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LncRNA作为ceRNA调控肿瘤的发生发展_连瑜

LncRNA 作为ceRNA 调控肿瘤的发生发展*

连瑜1,2,3)李夏雨3)唐艳艳2)杨丽婷2)李小玲1,2,3)

熊炜1,2,3)李桂源1,2,3)曾朝阳1,2,3)**

(1)中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院,湖南省肿瘤医院,肿瘤放射治疗转化医学湖南省重点实验室,长沙410013;

2)

中南大学肿瘤研究所,卫生部癌变原理重点实验室及教育部癌变与侵袭原理重点实验室,长沙410078;

3)

中南大学湘雅三医院疾病基因组研究中心,湖南省非可控性炎症与肿瘤重点实验室,长沙410013)

摘要长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是长度大于200bp ,不编码蛋白质的内源性RNA 分子.近年来的研究表明,lncRNA 可以

作为一种竞争性内源RNA (competing endogenous RNA ,ceRNA)吸附miRNA ,参与靶基因的表达调控,从而在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥重要的作用.本文从lncRNA 作为ceRNA 发挥生物学功能这一角度,概述了相关lncRNA 在肿瘤发生发展中的作用及机制.揭秘lncRNA 与miRNA 在肿瘤发生中的相互作用,将为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新思路.关键词长链非编码RNA ,microRNA ,肿瘤发生学科分类号

Q61

DOI :10.16476/j.pibb.2015.0371

生物化学与生物物理进展

Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics 2016,43(3):219~225

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e5457294.html,

综述与专论

ReviewsandMonographs*国家自然科学基金(81272298,81372907,81301757,81472531,81402009,81528019,81572787)和湖南省自然科学基金(14JJ1010,2015JJ1022)资助项目.**通讯联系人.

Tel:0731-*******,E-mail:zengzhaoyang@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e5457294.html, 收稿日期:2015-11-29,接受日期:2016-01-27

DNA 元件百科全书(encyclopedia of DNA elements ,ENCODE)计划的最新研究成果表明,人类基因组中90%以上的序列是可以转录的,但只有1%~2%的序列用于编码蛋白质[1-3],人类基因组转录的序列中绝大部分为长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA ,lncRNA)[4-9].相对于蛋白质编码基因[10-14]以及小分子RNA (如miRNA 等[15-18]),lncRNA 的数量更多,调控基因表达的模式更加多样和广泛[19].现有研究结果表明,lncRNA 可通过RNA 与蛋白质相互作用、RNA 与DNA 相互作用、RNA 与RNA 相互作用等多种相互作用方式[20]从表观遗传的修饰、转录及转录后等多个层面调控基因的表达[21].目前,人类基因组中已经被克隆和鉴定的lncRNA 基因多达5万多个,但到目前为止只有很少部分lncRNA 的生物学功能得到了实验验证,尽管研究较少,这些已报道的lncRNA 在恶性肿瘤等人类疾病的治疗和诊断中有着重要的潜在应用前景[22-25].

近年来越来越多的证据表明,lncRNA 与miRNA 及其下游靶基因之间的相互调控模式与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,已成为肿瘤研究领域的一

大热点.miRNA 作为一个转录后调控的重要因子,其活性可被lncRNA 通过“海绵”吸附的方式调控[26],此类lncRNA 又被称为竞争性内源RNA (competing endogenous RNA ,ceRNA).LncRNA 作为ceRNA 竞争性地与miRNA 结合,从而调节编码基因的蛋白质水平,参与调控细胞的生物学行为.然而对于在肿瘤中发挥ceRNA 功能的lncRNA 目前仍知之甚少[27-29].本文将讨论lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA 调控网络这一新的基因调控模式,综述它们是如何通过相互作用参与基因的转录后调控.

