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常微分方程课件

常微分方程课件
常微分方程课件

Holds for b x <≤ξ. The limit as b x →- shows that this is also valid for .b x = Therefore φ is differentiable (to the left ) at b and )).(,()('b b f b φφ=

(b) It is sufficient to check that u satisfies the differential equation at b .The function u is differentiable to the left and the right at this point , and both derivatives are equal to ))(,(b b f φ.

We come now to the main theorem of this section.

VII. Existence and Uniqueness Theorem .Let )(D C f ∈ satisfy a local Lipschitz condition with respect to y in D ,where 2R D ? is open. Then for every D ∈),(ηξ the initial value problem ),,('y x f y = ηξ=)(y

Has a solution φ that cannot be extended and that to the left and to the right comes arbitrarily close to the boundary of D .The solution is uniquely determined in the sense that every solution of (7) is a restriction of φ .

Definition . The statement “φ comes arbitrarily close to the boundary of D to the right ” is defined as follows :If G is the closure of graph φ and if +G is the set of points G y x ∈),( with ξ≥x ,then

(a) +G is not a compact subset of D .

An equivalent formulation that gives a better understanding

reads as follows : φ exists to the right in an interval =∝<≤b b x (ξ is allowed ), and one of the following cases applies:

(b) =∝b ;the solution exists for all ξ≥x .

(c) <∝b and =∝-

→)(sup lim x b x φ ; the solution “becomes infinite.”

(d) <∝b and 0))(,(inf lim =-→

x x b x φρ ,where ),(y x ρ denotes the distance from the point ),(y x to the boundary of D ; the solution “comes arbitrarily close to the boundary of D ” Indeed , statement (a)says that +G is either unbounded

(case(b)or (c))or is bounded and contain boundary points of d(case(d)).

We have repeatedly encountered these three types of behavior .In the example x e y y sin '= of 1.VIII,(b)or (c) holds to the left and to the right ,depending on the value of )0(y .For the equation 1')2(-=y y in the upper half plane 0>y ,all solution are given by )(c x c x y ->+=.Here ,case (b) prevails to the right and case (d) to the left.

Proof . Uniqueness . We prove the statement ”if φ and ψ are two solutions of the initial value problem and if J is common interval of existence of both solutions with J ∈ξ,then

ψφ= in J ”.

Let us assume on the contrary that there exist ,say to the right of ξ ,points J x ∈ with )()(x x ψφ≠. Then there also exists a first point J x ∈0 to the right of ξ where the two solutions separate .This 0x is the largest number with the

property that )()(x x ψφ= for 0x x ≤≤ξ(ξ=0x is not excluded).

However ,we know from IV that there exists a local solution through the point ))(,(00x x φ and that it is uniquely determined .In other words, )()(x x ψφ= in a right neighborhood of 0x .This is a contradiction to our assumption about 0x .The uniqueness to the left is proved similarly.

Existence .By Theorem IV there exists a local solution to

(7),and as we have just proved ,the uniqueness statement (U) of V holds .Thus Corollary V guarantees the existence of a nonextendable solution φ,and we have only to show that it comes arbitrarily close to the boundary of D (we consider only the case “to the right ”in the direction of increasing ξ≥x x ,).

Assume that (a) is false .Then +G is a compact subset of

D , and φ exists in a finite interval b x <≤ξ or b x ≤≤ξ.In the first case ,Lemma VI.(a)can be applied ,i.e., φ can be extended to ][b ,ξ.In the second case ,D b b ∈))(,(φ,and there exists a local solution ψ that passes through this

point .Applying VI.(b),one again obtains an extension of φ. In either case ,we have a contradiction to the assumption that φ cannot be extended .This completes the proof of the theorem.

VIII . Exercise .Let ),,(z t x k be continuous for a x t ≤≤≤0 ,<∝∝<-z and satisfy a Lipschitz condition in z ,

z z L z t x k z t x k -≤-),,(),,(,

And let )(x g be continuous for a x ≤≤0.Show, by apply the fixed point theorem 5.IX,that the Volterra integral equation ”

dt t u t x k x g x u x

?+=0))(,,()()( Has exactly one continuous solution in a x ≤≤0.

