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材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案

材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案

Unit 1 Translation.

1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。

2.实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。

3.除了结构与性质,材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工与性能。

4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术,根据以上的原则,他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。

5.只有在少数情况下,材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此,有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。

6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant

Solid material(s) heat capacity

Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation

Material processing elastic modulus

7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.

9.

10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.

Unit 2

1.金属是电和热很好的导体,在可见光下不透明;擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。

2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体,并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。

3.用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。

4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩;反之,当它们膨胀和收缩时,他们也能产生一个电场。

5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现,操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为

可能,因此,我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。

6.advanced materials ceramic materials

high-performance materials clay minerals

alloy implant

glass fibre carbon nanotube

7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly

attributable to these electrons.

8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.

9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals

and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers).

10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.

Unit 3

1.金属的行为(性质)不同于陶瓷的行为(性质),陶瓷的行为(性质)不同于聚合物的行为(性质)。2.原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。

3.金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。

4.元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。

5.Microstructure macrostructure

Chemical reaction atomic weight

Balanced electrical charge positively charged proton

6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support

tall buildings,

7.The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.

8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.

Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.

9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.

Unit 4

1.当密度小于水的密度时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当密度大于水的密度时,物体会沉降。相似的,当比重小于1时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当比重大于1时,物体会沉降。

2.由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动,导致磁通量密度比真空中小,这种材料为反磁性材料。

3.使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料,使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。

4.某些铁磁性材料,特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁,钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1,但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1。

5.当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时,其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数。6.specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction

coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperature

non-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion

mass per unit of volume

7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical

properties.

8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules

remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.

10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.

Unit 5

1. 金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。

2. 因此,一般多测几次以得到力学性能,报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的统计最小值。

3.材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能,也决定了材料失效形式,以及在失效前是否有预警。4.然而,受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布,应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。

5.材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时,材料才会发生弹性形变。

6.Test specimen static loading force normal axis

Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area

Stress- strain curve

7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;

while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.

8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within

a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.

9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by

the initial length of the material.

10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength

and high ductility.

1. 随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现,材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决

未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。

2. 不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率。

3. 全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长,这比世界人口增长率快多了。

4. 此外,发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。

5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy

Societal issues economic index sanitation

Gross national product popilation growth rate

6. Some things that have been constant over time are hu man innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to

address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.

7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine,

telecommunications, and transportantion industries.

8. Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to

sanitation.

9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE

research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.

Unit 7

1.从化学角度来说,金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素,它与其他金属原子形成金属键。

2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。

3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形,从而导致晶体破裂。

4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机,可能含有十种以上的元素。

5.delocalized electron electronic structure

alkaline earth metal chemical cell

nuclear charge electric conductivity

6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.

7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be

deformed under stress without cleaving.

8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d214155876.html,bining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable

characteristics.

Unit 8

1.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新,并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动。

2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。

3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。

4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的,因此在材料中并无晶界。

5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperature

metallic materials phase stability

nuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle

6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.

7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.

8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.

9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride) is transfereed to the surface of part and

diffuseds inside.

1.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程,有着与电池相同的本质特征。

2. 从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。

3. 当电子与中和的正离子(如电解液中的氢离子)发生反应时,阴极处电子得以平衡。

4.Protective film circuit

Free electron electron transfer

Metal cation anode reaction

5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have

little tendency to corrode.

6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added

to an atom.

7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer

between the anode and cathode.

8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.

Unit 10

1. 我们要观察(研究)这些性能,看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。

2. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下,玻璃不再具有脆性行为,而表现为粘稠液体。

3. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能,或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。

4. 一般认为,先进是最近100年才发展起来的,而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用

了。

5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond

Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion

Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering

Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy

6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.

7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive

strength.

8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve

this property.

9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which

determines their properties.

Unit 11

1. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工,结构与组成,性质与性能之间的相互联系来

定义的。

2.我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构(的情况),我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在,甚至是无定形的。

3. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。

4. 在运输时,厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。

5. crystalline ceramics grain boundary

Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive

Triple point saturation magnetization

Television tube the color scale

6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.

7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were

consolidated.

8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase

particles.

9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low

dielectric constant.