1LncRNA 参与ceRNA 网络调控的作用机制

理论上,任何具有miRNA 结合位点的RNA 种类都可以结合miRNA ,从而以ceRNA 的模式发

生物化学与生物物理进展Prog.Biochem.Biophys.2016;43(3)

2LncRNA 作为ceRNA 参与调控恶性肿瘤的发生发展

随着新一代测序技术的发展及对不断积累的肿瘤转录组学数据进行分析,目前已发现超过10000种lncRNA 可能具有潜在的ceRNAs 特性[35].近年来越来越多的研究证实,lncRNA 作为miRNA 和mRNA 的竞争平台,在乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、肺癌和肾癌等[27-28,30,36-45]多种恶性肿瘤中参与细胞周期和细胞死亡调控,影响肿瘤的侵袭转移[46],从而在肿瘤的发生发展过程中发挥了重要的作用(表1).2.1

LncRNA 作为ceRNAs 参与调控细胞增殖2010年Poliseno 及其团队[30]在前列腺癌中证实

lncRNA PTENP1通过吸附miR-19和miR-20a ,解除它们对PTEN 的抑制,从而使著名的抑瘤基因PTEN 表达上调,进而抑制PTEN 下游的PI3K 信号通路,抑制细胞生长.另有报道,lncRNA FER1L4在胃癌中表达下调,引起PTEN 、RB1等基因的mRNA 表达水平下降,促进细胞周期和细胞增殖.干扰FER1L4的表达会导致miR-106a-5p 的表达水平上调,并导致它的靶基因PTEN 和RB1mRNA 表达的下调,活化PI3K/AKT 信号通路,最终加速细胞周期进程、促进肿瘤细胞增殖.因此,FER1L4也是作为ceRNA 调控miR-106a-5p 及其靶基因PTEN mRNA 的表达,从而参与胃癌的发生[38].

挥作用.ceRNA 构建了一个复杂的作用网络,正常生理状态下ceRNA 网络中的各种分子之间处于一定的平衡状态,一旦平衡被打破就会导致疾病的发生[30-31].miRNA 在ceRNA 调控网络里发挥着核心作用,通过与靶mRNA 结合,起到负性调控的作用[32].研究发现,每个miRNA 可以调控多达数百种转录物的降解,而拥有不同miRNA 反应元件(microRNA response elements ,MRE)的RNA 转录物也可能是多个miRNA 的靶标.靶标的多重性使得RNA 与RNA 之间可以通过竞争结合共同的miRNA 反应元件实现相互调节,而相同的MRE 是不同RNA 之间相互结合的结构基础[33].

LncRNA 除了可以直接参与调控基因的表达,也可以通过吸附miRNA ,影响靶基因mRNA 的丰度从而影响其蛋白质水平[26].研究表明,很多

lncRNA 可以作为miRNA 的海绵,由于大多数lncRNA 的结构与mRNA 具有一定的相似性,故调控基因表达的模式更加多样和广泛,并且不会受到翻译的干扰[18].如图1a 所示,一些lncRNA 会携带有某些miRNA 的“种子序列”,像海绵一样结合miRNA ,从而阻止miRNA 同其靶mRNA 结合,位于lncRNA 上的miRNA 结合位点越多,竞争关系就越强[34].一般来说,ceRNA 之间的表达水平变化趋势是一致的.如图1b ,lncRNA 和mRNA 转录本上有两种MRE ,当lncRNA 分子表达水平较低时,它们只能结合小部分miRNA ,这时有大量剩余miRNA 去结合靶mRNA ,促进靶mRNA 降解.LncRNA →miRNA →mRNA 这一新的调控模式是对以前传统的miRNA →mRNA 基因调控模式的补充[26].

Fig.1The mechanism of lncRNA acting as ceRNA in lncRNA -miRNA -mRNA regulatory networks

图1lncRNA 作为ceRNA 参与lncRNA -miRNA -mRNA 调控网络的机制

miRNAx I n h i b i t i o n

S e q u e s t e r i n g

miRNAy

mRNA

MREs for miRNAy

MREs for miRNAx miRNAx

miRNAy

LncRNA

mRNA

mRNA level

LncRNA abundance

miRNAx (a)

(b)

220··

连瑜,等:LncRNA作为ceRNA调控肿瘤的发生发展2016;43(3)

