英语论文--《雾都孤儿》积极的社会意义
《雾都孤儿》积极的社会意义
摘要：《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯的一部伟大的批判现实主义的小说。它以维多利亚为时代背景，主要反映了刚刚通过济贫法的英国社会最底层人民的生活，揭露了社会弊端与社会问题，带有很强的讽刺意义。
本文主要分析《雾都孤儿》的积极的社会意义。首先通过深入分析当时维多利亚的社会背景，揭露社会现实；随后与现代社会的现状作比较，论述小说给我们现代人的启发，以至对整个社会发展带来的推动作用；从而得出结论，《雾都孤儿》这部作品具有深远的社会意义。
关键词：《雾都孤儿》; 维多利亚时代; 积极的; 社会意义
The Progressive Social Significance of Oliver Twist
Abstract
Oliver Twist is one of Dickens?s most famous novels of critical realism. The novel is set in Victorian Age, which mainly reflects the life of citizens at the bottom of society in England where the Poor Law had just been passed. With the exposure of social shortcomings and problems, the novel is written in strong irony.
This paper mainly looks into the progressive significance of the Oliver Twist. At the beginning, the paper deeply analyzes the social background of the Victorian Age and uncovers the social reality. Then through the comparison with the current situation of modern society, the paper discusses the enlightenment which we get from the novel and even the impetus function to the development of the whole society. Finally, a conclusion is drawn that Oliver Twist has a far-reaching social significance.
Key words: Oliver Twist; Victorian Age; Progressive; Social Significance
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the people who have ever helped me in this paper.
First and foremost, my sincere thanks and appreciations go to my tutor, Ms. Ou Yulan, for her guidance, support, and encouragement. During the process of writing, she helped me a lot in every aspect of my paper. It is her profound knowledge and insight, and understanding that help me overcome difficulties, master the writing skills, and form my own ideas. Without her assistance, I would not have finished this paper.
In addition, I would like to thank my family who always support and encourage me. Their warm love gives me the confidence and the driving force.
Finally, I give my thanks to my dear friends and fellow students, who have kindly provided me, help, courage and companionship during I was preparing my paper. They really teach me a lot and I begin to know the value of the friendship.
Contents
中文摘要 (i)
Abstract (ii)
Acknowledgements (iii)
Introduction (1)
I. A General Introduction to the Author Charles Dickens (2)
A. Life (2)
B. Writing Career (3)
C. Writing Style (4)
II. A Brief Introduction to the Novel Oliver Twist (5)
A. General Outline of the Novel (5)
B. Theme of the Novel (7)
III. Social Background -Victorian Age (9)
A. Domestic social condition (9)
1. New Poor Law (1834) and the Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (9)
2. The Development and Social Problems in the Victorian Age (10)
B. Depiction of Social Reality in Oliver Twist (12)
Ⅳ. Main Social Significance (16)
A. Comparison with Current Situation of Modern Society (16)
B. Introspection and Inspiration to the People of the Modern Society (17)
C. Oliver Twist?s Progressive Significance to the Development of Society (18)
Conclusion (23)
Notes (24)
Bibliography (25)
The Progressive Social Significance of Oliver Twist
Introduction
“I had perhaps the best subject I have ever thought of , I have thrown my whole heart and soul into Oliver. ”, “I wished to show, in little Oliver, the principle of good surviving through every adverse circumstance, and triumphing at last.”. Dickens once wrote.1
Oliver Twist was Dickens? second novel, which marked the beginning of Dickens? literary life. In the novel, Dickens specifically described the terrible life of the people at the bottom of society. This novel was a vivid picture of social condition of England. And it also exposed the cruelty of parish workhouse through depicting the little Oliver Twist?s childhood in it. In the novel, Dickens pointed out the suffering of those poor people. He called readers?attention to the social status of the orphan. Especially the exposure of the cruel treatment of those orphans in London in the novel is very impressive.
Oliver Twist was a very serious literary work which was full of social problems. As a social novel, the novel calls the public?s attention to various contemporary evils, including the Poor Law that stated that poor people should work in workhouses, child labor and the recruitment of children as criminals.
In Oliver Twist, Dickens mixes grim realism, and merciless satire as a way to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticize the harsh New Poor Laws. Dickens also makes a social commentary in the novel, attacking the hypocrisy and flaws of institutions, including the society?s government, the laws and criminal system, and its methods of dealing with poor people. At the same time, Dickens points out the suffering inflicted by these systems and their deep injustice.
Even, in the modern society, such kind of unequal phenomenon can also be found. The social reality and the realistic pictures of the horrible life of the poor
people inspire most of the readers to deeply think about the social reform which can eliminate the inequality and discrimination.
And especially its social significance was very important for the citizens who live in the modern society of 21st century. So, this paper, through the deep analysis of social reality in Victorian Age and the modern society, mainly talks about the progressive social significance of Oliver Twist.
