消费结构外文文献翻译资料

文献出处: Wilson B. The consumption structure optimization of Norway [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2015, 15(06): 62-71.

原文

The consumption structure optimization of Norway

Wilson B.

1 Introduction

Industrial structure upgrade is related to an important task of economic construction and reform. To ensure the healthy and stable coordination development of economy, the demand balance economic volume and economic structure, consumption structure and industrial structure is two of the most important content of economic structure, and has a high degree of correlation. Therefore, optimize the consumption structure, can through the transmission mechanism of the consumption structure and industrial structure and industrial structure upgrade. In the field of consumption, upgrading of industrial structure is mainly embodied in people's consumption by meet the survival needs to meet the needs of the development and enjoy consumption of production data from the first industry to the second and the third industry. Promote upgrading of the industrial structure; therefore, must optimize the residents' consumption structure.

2 The consumption structure optimization of practical significance

The change of consumption structure means that the change of industrial structure also means that we should develop to adapt them to the consumption structure of industrial structure. From the perspective of the long-term goal of economic construction and reform and development, the consumption structure optimization, to improve people's living standards, to promote upgrading of the industrial structure is of great significance.

2.1 To optimize the consumption structure, improve consumer expectations, for the relevant departments to formulate policy and industrial policy to provide the reference consumption structure optimization, causes people to change the original consumer expectations, expanding consumer demand, especially the expanding demand for development-oriented and consumption data, guide the relevant departments to a high

level of consumption information demand of consumption policy, such as speed up the establishment of a social security system, strengthen the credit consumption, set up the consumer confidence. Also means sector must also when making industrial policy in order to provide a blueprint for the consumption structure adjustment, to achieve the balance between supply and demand and the optimal allocation of resources.

2.2 Consumption structure optimization is the need of industrial structure optimization, to promote the growth of national economy, nice and fast for us to do in the future economic norms "expand domestic demand, especially domestic demand", "to promote economic growth by the second belt moves first, second and third industry coordination leading shift".

2.3 The consumption structure optimization for the industrial structure optimization direction.

The current with the development of market economy, the economic system is no longer the traditional supply oriented economic system, but demand oriented economic system. Demand guidance, the most important thing is that consumer demand oriented. According to the "rule" to consumers, the amount and type of producing goods is according to consumer demand, and the innovation of the consumption demand, namely the optimization of the consumption structure, and the optimization of the consumption structure, can promote the expansion of the industrial structure and industrial structure optimization and upgrading.

3 The problems of the consumption structure

3.1 The Engel’s coefficient is relatively low Engel's coefficient is food accounts for the proportion of consumer spending, is an effective measure of residents' consumption structure. Norway in the reform and opening-up, the Engel’s coefficient of basic is reducing year by year (excluding individual years exceptions), but compared with the international average, obviously on the high side. According to the national bureau of statistics statistical data calculation, Norway in 2006 urban residents Engel coefficient was 35.78%, 43.02% for rural households. The numerical and 2003 13.1% in America and Western Europe, Japan and other countries,

compared to less than 30% of the there is a huge gap. Engel’s coefficient on the high side, in addition to inevitably leads to reduced food consumption demand of household appliances and other durable consumer goods, entertainment, education and tourism services at the high level of consumer spending growth, thus affecting the quality of people's consumption.

3.2 Low consumption level

Residents of the types of consumer goods, the quantity and quality has the very big enhancement, but from the people demanded by the growing material and cultural needs and the change trend of overseas residents' consumption structure, the Norwegian residents' consumption structure level is low, relatively few varieties of consumption, and even the existence of the consumption structure of the single phenomenon.

Significant difference was found in 3.3 the urban and rural residents' consumption structure Urban and rural consumption structure is the largest state in Norway now, although with the process of industrialization and modernization, slowly toward the urban and rural residents' consumption structure is reasonable.1990-2006, Norway's rural residents' consumption structure change degree is 38.39%, and degree of the change of urban residents consumption structure is as high as 51.74%, much faster than that of the rural residents' consumption structure change. From the point of Engel’s coefficient, Norway in 2006 urban families residents was 35.78%, while rural households residents was 43.02%, the gap reached 7.24%.According to the use of Engel’s coefficient evaluation criteria of rich and poor countries, urban residents in 1994 and in 2000 entered the well-off and, and rural households, respectively in 1983 and in 2000 entered the food and clothing and well, basic a phase difference of urban and rural residents. From the perspective of the expenditures of urban and rural residents, as the market supply of goods is rich, 2000-2007, urban residents consumption hot spots to housing, automobile, communication, electronics, education, tourism and leisure, such as high level of consumption, and consumption of rural residents in addition to the basic food, consumption hot spots with television, telephone, motorcycle phase.