2.2LncRNA作为ceRNAs参与调控细胞死亡细胞死亡根据其表观形态学特征分为凋亡、自噬及坏死等,细胞死亡机制的失调可引发肿瘤等多种疾病.Peng等[42]研究证明,lncRNA MEG3 (materally expressed gene3)通过竞争性结合miR-181家族抑制胃癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,之后他们在胃癌细胞中过表达MEG3,发现能上调细胞凋亡标志物Bcl-2的表达,进而诱导bax基因表达显著下调,促进胃癌细胞的凋亡.Wang等[45]发现了一种lncRNA APF(autophagy promoting factor)可以调节细胞自噬,研究结果显示miR-188-3p可通过作用于自噬相关基因ATG7来抑制自噬引起的心肌细胞死亡或心肌梗死.APF可以靶向miR-188-3p来调节ATG7的水平进而起到调节心肌细胞自噬和心肌梗死的作用.PTENP1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog pseudogene1)可以与PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog)mRNA竞争性结合miRNA,从而调控PTEN表达水平,进而影响细胞周期和细胞凋亡等多种癌症的发生和发展过程.Chen等[43]研究证实了lncRNA PTENP1在肝癌进程中的分子调控机制,研究得出,PTENP1过表达会提高PTEN表达水平,阻断致癌性PI3K/AKT信号通路作用,从而解除其对自噬的抑制作用,降低肿瘤细胞的增殖及转移能力,诱导自噬,促进凋亡.他们还发现,miR-20a可以下调自噬反应的核心基因ULK1、ATG7和p62的表达,这些基因在细胞自噬反应的激活及完成中具有重要作用[49],PTENP1与二者的拮抗作用使得它可以间接地通过下调miR-20a的表达来诱导自噬.另外,该研究指出,PTENP1表达上调还可以通过抑制mTOR的磷酸化及自噬相关蛋白Bcl-2的表达,来诱导肝癌细胞的自噬[50].

2.3LncRNA作为ceRNAs参与调控血管生成2014年,Liu等[28]报道了在乳腺癌、结肠癌等肿瘤中发挥癌基因功能的lncRNA HOTAIR在胃癌中以ceRNA的方式靶向miR-331-3p,从而调节著名癌基因HER2的表达.该研究中发现lncRNA HOTAIR通过竞争结合miR-331-3p,促进上皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的表达,激活EGF相关信号通路,促进胃癌的生长和增殖,诱导血管新生.Song等[36]发现,2个在肺癌中高表达的lncRNA:MRAK088388和MRAK081523能够分别结合

Table1LncRNA function as ceRNAs in a variety of tumors

表1长链非编码RNA作为竞争性内源RNA在多种肿瘤中的生物学功能

长链非编码RNA竞争的miRNA

细胞增殖

PTENP1miR-19和miR-20a

FER1L4miR-106a-5p

PTENP1miR-21

GAS5miR-21

PTCSC3miR-574-5p

细胞死亡

MEG3miR-181

PTENP1miR-20a

GAS5miR-21

PTCSC3miR-574-5p

血管生成

HOTAIR miR-331-3p

MRAK088388miR-29b-3p

MRAK081523let-7i-5p

侵袭转移

PTENP1miR-21

H19miR-141、miR-138和miR-200a lncRNA-ATB miR-200

lincROR miR-205

GAS5miR-21调控的内源mRNA

PTEN

PTEN、RB1

PTEN

miR-21靶基因

miR-574-5p靶基因

Bcl-2

PTEN

miR-21靶基因

miR-574-5p靶基因

HER2

N4bp2

Plxna4

PTEN

ZEB1

ZEB1、ZEB2

ZEB2

miR-21靶基因

肿瘤类型

前列腺癌

胃癌

肾癌

乳腺癌

甲状腺癌

胃癌

肝癌

乳腺癌

甲状腺癌

胃癌

肺癌

肾癌

胃癌、结肠癌

肝癌

乳腺癌

乳腺癌

参考文献

[30]

[38]

[37]

[47]

[48]

[42]

[43]

[47]

[48]

[28]

[36]

[37]

[39-40]

[41]

[44]

[47]

221

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生物化学与生物物理进展Prog.Biochem.Biophys.2016;43(3)

miR-29b-3p和let-7i-5p,从而与它们的靶基因N4bp2和Plxna4产生竞争性效应.进一步的机制研究发现,MRAK088388可能通过作为miR-29的海绵,调控n4bp2的表达进而调节肺肌成纤维细胞的生长和随后的胶原沉积.据报道,plxna4通过促进血管内皮生长因子VEGF和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子信号参与肿瘤血管生成.因此MRAK081523可能通过竞争let-7i池调控plxna4的表达,参与肿瘤血管生成.