I. A General Introduction to the Author Charles Dickens
A. Life
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February7th 1812 at 13 Mile End Terrace, Portsmouth, England. He was the second child and first son of John Dickens, who was an assistant clerk in the Navy Pay Office. But his father had spent too much money in entertaining, and at the same time the household expenses were rising. So in 1824 he was imprisoned for debt when Dickens was very young. And his family joined him in the Marshal Sea Prison, except Dickens, who was put to work at a blacking warehouse when he was just twelve. He worked at the scanty wage of 6 shillings a week. He lived in a boarding house in Camden Town and walked to work everyday and visited his father on Sundays. Thus, he had a sense of having been abandoned by his family. And this was the unhappy time of all his life. After his father was released, he was further wounded by his mother?s insistence that he continue to work at the factory. His unhappy experience at the Blacking Factory haunted him all his life and he spoke of it only to his wife and to his closest friend.
B. Writing Career
Between 1824 and 1827, Dickens was a day pupil at a school in London. At fifteen, he found a job as a n office boy at an attorney?s, while he studied shorthand at night. And this qualified him to begin working as a Parliamentary reporter for a newspaper. This job was the beginning of his career of becoming a writer. During that time, he published several sketches in magazines including the two-volume edition of Sketches by Boz which were very popular. But it was not until he wrote The Pickwick Papers in 1836-1837 that he achieved the true success. The Pickwick Papers was published in monthly installments and sold over forty thousand copies for each issue.
From 1838 to1841 appeared Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop and Barnaby Rudge. These were Dickens? early work. In 1842 Dickens made a trip to America and his unfavorable impressions of the life in the U.S.A. were reflected in American Notes and Martin Chuzzleuit. In 1843, Dickens published one of his most famous works, A Christmas Carol. Since 1844 he had spent much time in the European Continent, especially in France and Italy. The great social movements in the middle of the 19th century inspired Dickens?famous novels of social criticism, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit. At the same time, he was editing Household Words (1852-1859),the Entire Year Round(1859-1870), two weekly magazines.
Dickens was widely read in Europe and in 1858 he set off on a tour of public readings. In 1859, he published his historical novel of the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities which were followed by some novels on contemporary themes, Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend.
During his lifetime Dickens was known all over the world for his remarkable characters, his mastery of prose in the telling of the common people?s lives, and his depictions of the social classes, and his exposure of dark sides of the society. And he was also a spokesman for the poor.
Dickens? health started deteriorating in the 1860s.On June 9, 1870, Charles Dickens died and was buried in the Poet?s Corner of Westminster Abbey. He had written fifteen substantial novels and countless short pieces, except The Mystery of Edwin Drood which was unfinished at the time of his death. And his tomb inscribed thus: “He was a sympathi zer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of Englan d?s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
C. Writing Style
Dickens is a great humanitarian. He shows the sympathy for different class of citizens who suffer the misery of social inequality. And he demonstrates the people?s
kind and beautiful soul in the novel. Meantime, Dickens ruthlessly exposes the dark reality and depicts social evils as well as the abuse and corruption of the English parliamentary system. Besides the exposure and condemnations, Dickens also shows the concern for the plight of the common, the poor and the oppressed people, and feels the hatred for the exploitation of the upper class. However, in the conflicted world of the good and the evil, he always adds the hope of future to the world so that the reader could have the impression of the moral purity:
He sees life from the point of view of the poor of a great city. He shows
great concern about social problems, supports all proposals for social
reform, advocates an increase of democracy in all spheres of life, and
champions the cause of the oppressed. Dickens maintains an unbroken
faith in people with an entire pessimism as to capitalist society. His love
for the working people is deep and sincere.2
In the aspect of art, Dickens is an expert in the satire and the humor. He is good at portraying the main feature by the way of irony, humor, and exaggeration so that most of the characters in his novels can leave unforgettable impression on the reader?s mind.
Also, he is a remarkable master of language. Dickens has a large amount of vocabulary and the astonishing skills of controlling language. All the characters he depicts usually have certain peculiarities in appearance, or in the style of speaking. And it is these peculiarities that make them vivid and alive.
II. A Brief Introduction to the Novel Oliver Twist
A.General Outline of the Novel
Oliver Twist is one of Dickens?s most well-known works of critical realism. The event in the story mainly happened in England in the 19th century.
Oliver Twist is born into a life of poverty and misfortune in a workhouse. His mother, whose name no one knows, is found on the street and dies just after Oliver?s birth. Then he is sent to a workhouse, where he is poorly fed and mistreated. At the workhouse, he asks for more food by making a very famous request “Please, sir, I want some more.??. And this behavior leads him into a big trouble. After that, Mr. Bumble, the parish beadle, decides to give five pounds to anyone who would take Oliver as an apprentice. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker comes to take Oliver into his service. He treats Oliver better, but his wife dislikes Oliver and always mistreats him. What is worse, he suffers torment from the Noah Clay pole, and fellow appetence and Charlotte, the Sowerberry?s maid servant. One day, because of the severe insults and the abuse, he runs away.