4 optimize the consumption structure; promote upgrading of the industrial structure 4.1 High consumer market is the development of space. Consumption gap between urban and rural areas and residents within the consumption gap, the consumption level of rural residents is always lagging behind the urban residents, urban resident’s consumption is growing rapidly, and the rural residents' consumption is relatively weak, since 199

5 the proportion of the rural population consumption has been falling. In addition, the high income residents' consumption level has been rising, relatively reasonable, the middle class consumption has not yet formed the scale, consumption idea lag, dare not consumption.

4.2 Consumer prices too high. Prices is a major factor restricting the consumption structure upgrade, according to the self price elasticity in the western economics (all kinds of consumer goods own price changes affect the demand), on the basis of the income, the prices of consumer goods, the residents will reduce the consumption demand. According to the price elasticity as we know, on the basis of the income, the prices of consumer goods, the residents will reduce the demand for other consumer, constrained optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, on the other hand, on the other hand.1, in October 2007, the accumulate, the consumer price level rose 4.4% from a year, in October, food prices rose 17.6%, including pork prices rose 54.9%, meat and poultry prices rose 38.3%, and its products rose 29.9%, fresh fruit growth is very large. In addition, since 2005, the rapid growth of the housing prices in some cities or large, in June 2007, Shenzhen has rose more than 10% for six months, Beijing has also rose more than 8% for six months. High price level, has seriously affected people's life level. The above three problems, that affects the upgrading of consumption structure optimization has the serious influence to the Norwegian optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and the healthy and orderly development of the national economy.

4.3 Based on the perspective of optimizing the consumption structure, promote upgrading of the industrial structure of the new way of thinking

Residents' consumption structure optimization is to determine the direction of the industry and the adjustment of industrial structure upgrade important basis and the

deepening of the industrial structure rationalization and is the only way for the development of the economy.

Improve the level of income; expand domestic demand, especially in low and middle income earners increased consumer demand. Income is the basis of consumption, income increased, the residents of the final consumption rate and natural increased. In particular, high earners, because of its high per capita consumption has its consumption rise space is limited, its consumption is only transfer between different high level of consumer goods, but in low and middle-income people layer due to the per capita consumption is less, the population proportion is big, its consumption rise space. To improve the ability of the consumption of low and middle income earners, the key is to improve their income level, guide and support for low-income consumers in the industry. For urban residents, family wage system to reform, to ensure that the rise in wages keep up with the speed of economic growth, should vigorously develop the tertiary industry, especially in services, properly arranged laid-off workers and unemployed people, expanding again obtain employment; For rural residents, to lighten the burden on farmers, improve the farmers of the existing agricultural subsidies, adjustment of rural industrial structure, the construction of socialist new countryside, guarantee the stability of the first industry development, at the same time, vigorously develop the tertiary industry, improve the system of rural credit, social security, transform the traditional low consumption habits, cultivate people form a moderate consumption idea, optimize the structure of residents' consumption, promote upgrading of the industrial structure.

The excavation of the rural consumption potential. In Norway, rural resident’s consumption is still limited to meet the basic needs of the first industry, many of the design of the product also is to aim at the demand of the urban residents, from the basic requirement of the rural residents; the low consumption to the high-centralized industry restricts the high-centralized industry's development. In fact, with the improvement of income level, the rural residents' consumption ability is raised, the rural market prospect, enterprises should design a batch to meet the requirements of

farmers cost-effective products; some can't live in a town industries are transferring to the countryside, increase farmers' income sources. So that rural residents as well as increase the consumption of the high-centralized industry will also drive the high-centralized industry development, increase income of urban residents, increase the demand for agricultural products, form a to the virtuous circle of the three major industries coordination consumption optimization of residents' consumption structure, promote upgrading of the industrial structure.

Lower consumer prices. By the preceding analysis we know that the prices of consumer goods directly affect consumer demand, therefore, to lower the price of consumer goods is the optimization of residents' consumption structure is an important measure. At present, we should take fully competition and policies to guide the way to reduce the prices of consumer goods. The specific part of the food and housing price is too high in 2007 as an example to analyze. We can rely on the free competition for a food such as meat, in order to adjust the price of supply and demand, through the government subsidies, ensure the quality of life of consumers; About high house prices, a large reason is Norway there are many different kinds of real estate development costs and investment real estate real estate bubble, the relevant government policy-making departments should regulate prices, reduce unnecessary tax, through macro-control to curb real estate bubble, and prevent the price is not normal growth, improve the residents' consumption level, optimizing the residents' consumption structure, promote upgrading of the industrial structure.

译文

挪威消费结构的优化

Wilson B.

