都来源于凯撒的《高卢战记》,和普布里乌斯?克奈里乌斯?塔西佗的《日耳曼尼亚志》。 大约公元450年,大批的安格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人入侵不列颠群岛,他们定居在英格兰,把凯尔特人赶往威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰等周边地区。安格鲁人和撒克逊人是日耳曼部落,他们占据着易北河的两岸,也就是现在丹麦和德国的地方,这两个部族之间的语言也大致相同。从他们特有的的部族名字我们可以得知他们是非常勇敢的海上民族。古散克逊语“安古尔”意思是“钩子”,从中我们可以得知他们住在海边,以捕鱼为生。而“撒克逊”这个名字则源于“希克斯”,意思是短剑,从这个名字我们可以判断他们是坚强勇敢的战士。尽管遭到凯尔特人的奋勇抵抗,安格鲁—散克逊人最终还是将他们击败,成了不列颠群岛的新主人,也是现在英国人的祖先。 在大约公元500年,在对抗韦塞克斯王国的建立者——国王瑟迪克的过程中,一个传奇人物,凯尔特人的亚瑟王,名声大噪。在都城索美塞特夏,他的宫殿卡米洛特,亚瑟王召集了一批最勇敢的追随者,也就是著名的圆桌骑士。他为他的王国同安格鲁—撒克逊侵略者英勇作战了24年,后来他的故事也成了英国骑士文学的题材。 在从欧洲大陆移民之前,安格鲁—撒克逊人明显还处在部落社会的晚期,在他们移往不列颠之后,部落社会逐渐解体,封建社会开始形成。在将近公元6世纪时,在英格兰已经有7个较大的王国。 从8世纪后期开始,丹麦人,也就是维京人,开始入侵英格兰,起先只是沿着东海岸,

英国文学2

Part One Anglo-Saxon Literature(大约450- 1066)Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature,is almost exclusively a verse(韵文)literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Its creators for the most part are unknown. It was only given a written form long after its composition. There were two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan (非宗教的)poetry represented by Beowulf [be???w?lf](《贝奥武甫》它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝奥武甫斩妖除魔,与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话色彩。)课下网上欣赏电影“Beowulf” (女主角:安吉丽娜·朱莉)或《贝奥武夫与怪兽格兰戴尔》。 The second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon (凯德蒙,公元7世纪盎格鲁-撒克逊基督教诗人)and Cynewulf [K](基涅武甫,盎格鲁-撒克逊诗人,生活在公元9世纪,其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现,有《埃琳娜》、《使徒的命运》、《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》等).In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.(《尚书》的出现标志着中国散文的形成。非成于一人之手,后由孔子编订,成于春秋末战国初,战国时期开始于公元前475年)The famous prose writers of the period were Venerable Bede(比德,英国历史学家和神学家, the most important of his works is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People《英国基督教会史》.)and Alfred the Great( he is the king of Wessex Kingdom. The most important of his works is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》. Part Two Medieval English Literature (1066—1485) Medieval English literature can be divided into three parts, the first is Anglo-Norman literature, in 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to invade England. After the conquest, the feudal system was established in English society. The body of customs and ideals known as chivalry(骑士精神表现为对个人人格的爱护和尊重;为被压迫者和被迫者牺牲全部力量乃至生命的慷慨勇敢精神;把女子作为爱和美在尘世上的代表及作为和谐,和平与安慰的光辉之神而加以理想化的崇拜等等,) was introduced by the Normans into England. The knightly code(道德尊则), the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary(圣母玛丽亚)were reflected in the Literature. The Normans began to write histories or chronicles. Most of the books were written in Latin or French. The romance(传奇文学) was the main form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The romance prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the noble class, so it had nothing to do with the common people. The second part is English Literature in Age of Chaucer(乔叟). Chaucer lived in the 14th century. Geoffrey Chaucer, th e last one, was the greatest of them. He was a scholar, traveler, a business man, courtier(朝臣), who shared in all the stirring life of his age and reflected it in his works. He was the representative writer of the century.The

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里?乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉?朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

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