2.4LncRNA作为ceRNAs参与调控肿瘤侵袭与转移

研究发现lncRNA与肿瘤的上皮间质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)密切相关,进而影响肿瘤的侵袭与转移[51].近年来实验证明H19这一lncRNA在多种肿瘤中高表达影响肿瘤的发生.对H19上调的多个机制研究中发现H19可通过竞争性结合miR-141影响其靶基因ZEB1表达,促进胃癌细胞的侵袭转移[39].在结肠癌中,lncRNA H19竞争性结合miR-138和miR-200a,上调了EMT中关键基因如VIM、ZEB1和ZEB2的表达,推进EMT进展[40].Sun等[41]最新研究发现,一种由TGF-β活化的lncRNA-ATB(lncRNA activated by TGF-β),通过竞争性结合miR-200家族,上调ZEB1和ZEB2,诱导肝癌细胞的EMT,另一方面,lncRNA-ATB通过结合IL-11的mRNA 促进肝癌细胞定居在转移部位,增加IL-11mRNA 的稳定性,从而通过自分泌IL-11诱导剂并激活信号传导与转录激活因子3(STAT3)信号通路促进扩散的肿瘤细胞形成克隆.总的来说,lncRNA-ATB 通过以上环节促进肝癌细胞的侵袭迁移级联反应.随着研究技术的发展和新的lncRNA不断被发现,越来越多的研究表明多种lncRNA如HOTAIR、HULC、linc-ROR等[27,29,44,52-56]在不同肿瘤中可通过诱导EMT促进肿瘤的侵袭与转移.

3LncRNA分子海绵作为潜在的抗癌靶点在过去的10年间,越来越多具有癌基因作用的miRNA在多种肿瘤中被发现,例如肾癌[57]、肝癌[58]和乳腺癌[59]中的miR-21,胶质瘤[60]中的miR-10b,肺癌中的miR-574-5p和miR-135b[61-62],黑色素瘤中的miR-221[63]等等.这些致瘤miRNA在肿瘤中过表达,通过靶向具有抑瘤作用的mRNA,从而抑制其抑瘤活性.因此,沉默或者抑制致瘤miRNA可以解除其对具有抑瘤作用mRNA的抑制,从而为肿瘤治疗提供了一条新的途径[64].近几年来,相继有一些研究发现,在体内和体外试验中lncRNA这一分子“海绵”都具有一定的抗癌活性.在高表达miR-21的肾透明细胞癌细胞系中,用实验方法使PTENP1过度表达,发现可降低miR-21的有效浓度,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭[37].同样,Zhang等[47]利用qRT-PCR和原位杂交等多种技术对乳腺癌的组织样本及细胞系中细胞表型实验进行验证,发现lncRNA-GAS5四号外显子能与miR-21结合抑制乳腺癌细胞的发生发展.此外,在甲状腺癌细胞系中PTCSC3(papillar thyroid carcinoma susceptihilit candidate3)作为一个抑癌基因,其表达量是显著降低的.实验条件下过表达PTCSC3时,甲状腺癌细胞系中促癌miRNA miR-574-5p表达明显降低.以上实验结果以及生物信息学分析表明,PTCSC3通过隔离miR-574-5p 等一些特定的促癌miRNA,发挥抑癌作用[48].此外,ceRNA在肿瘤中起着抑癌或促癌作用,因此理论上也可通过改变相应ceRNA的表达量而起到临床治疗的作用.例如,人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2)是重要的乳腺癌预后判断因子,目前临床已有针对HER2阳性(过表达或扩增)的靶向治疗药物——