IX . exercise .Prove :If ),(y x f satisfies a local Lipschitz condition with respect to y in the set 2R D ? and if D A ? is compact and f bounded on A ,then f satisfies a Lipschitz condition with respect to y in A .In particular ,if ][),(,b a C w v ∈and graph v ,graph D w ?,then there exists 0>L such that )()())(,())(,(x w x v L x w x f x v x f -≤- in ][b a ,.

X .Exercise .Prove :If f is continuous in the open set D and φ is a solution of (7) in the interval [),b ξ with <∝b that comes arbitrarily close to the boundary of D to the right,then

at least one of the following two cases applies(both can happen at the same time):

('c )∝+→)(x φ or ∝-as -→b x ;

('d )0))(,(→x x φρ as -→b x .

This sharpens the statement in VII.

Hint :Show :If b G is the intersection of graph with the line b x = ,then D G b ??(the boundary of D ).

XI .Exercise .Rosenblatt ’s Condition .Let the function ),(y x f be continuous in the strip ][a J R J S ,0,=?= and satisfy the condition z y x

q z x f y x f -≤-),(),( for a x ≤≤0 and R z y ∈, with 1

),('y x f y = in J ,η=)0(y

Has exactly one solution and that this solution can be obtained by method of successive approximations .The above condition was introduced by Rosenblatt(1909) .

Hint .In the Banach space B of all function )(J C u ∈ with finite norm ?

?????≤≤=a x x x u u 0:)(sup :, The operator T ,

dt t u t f x Tu x

?+=0))(,(:))((η,

Satisfies the Lipschitz condition (5.3).If u is a fixed point

of T , then ημ+=y is a solution of the initial value problem.

Supplement: Singular Initial Value Problems

Here we consider a singular initial value problem for a differential equation of second order, ),('''y x f y x y =+α

in (]b J ,00=,0)0(,)0('==y y η.(8)

This problem is closely connected to the problem of finding rotationally symmetric solutions of the nonlinear elliptic equation

),(u r f u =?,

Where n R x ∈ and x r =.

2.5常微分方程课后答案(第三版)王高雄

习题2.5 2.ydy x xdy ydx 2=- 。 解: 2x ,得: ydy x xdy ydx =-2 c y x y d +-=221 即c y x y =+2 2 1 4. xy x y dx dy -= 解:两边同除以x ,得 x y x y dx dy - =1 令u x y = 则dx du x u dx dy += 即 dx du x u dx dy +=u u -=1 得到 ()2ln 2 1 1y c u -=, 即2 ln 21?? ? ??-=y c y x 另外0=y 也是方程的解。 6.()01=-+xdy ydx xy 解:0=+-xydx xdy ydx x d x y x d y y d x -=-2 得到c x y x d +-=??? ? ??2 21

即 c x y x =+2 2 1 另外0=y 也是方程的解。 8. 32 x y x y dx dy += 解:令 u x y = 则: 21u x u dx du x u dx dy +=+= 即2 1u x dx du x = 得到22x dx u du = 故c x u +-=-11 即 21 1x x c y += 另外0=y 也是方程的解。 10. 2 1?? ? ??+=dx dy dx dy x 解:令 p dx dy = 即p p x 2 1+= 而 p dx dy =故两边积分得到 c p p y +-=ln 2 12 因此原方程的解为p p x 21+=,c p p y +-=ln 212 。 12.x y xe dx dy e =?? ? ??+-1 解: y x xe dx dy +=+1