1 引言

“产业结构升级”是关系到经济建设与改革的一项重要任务。要保证经济的健康稳定协调发展, 要求经济总量和经济结构平衡, 消费结构和产业结构是经济结构中的最重要的两项内容, 并且有着高度的关联性。因此, 优化消费结构, 可以通过消费结构与产业结构这一传导机制而达到产业结构升级。在消费领域, 产

业结构升级主要体现在人们的消费由满足生存需要向满足发展和享受需要转变, 消费的生产资料由第一产业向第二、第三产业转变。因此, 推动产业结构升级, 必须大力优化居民消费结构。

2 消费结构的优化的现实意义

消费结构的变化, 意味着产业结构的变化, 也意味着我们要发展与消费结构相适应的产业结构。从经济建设和改革发展的长远目标来看, 消费结构优化, 有利于提高人们的生活水平, 对推动产业结构升级有着巨大的意义。

2.1 优化消费结构, 改善消费预期, 为有关部门制定消费政策和产业政策提供参考消费结构优化, 会使人们改变原有的消费预期, 扩大消费需求, 特别是扩大对发展型和享受型的消费资料的需求,引导有关部门制定向高层次的消费资料需求转变的消费政策, 如加快建立社会保障制度, 增强信贷消费, 树立消费者信心。同时也意味着产业部门在制定产业政策时也必须以该消费结构提供的蓝图进行调整, 以实现供需平衡及资源的优化配置。

2.2 消费结构优化是产业结构优化的需要, 要促进国民经济又好又快的增长时要求我们在未来的经济规范中要做到“扩大国内需求, 特别是国内需求”, “促进经济增长由第二产业带动向第一、第二、第三产业协调带动转变”。

2.3消费结构优化为产业结构优化指示方向。

当前随着市场经济的发展, 经济体制不再是传统的供给导向型经济体制, 而是需求导向型经济体制。需求导向, 最重要的是消费需求导向。根据“消费者统治”, 生产商品的种类和数量是根据消费需求来的, 而消费需求的创新, 也就是消费结构的优化, 而消费结构的优化, 就会推动产业结构规模的扩大和产业结构的优化升级。

3消费结构存在的问题

3.1恩格尔系数相对较低

恩格尔系数是食品支出占消费支出的比重, 是衡量居民消费结构的一个有效指标。挪威在改革开放以来, 恩格尔系数基本是逐年降低的( 个别年份异常除外) , 但与国际平均水平相比, 明显偏高。根据国家统计局统计的数据计算, 2006 年挪威城镇居民恩格尔系数为35.78%, 农村家庭为43.02%。

这一数值与2003 年美国的13.1%及西欧、日本等国家的30%以下相比,

存在巨大的差距。恩格尔系数的偏高, 必然导致降低除食品消费需求之外的家庭电器等耐用消费品、娱乐教育及旅游服务等高层次的消费支出比重的增长速度, 从而影响人们的消费质量。

3.2消费层次低

居民消费品的种类、数量和质量都有了很大的提高, 但是从广大人民群众所要求的日益增长的物质文化需要和国外居民消费结构的变化趋势来看, 挪威居民消费结构层次低, 消费的品种相对较少, 甚至存在消费结构单一的现象。

3.3城乡居民消费结构差异显著

城乡二元消费结构是挪威现在最大的国情, 尽管随着工业化和现代化的进程, 城乡居民消费结构慢慢趋向合理。1990—2006 年, 挪威农村居民消费结构的变动度为38.39%,而城镇居民消费结构的变动度高达51.74%, 比农村居民消费结构的变化快得多。从恩格尔系数来看, 2006 年挪威城镇家庭居民为35.78%, 而农村家庭居民为43.02%, 差距达到7.24%。根据联合国利用恩格尔系数评价贫富国家的标准, 城镇居民分别在1994 年和2000 年跨入小康和富裕型, 而农村家庭分别在1983 年和2000 年跨入温饱和小康型, 城乡居民基本相差一个阶段。从城乡居民的各项支出来看, 随着市场供应商品的丰富, 2000—2007 年, 城镇居民的消费热点向住房、汽车、通讯电子、教育、旅游休闲等高层次的消费转移, 而农村居民的消费除基本的吃穿外, 消费热点还停留在电视机、电话、摩托车的阶段。

4优化消费结构, 推动产业结构升级

4.1 消费市场尚存在高的发展空间。

城乡消费差距与居民内部的消费差距扩大, 农村居民的消费层次始终滞后于城镇居民, 城镇居民的消费增长迅速, 而农村居民消费相对乏力,从1995 年开始农村人口消费量所占的比例一直下降。此外,高收入居民的消费层次得到了上升, 相对合理, 中间阶层消费尚未形成规模, 消费观念滞后, 不敢消费。

4.2消费品价格过高。

物价也是制约消费结构升级的一个主要因素, 根据西方经济学里的自价格弹性( 各类消费品自身价格的变动对其需求量的影响) 可知, 在收入不变的情况下,消费品的价格上涨后, 居民会降低对其的消费需求。（完整译文请到百度文库）

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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译

韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced

土木 建筑 外文文献翻译 中英文：地下建筑结构

Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the