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新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点

新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点
新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点

第一章文体和文体学综述

1.1引言

母语使用者知道在什么地方选用什么样的词,而外语使用者就不知道,因为没有在相关的地方长大,因此需要培养一种风格,也就是文体。

文体学可以帮助我们在合适的地方选用合适的词,使我们的语言更加符合当地的语言特色;还可以帮助我们更加理解语言的变体,更好地使用它们;还可以帮助我们更好的翻译文学作品;还可以帮助我们理解和鉴赏文学作品。

1.2风格的定义

把如何来定义风格呢?

许多人给出的定义都各不相同,有人从修辞学的角度来解读它,强调它的“有效使用”;有人从结构语言学的角度来解读它,强调语言系统内各语言单位之间的关系;还有人从转换成语言学的角度来看待它,强点不同层次语言结构转换所产生的文体效应;韩立的对风格的定义是以他的系统功能语言学为基础的。而本书中使用的风格定义是一个通用的、面向语言的定义:表现出现显著的语言特征、装置或模式的方式,大多数(或至少)经常出现在特定语言的特定文本中。

1.3文体学的定义

说完了文体,我们来说说文体学,有人说文体学就是研究文体的学科,这是不准确的。文体学在本书中所使用的定义是:文体学语言学的一个分支,他研究不同层次的语言的不同变体的礼貌、语言特征的系统的研究方法。

1.4文体学的发展史

下面我们来了解一下文体学的发展史。文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学,来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利(索绪尔的学生)。

1.4.1西方的文体学发展史

先谈一谈西方的文体学发展。西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究,早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前,对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论,而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中,文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来,在采用现代语言方法之后,文体分析方法逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家

巴利(索绪尔的学生),他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学,力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来,使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。50年代末以前文体学的发展势头较为弱小,而且主要是欧洲大陆展开(在英美盛行为新批评)。60-70年代:现代文体学的兴盛时期

在60和70年代,西方科学主要思潮盛行,语言学和结构主义蓬勃发展,带动了文体学的发展。现代文体学的兴盛,表现在流派纷呈,如:“形式文体学”、“功能文体学”、“话语文体学”、“社会历史、文化文体学”、“文学文体学”、“语言学文体学”。80年代,话语文体学的兴起

就文体学的发展历程来说,80年代以话语文体学的兴起为标志,90年代的突出标志是历史/文化文体学的蓬勃发展。

1.4.2中国的文体学发展史

然后是中国的文体学发展史。文体学在国外早先是从修辞学衍生的一个分支。我国汉语界至今仍保持这一传统,成立中国修辞学会,但无文体学会。较长时间内文体学又被认为是文学批评的领域。随着现代语言学理论的发展,人们加深了对文体实质的认识,并试图将有关理论应用于文体分析,从而使这门学科相应地获得飞速的发展。这一情况在我国外语界也是如此,只是在时间上比国外差一拍而已。解放后至文革结束,这28 年间,在《西方语文》、《外语教学与翻译》和《外语教学与研究》等杂志上共发表了25 篇有关文体学的论文,主要撰稿者为王佐良(4篇)、许国璋、徐燕谋、杨仁敬等。

自改革开放以来,情况大为改观,每年发表的文体学研究文章数目呈递增趋势。2000年以后我国文体学发展更加迅猛。中国已建有文体学协会,国际文体学会议在我国清华大学召开,进一步阐述了文体学在中国的发展和成就。

1.5文体学的研究范围

1.5.1普通文体学

一般文体学研究语言的不同变体。例如,根据语场,用不同体裁的语言相关的功能(文学作品类型)、小说、诗歌、科学论文协议条约,和法律文件。

1.5.2文学文体学

文学文体学研究文学体裁的变异,如诗歌、小说、戏剧等,旨在促进文学文本作为交际行为。

1.5.3理论文体学

理论文体学研究文体学的理论、起源、发展趋势和历史发展,以及文体学的不同分支的特点。

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文体学答案

文体学答案 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

文体学课后题 1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1)Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2)Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2)Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2)Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3)Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “— “ impl ies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4 What is a simple sentence What is a multiple sentence Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence

新编英语教程第3册(李观仪主编)第二单元课后练习答案_

练习册第二单元参考答案 Text 1 A. True (T) or False (F)? 1. Simone drank some champagne with her bridesmaids to overcome her nervousness before the wedding. F Simone didn’t feel nervous at all. On the contrary, when drinking champagne, she thought about all that had gone into getting to the wedding day. 2. Simone regarded her wedding as the most important occasion in her life. T 3.Simone’s father loved her so much that he was willing to spend as much money as he could. F Maybe Simone’s father was willing to spend mon ey for her, but it seemed that he could not afford what his daughter had spent for her wedding. 4. Alice had succeeded in teaching Simone to be a reasonable and responsible consumer. F It was true that Alice always told Simone to be financially responsible, but she failed to make her a reasonable and responsible consumer, especially when she was preparing for her wedding. 5. Simone didn’t follow Alice’s advice because Simone thought all the money she spent belonged to her father. T 6. Alice called to ask Simone about her future plan because she wanted to humiliate her. F Alice called to ask Simone about her future plan because she wanted to remind her of her financial problem after the wedding. 7. Simone lost control of her emotions later because Alice sent a letter to inform her that she had divorced her father. F Simone lost control of her emotions later because Alice sent a letter to inform her that the wedding had been cancelled. Since her father’s company had already gone bankrupt, her father couldn’t pa y her wedding expenditure. 8. Since Tom decided not to marry Simone after knowing the facts, the wedding was cancelled. T B. Explain the following in your own words. 1. … Simone could not help but think about all that had gone into getting to today. could not stop from thinking about.

英语文体学

Unit 5 Formal vs Informal Language 英教0901班董宜之程雅洁田冬雪

Contents 5.1 The interpersonal function of language 5.2 Degrees of formality 5.3 Functional tenor and degrees of formality 5.4 Martin Joo’s Classification 5.5 Speech situation and formality 5.6 Formality and linguistic features 5.7 Sets of co-occurring features 5.8 Involved vs informational texts 5.9 Tenors, field, and mode

5.1 The interpersonal function of language 1.Functions of language: ●the ideational / referential function ●the interpersonal / social / expressive function ●the textual function 2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship between participants in the situation, their roles and status. The participant relations that determine the tenor of discourse range through varying degrees of permanence.

整理文体学答案

文体学课后题1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1)Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2)Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2)Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2)Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3)Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotio n, and the dash “—“ implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification? classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types? By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types? The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence? Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence? Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the s ense that it is finished. An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example, (1) Attention, please. (2) Help! (3) Going to the lecture? (4) Why are you late? Because I—Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete. 6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of pre-modification? What is the function of post-modification? A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc. Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader’s interest as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out. Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style. Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation. 7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts? For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written. 8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which type of branching is preferred in written styles? Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is better adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence. 9 What is the basic phrase order?What are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement? The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient. Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For example, (1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting talent and capital for emphasis) (2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University. (Postponing President of the University again for emphasis) 10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?

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