常微分方程课后答案(第三版)王高雄

习题2.2 求下列方程的解。 1.dx dy =x y sin + 解: y=e ?dx (?x sin e ?-dx c dx +) =e x [- 2 1e x -(x x cos sin +)+c] =c e x -21 (x x cos sin +)是原方程的解。 2.dt dx +3x=e t 2 解:原方程可化为: dt dx =-3x+e t 2 所以:x=e ?-dt 3 (?e t 2 e -? -dt 3c dt +) =e t 3- (5 1e t 5+c) =c e t 3-+5 1e t 2 是原方程的解。 3.dt ds =-s t cos +21t 2sin 解:s=e ?-tdt cos (t 2sin 2 1?e dt dt ?3c + ) =e t sin -(?+c dt te t t sin cos sin ) = e t sin -(c e te t t +-sin sin sin ) =1sin sin -+-t ce t 是原方程的解。 4. dx dy n x x e y n x =- , n 为常数. 解:原方程可化为:dx dy n x x e y n x += )(c dx e x e e y dx x n n x dx x n +??=?- )(c e x x n += 是原方程的解.

5. dx dy +1212--y x x =0 解:原方程可化为:dx dy =-1212+-y x x ?=-dx x x e y 1 2(c dx e dx x x +?-221) )21(ln 2+=x e )(1 ln 2?+--c dx e x x =)1(1 2 x ce x + 是原方程的解. 6. dx dy 234xy x x += 解:dx dy 234xy x x += =23y x +x y 令 x y u = 则 ux y = dx dy =u dx du x + 因此:dx du x u +=2u x 21u dx du = dx du u =2 c x u +=33 1 c x x u +=-33 (*) 将x y u =带入 (*)中 得:3433cx x y =-是原方程的解.

常微分方程王高雄第三版答案

习题2.2 求下列方程的解 1. dx dy =x y sin + 解: y=e ?dx (?x sin e ?-dx c dx +) =e x [- 21 e x -(x x cos sin +)+c] =c e x -2 1 (x x cos sin +)是原方程的解。 2. dt dx +3x=e t 2 解:原方程可化为: dt dx =-3x+e t 2 所以:x=e ? -dt 3 (?e t 2 e -?-dt 3c dt +) =e t 3- (5 1 e t 5+c) =c e t 3-+5 1 e t 2 是原方程的解。 3. dt ds =-s t cos + 21t 2sin 解:s=e ? -tdt cos (t 2sin 2 1 ?e dt dt ? 3c + ) =e t sin -(?+c dt te t t sin cos sin ) = e t sin -(c e te t t +-sin sin sin ) =1sin sin -+-t ce t 是原方程的解。 4. dx dy n x x e y n x =- , n 为常数. 解:原方程可化为: dx dy n x x e y n x += )(c dx e x e e y dx x n n x dx x n +??=?- )(c e x x n += 是原方程的解.

5. dx dy + 1212 --y x x =0 解:原方程可化为: dx dy =-1212 +-y x x ? =-dx x x e y 2 1 2(c dx e dx x x +? -2 21) ) 2 1(ln 2 + =x e )(1ln 2 ?+- -c dx e x x =)1(1 2 x ce x + 是原方程的解. 6. dx dy 2 3 4xy x x += 解: dx dy 2 3 4 xy x x += =2 3y x + x y 令 x y u = 则 ux y = dx dy =u dx du x + 因此:dx du x u += 2 u x 2 1u dx du = dx du u =2 c x u +=3 31 c x x u +=-33 (*) 将 x y u =带入 (*)中 得:3 4 3 3cx x y =-是原方程的解.

常微分方程(第三版)课后答案

常微分方程 2.1 1. xy dx dy 2=,并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解. 解:对原式进行变量分离得 。 故它的特解为代入得 把即两边同时积分得:e e x x y c y x x c y c y xdx dy y 2 2 ,11,0,ln ,21 2 =====+== ,0)1(.22 =++dy x dx y 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解. 解:对原式进行变量分离得: 。 故特解是 时,代入式子得。当时显然也是原方程的解当即时,两边同时积分得;当x y c y x y x c y c y x y dy dx x y ++=====++=+=+≠=+- 1ln 11 ,11,001ln 1 ,11ln 0,1112 3 y xy dx dy x y 32 1++ = 解:原式可化为: x x y x x y x y x y y x y c c c c x dx x dy y y x y dx dy 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 3 22 3 2 )1(1)1)(1(),0(ln 1ln 21ln 1ln 2 1 1 1,0111=++ =++ ≠++-=+ +=+≠+ ? + =+) 故原方程的解为(即两边积分得故分离变量得显然 .0;0;ln ,ln ,ln ln 0 110000 )1()1(4===-==-+=-++=-=+≠===-++x y c y x xy c y x xy c y y x x dy y y dx x x xy x y xdy y ydx x 故原方程的解为即两边积分时,变量分离是方程的解,当或解:由:

10ln 1ln ln 1ln 1,0 ln 0 )ln (ln :931:8. cos ln sin ln 0 7ln sgn arcsin ln sgn arcsin 1 sgn 11,)1(,,,6ln )1ln(2 11 11,11,,,0 )()(:5332 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 c dx dy dx dy x y cy u d u u dx x x y u dx x y dy x y ydx dy y x x c dy y y y y dx dy c x y tgxdx ctgydy ctgxdy tgydx c x x x y c x x u dx x x du x dx du dx du x u dx dy ux y u x y y dx dy x c x arctgu dx x du u u u dx du x u dx du x u dx dy ux y u x y x y x y dx dy dx x y dy x y e e e e e e e e x y u u x y x u u x y x y y x x x +===+=+-===-?-=--+-=-=+-===-=+?=+?=?=--=+===-+=+-=++ =++-++=++===+-==-++-+-- 两边积分解:变量分离:。 代回原变量得:则有:令解:方程可变为:解:变量分离,得 两边积分得:解:变量分离,得::也是方程的解。 另外,代回原来变量,得两边积分得:分离变量得:则原方程化为: 解:令:。两边积分得:变量分离,得:则令解:

最新常微分方程(第三版)答案

常微分方程(第三版) 答案

常微分方程习题答案 2.1 1.?Skip Record If...?,并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解. 解:对原式进行变量分离得 ?Skip Record If...??Skip Record If...?并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解. 解:对原式进行变量分离得: ?Skip Record If...?3 ?Skip Record If...? 解:原式可化为: ?Skip Record If...??Skip Record If...??Skip Record If...? ?Skip Record If...? 12.?Skip Record If...? 解?Skip Record If...??Skip Record If...? ?Skip Record If...? 15.?Skip Record If...? ?Skip Record If...?16.?Skip Record If...? 解:?Skip Record If...? ?Skip Record If...?,这是齐次方程,令?Skip Record If...? 17. ?Skip Record If...? 解:原方程化为?Skip Record If...? 令?Skip Record If...? 方程组?Skip Record If...??Skip Record If...? 则有?Skip Record If...? 令?Skip Record If...? 当?Skip Record If...?当?Skip Record If...? 另外 ?Skip Record If...? ?Skip Record If...?

常微分方程王高雄第三版答案3.1

习题3.1 1 求方程dx dy =x+y 2通过点(0,0)的第三次近似解; 解: 取0)(0=x ? 20020012 1)()(x xdx dx y x y x x x ==++=??? 522200210220 121])21([])([)(x x dx x x dx x x y x x x +=+=++=???? dx x x x y x x ])20 121([)(252003+++=?? = 118524400 1160120121x x x x +++ 2 求方程dx dy =x-y 2通过点(1,0)的第三次近似解; 解: 令0)(0=x ? 则 20020012 1)()(x xdx dx y x y x x x ==-+=??? 522200210220 121])21([])([)(x x dx x x dx x x y x x x -=-=-+=???? dx x x x y x x ])20 121([)(252003--+=?? =118524400 1160120121x x x x -+- 3 题 求初值问题: ?????=--=0 )1(22y y x dx dy R :1+x ≤1,y ≤1 的解的存在区间,并求解第二次近似解,给出在解的存在空间的误差估计; 解: 因为 M=max{22y x -}=4 则h=min(a,M b )=4 1 则解的存在区间为0x x -=)1(--x =1+x ≤4 1 令 )(0X ψ=0 ; )(1x ψ=y 0+?-x x x 0)0(2dx=31x 3+31;