Unit 12

1. 材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节,尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的。

2. 我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。

3. 高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物,特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中。

4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中,氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。

5. controlled reaction stress shielding

Total hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratio

Mechanical stress flexural strength

Martensitic transformation

6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.

7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.

8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.

9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of

bioceramic composites.

10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.

Unit 13

1. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料,这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。

2. 聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。

3. 支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特

殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。

4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的,例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。

5. persistence length cross-link

Polar monomer nucleic acid

Polymerization polyelectrolyte

6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on

appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.

7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such

as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.

8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.

9.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization,

essentially the number of monomer Units which comprise the polymer.

Unit 14

1. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架,这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能。

2. 它们在一定范围内软化,这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。

3. 分子量取决于其合成时的条件,因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。

4. Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬,对氧化和化学进攻能

力的敏感性降低。

5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area

Polymerization reaction double bond

Chemical composition carboxylic acid

Melting point degradation by oxidation

6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.

7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped

readily.

8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.

9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against

degradation by oxidation.

Unit 15

1. 逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友好的特点。

2. 显而易见,实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。

3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中,由水和热引发的过氧化反应可以使之降解成低摩尔质量

的物质,这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因。

4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理,另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物

理回收是不切合实际的。

5. natural gas packaging materials

Aroma compound bioplastic material

Chemical structure the life cycle of biomass

6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.

7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water

and CO2 production.

8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with

low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light .

9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in

real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.

Unit 16

1. 比如,多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料。但一般意义上的复合材料是指通过键的作用使两种或多种

不同的材料结合在一起的材料。。

2. 最常见的是,复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相,还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相。

3. 先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料,一般为碳/石墨,凯芙拉或玻璃纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料。

纤维具有高的硬度,而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构。

4. 如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话,复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性

能的理想组合,这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。

5. composite material reinforcement material

Fiberglass matrix material

Strengthening mechanism conventional material

6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains

its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.

7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.

Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.

8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix

composites and concrete are composites.

9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber

composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.

Unit 17

1. 震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离,这种情况叫剥离。

2.

3. 事实上,工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动力。

4. 提到飞机,值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属(如铝)那样在压力的作用下会完全解体。

5. orthotropic thermoset

Thermoplastic Young’s Modulus

Mechanical property constants extreme enviroment

6.In contrast, isotropic material ( for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have

the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.

7.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.

8.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats,

chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d214155876.html,posites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what

we need.

Unit 18

1. 具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相。

2 在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究。

3. 理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变,这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要。

4. 廉价石墨的生产尚未实现,石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破。

5. electro-optical property bactericidal property

Block copolymer interfacial phenomena

Exfoliated graphene morphology control

6.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in

basically all technical discillines.

7.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range

of 1~100nm.

8.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.

9.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction 3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart 4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. (8)解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形,最后求出它的根,即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 (1)许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. (2)西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术,其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. (3)几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎,他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. (4)数学培养学生的分析问题的能力,使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

园艺专业英语词汇合集

园艺词汇合集 Aalsmeer 荷兰的一个地名 Abbott 艾博特(猕猴桃品种) abrtion 败育 adscission 脱落 abscission zone 离区 accentuate 突出,强调,着重强调 ackonwledgement 承认,确认,感谢 acre 英亩 acrylic 丙烯酸 Actinidia 猕猴桃属 actual yield 实际产量 adult mite 成虫 aechmea fasciata 美叶光萼荷,又名蜻蜓凤梨,淡玫瑰花色aesthetically 审美地,美学观点上的 agamous 无性的,无性生殖的 age distribution年龄分布,树龄分布 ageing 腐熟,熟化

aggregation 集合,团聚作用 agricultural prodution systen 农业生产系统 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 根癌农根菌 agroecosystem 农业生态系统 agronomic 农艺学的,农事的 agronomist 农艺学家,农学家 alfalfa 紫花苜蓿 allocation 分配 alluvial deposit 冲积物 alphabetical 依字母顺序的,字母的 alternate bearing 大小年结果amendment 调理剂 ample 充足的 anatomical 解剖的 aneuploid 非整倍性(的) anion 阴离子 annual 一年生植物,一季生植物 anther 花粉囊,花药 anthocyanin [植]炭疽病 antibiotic 抗生素 anti-drop film 无滴膜

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

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