—赫赛汀(Herceptin)等[65].最近研究发现,HOTAIR可通过竞争性结合miR-331-3p,促进HER2的表达[28].因此,理论上可通过利用siRNA 技术沉默HOTAIR的表达,通过其ceRNA的作用模式使HER2表达水平降低以驱动基因为靶点的治疗的功效.这些人工miRNA海绵不仅是研究在体外和体内miRNA功能丧失的宝贵工具,也可以提供一个基于RNA潜在的肿瘤治疗应用新的平台.4小结与展望

研究表明,lncRNA作为人类基因组中一类重要的调节性非编码RNA,主要通过担任“信号”分子或“诱导”分子与DNA或者蛋白质结合,作为“分子诱饵”和蛋白质复合物的骨架等作用方式发挥其生物学功能参与基因的表达调控.近年来的研究发现,lncRNA除了直接参与基因的表达调控外,也可以作为一种竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)与miRNA相互作用,参与靶基因的表达调控,从而在细胞增殖、凋亡、血管生成、侵袭与转移等恶性肿瘤发生发展的全过程中发挥了重要的作用.随着对lncRNA基因的日益重视以及相关研究的不断深入,越来越多新的

222··

连瑜,等:LncRNA作为ceRNA调控肿瘤的发生发展2016;43(3)

lncRNA被发现.然而,目前已知功能的lncRNA 并不多,lncRNA作为ceRNA的功能研究更少.因此,作为ceRNAs发挥生物学功能的lncRNA值得进一步深入探索.

迄今为止,大部分关于ceRNA相互作用的研究都基于MRE重叠的ceRNA信息的数据库[66-68],因此,在研究lncRNA作为ceRNA调控基因表达网络的过程中,生物信息学研究方法的建立和应用起着非常重要的作用,科学家们需要研发相应的算法和构建相应的数据库来提高生物信息学预测的准确率,这将为研究lncRNA作为ceRNA的基因表达调控网络提供一个非常重要的平台.此外,通过运用生物信息学预测到lncRNA可能调控的相关miRNA和mRNA后,还需要进行大量细致的生物学功能的研究.揭示lncRNA作为ceRNA在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用机制,将为肿瘤等疾病的预测和诊断提供一类新的分子标记,通过靶向ceRNA 调控网络中lncRNA等关键分子有望成为新型肿瘤治疗的靶点.

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连瑜,等:LncRNA 作为ceRNA 调控肿瘤的发生发展

2016;43(3)Long Non -coding RNAs Function as Competing Endogenous RNAs

to Regulate Cancer Progression *

LIAN Yu 1,2,3),LI Xia-Yu 3),TANG Yan-Yan 2),YANG Li-Ting 2),LI Xiao-Ling 1,2,3),

XIONG Wei 1,2,3),LI Gui-Yuan 1,2,3),ZENG Zhao-Yang 1,2,3)**

(1)Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology,Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital

of Xiangya School of Medicine,Central South University,Changsha 410013,China;

2)

Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education,

Cancer Research Institute,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China;

3)

Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer,Disease Genome Research Center,The Third Xiangya Hospital,

Central South University,Changsha 410013,China)

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs are defined as endogenous molecules with a length greater than 200nucleotides and with no apparent coding potential.Recent studies showed that lncRNA could interact with the miRNA as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs)to participate in the expression regulation of target genes,which exert an importance role in the initiation and progression of tumor.In this review,based on lncRNA functioning as ceRNAs,we described the mechanism and function of some relevant lncRNA in the initiation and progression of tumor.A growing number of researches indicated that the interaction between lncRNA and miRNA in tumor genesis would provide new ideas in tumor diagnosis and treatment.Key words long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA),microRNA(miRNAs),tumorigenesis DOI :10.16476/j.pibb.2015.0371

*This work was supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81272298,81372907,81301757,81472531,81402009,81528019,81572787)and The Hunan Province Natural Sciences Foundation of China (14JJ1010,2015JJ1022).**Corresponding author.

Tel:86-731-8480412,E-mail:zengzhaoyang @https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e5457294.html, Received:November 29,2015

Accepted:January 27,2016

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