)(2x ψ =y 0+])3131([2132?-+-x x x dx=31x 3-9x -184x -637x +4211 又 y y x f ??),(2≤=L 则:误差估计为:)()(2x x ψ-ψ≤32 2 )12(*h L M +=2411 4 题 讨论方程:31 23y dx dy =在怎样的区域中满足解的存在唯一性定理的条件, 并求通过点(0,0)的一切解; 解:因为y y x f ??),(=3221-y 在y 0≠上存在且连续; 而312 3y 在y 0 σ≥上连续 由 3123y dx dy =有:y =(x+c )23 又 因为y(0)=0 所以:y =x 2 3 另外 y=0也是方程的解; 故 方程的解为:y =?????≥00023 x x x 或 y=0; 6题 证明格朗瓦耳不等式: 设K 为非负整数,f(t)和g(t)为区间βα≤≤t 上的连续非负函数,

常微分方程第三版课后习题答案#(精选.)

习题1.2 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2 另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解:y 2dx=-(x+1)dy 2y dy dy=-1 1+x dx 两边积分: - y 1 =-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y=|)1(|ln 1+x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 321++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+3 1 x x + y y 21+dy=3 1 x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2 )(1+y 2 )=cx 2 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1 +dx 两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。 5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0

解:原方程为: dx dy =-y x y x +- 令 x y =u 则dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2x y . 6. x dx dy -y+22y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x | |-2)(1x y - 则令 x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32 +=0 解:原方程为:dx dy =y e y 2 e x 3 2 e x 3-3e 2 y -=c. 9.x(lnx-lny)dy-ydx=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y ln x y

常微分方程第三版答案2.2[1]1

习题2.2 求下列方程的解 1.dx dy =x y sin + 解: y=e ?dx (?x sin e ?-dx c dx +) =e x [- 2 1e x -(x x cos sin +)+c] =c e x -21 (x x cos sin +)是原方程的解。 2.dt dx +3x=e t 2 解:原方程可化为: dt dx =-3x+e t 2 所以:x=e ?-dt 3 (?e t 2 e -? -dt 3c dt +) =e t 3- (5 1e t 5+c) =c e t 3-+5 1e t 2 是原方程的解。 3.dt ds =-s t cos +21t 2sin 解:s=e ?-tdt cos (t 2sin 2 1?e dt dt ?3c + ) =e t sin -(?+c dt te t t sin cos sin ) = e t sin -(c e te t t +-sin sin sin ) =1sin sin -+-t ce t 是原方程的解。 4. dx dy n x x e y n x =- , n 为常数. 解:原方程可化为:dx dy n x x e y n x += )(c dx e x e e y dx x n n x dx x n +??=?- )(c e x x n += 是原方程的解.

5. dx dy +1212--y x x =0 解:原方程可化为:dx dy =-1212+-y x x ?=-dx x x e y 21 2(c dx e dx x x +?-221) )21(ln 2+=x e )(1 ln 2?+--c dx e x x =)1(1 2 x ce x + 是原方程的解. 6. dx dy 234xy x x += 解:dx dy 234xy x x += =23y x +x y 令 x y u = 则 ux y = d x d y =u dx du x + 因此:dx du x u +=2u x 21u dx du = dx du u =2 c x u +=33 1 c x x u +=-33 (*) 将x y u =带入 (*)中 得:3433cx x y =-是原方程的解.

常微分方程第三版答案教学文稿

常微分方程第三版答 案

习题1.2 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解:y 2dx=-(x+1)dy 2y dy dy=-1 1+x dx 两边积分: - y 1 =-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y=|)1(|ln 1+x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 321++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+3 1 x x + y y 21+dy=3 1 x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2)(1+y 2)=cx 2 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1 +dx 两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。

5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =-y x y x +- 令 x y =u 则dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2 x y . 6. x dx dy -y+22y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x | |-2)(1x y - 则令 x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32 +=0 解:原方程为:dx dy =y e y 2 e x 3 2 e x 3-3e 2 y -=c.

常微分方程第三版答案.doc

习题1.2 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2 另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2 dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解:y 2dx=-(x+1)dy 2 y dy dy=-1 1+x dx 两边积分: - y 1 =-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y=|)1(|ln 1+x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 321++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+31 x x + y y 21+dy=31 x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2 )(1+y 2 )=cx 2 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1 +dx 两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。 5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0 解:原方程为:

dx dy =-y x y x +- 令 x y =u 则dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2 x y . 6. x dx dy -y+22y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x | |-2)(1x y - 则令 x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32+=0 解:原方程为:dx dy =y e y 2 e x 3 2 e x 3-3e 2 y -=c. 9.x(lnx-lny)dy-ydx=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y ln x y 令x y =u ,则dx dy =u+ x dx du

常微分方程(第三版)王高雄著课后习题答案.doc

\ 习题 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2 另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2 dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 & 解:y 2 dx=-(x+1)dy 2y dy dy=-1 1+x dx 两边积分: - y 1 =-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y=|)1(|ln 1+x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 321++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+3 1 x x + y y 21+dy=3 1 x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2)(1+y 2)=cx 2 、 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1 +dx 两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。 5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0

解:原方程为: dx dy =-y x y x +- { 令 x y =u 则dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2x y . 6. x dx dy -y+2 2y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x | |-2)(1x y - 则令 x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx } arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32 +=0 解:原方程为:dx dy =y e y 2 e x 3 ` 2 e x 3-3e 2 y -=c. (lnx-lny)dy-ydx=0

常微分方程第三版课后习题答案

常微分方程第三版课后习题答案 习题1.2 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解:y 2dx=-(x+1)dy 2 y dy dy=-11+x dx 两边积分: -y 1=-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 3 2 1++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+3 1 x x + y y 2 1+dy=3 1x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2)(1+y 2)=cx 2 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1+dx

两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。 5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =-y x y x +- 令x y =u 则 dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1 dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2x y . 6. x dx dy -y+22y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x ||-2)(1x y - 则令x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32+=0

常微分方程第三版课后习题答案

习题 1. dx dy =2xy,并满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解: y dy =2xdx 两边积分有:ln|y|=x 2+c y=e 2 x +e c =cex 2 另外y=0也是原方程的解,c=0时,y=0 原方程的通解为y= cex 2,x=0 y=1时 c=1 特解为y= e 2 x . 2. y 2dx+(x+1)dy=0 并求满足初始条件:x=0,y=1的特解。 解:y 2dx=-(x+1)dy 2y dy dy=-1 1+x dx 两边积分: - y 1 =-ln|x+1|+ln|c| y=|)1(|ln 1+x c 另外y=0,x=-1也是原方程的解 x=0,y=1时 c=e 特解:y= | )1(|ln 1 +x c 3.dx dy =y x xy y 321++ 解:原方程为:dx dy =y y 21+3 1 x x + y y 21+dy=3 1 x x +dx 两边积分:x(1+x 2 )(1+y 2 )=cx 2 4. (1+x)ydx+(1-y)xdy=0 解:原方程为: y y -1dy=-x x 1 +dx 两边积分:ln|xy|+x-y=c 另外 x=0,y=0也是原方程的解。 5.(y+x )dy+(x-y)dx=0

解:原方程为: dx dy =-y x y x +- 令 x y =u 则dx dy =u+x dx du 代入有: -1 12++u u du=x 1dx ln(u 2+1)x 2=c-2arctgu 即 ln(y 2+x 2)=c-2arctg 2x y . 6. x dx dy -y+22y x -=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y +x x | |-2)(1x y - 则令 x y =u dx dy =u+ x dx du 2 11u - du=sgnx x 1 dx arcsin x y =sgnx ln|x|+c 7. tgydx-ctgxdy=0 解:原方程为: tgy dy =ctgx dx 两边积分:ln|siny|=-ln|cosx|-ln|c| siny= x c cos 1=x c cos 另外y=0也是原方程的解,而c=0时,y=0. 所以原方程的通解为sinycosx=c. 8 dx dy +y e x y 32 +=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =y e y 2 e x 3 2 e x 3-3e 2 y -=c. (lnx-lny)dy-ydx=0 解:原方程为: dx dy =x y ln x y

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