Then, he comes to the London. Through seven days of walking, he is very exhausted and starved. Then he encounters Jack Dawkins, a boy his own age. Jack offers him shelter in the London house of an old man, Fagin. And then the innocent Oliver Twist falls into a gang of pickpockets led by Fagin. And the other chief members are the burglar, Bill Sikes, his mistress Nancy, and the Artful Doger, a young pickpocket. They teach Oliver to pickpocket and make every effort to convert Oliver into a thief. After a few days of training, Oliver is sent on a pick pocketing mission with two other boys. When he sees them pick a handkerchief from an elderly gentleman, he is horrified and runs away. Then he is caught but narrowly escapes being convicted of the theft. Mr. Brownlow, the man whose handkerchief was stolen,
takes Oliver to his home and takes good care of him. But the two members of Fagin? gangs, Bill Sikes and Nancy, catch him again, and make him join them once again.
A mysterious person named Monks has a special interest in Oliver and keeps him in the gang so that Oliver could become a criminal. Then Oliver is forced to participate in a task of burgling with Bill Sikes. But in the process of burgling, Oliver Twist is shot by a servant of the house and is seriously wounded by the gun-shot. Then he is taken in by the women who live there, Mrs. Maylie and her beautiful adopted niece Rose. They grow fond of Oliver, and Oliver spends a happy summer with them. But Fagin and Monks are planning to recapture Oliver.
After a time, when the Mayflies come to London, the mistress Nancy comes to visit Miss Rose secretly and informs her of Monks?plot. But a member of Fagin?s?gang overhears the conversation. When Sikes knows what Nancy had done, he is very irritated. And his strong rage and impulse lead him to murder Nancy. After the murder, Sikes is very afraid and tries to escape, and in the end, he accidentally hangs himself and dies.
The mysterious man Monks finally tells the truth about Oliver?s parentage. It is revealed that Monks is Oliver?s half brother. Their father, Mr. Leeford, was unhappily married to a wealthy woman and had an affair with Oliver?s mother, Agnes Fleming. Monks has been pursuing Oliver all the time and hopes to get the share of the family inheritance. Moreover, it is discovered that Rose is Agen?s younger sister, hence Oliver?s aunt.
As to the rest of the gang, they are arrested and Fagin is hung for his crimes. Finally, Mr. Brownlow adopts Oliver, and lives a happy and new life from then on.
B.Theme of the Novel
Throughout the novel, the theme can be seen from different aspects.
First, Oliver Twist is considered as a satire on the New Poor Law of 1834. It mainly reflects the real and miserable life of London underworld, especially those orphans who are destitute and helpless. In the novel, Oliver Twist was the representative of the orphan in the London underworld. Dickens led readers into terrible and dark reality. In short, through the vivid description of the life of the people in the London underworld, Dickens called forth the reader?s sympathy for the downtrodden people of the lower class.
Moreover, the ineffectiveness of charitable institutions can be reflected. Much of the first few part of Oliver Twist mainly discusses the organizations of charity. The charitable institutions are supported by the church and the government at that time. The system Dickens describes in the novel is the Poor Law of 1834, which “stipulated that the poor could only receive government assistance if they moved into government workhouses.”3 Residents of those workhouses must abide by all the regulations. Labor was required, and families were almost separated. And food and clothing were not enough. The establishment of the workhouses was based on the idea that poverty was the result of laziness and that the dreadful conditions in the workhouse would inspire the poor to improve their own circumtances.4 Furthermore, as Dickens points out, the officials of the charitable institutions violated the values they preached to the poor. In general, charitable institution only reproduced the awful conditions in which the poor would live. As Dickens puts it, the poor choose between “being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it.”5
Also, another aspect of the theme is about the battles between the good and the evil. The evil is full of hate, greed, and revenge, while the good is full of love, generosity, and kindness. And the evil always try to exploit the good. But the good can defeat the evil all the time. In the novel, Oliver Twist who is innocent and kind represents the good. He really cares for everyone around him, and hates the behavior of stealing, violence, or the mistreatment. On the contrary, those burglars Fagin, Bill Sikes, all belong to the evil. They try to exploit the good. Just like the burglars, they force Oliver to stay in the gang and teach him to pick pocket and robber. And through this description in the novel, the incorruptibility of goodness is reflected. Throughout
the novel, a question “whether the terrible environment has the power to …blacken the soul and change its hue forever?”exists.6 From the fates of most of the characters, we can assume that the answer is that they do not. The good will always be good and could not be corrupted. Certainly, character like Sikes who is symbol of the evil, even has a conscience. After he murders Nancy, the apparition of Nancy?s eyes that haunts him can be manifested. Also, the persuasive of all is Nancy. She considers herself “lost almost beyond redemption” and finally makes the sacrifice for Oliver she hardly knows. Therefore, that is their “natural goodness”.
III. Social Background -Victorian Age
A. Domestic Social Condition
1.New Poor Law (1834) and the Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
In 1834, a New Poor Law was passed by the government. “It was considered to be one of the most …far-reaching pieces of legislation of the entire nineteenth century?. The New Poor Law stated that no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse.”7This included the foundation of Poor Law Unions and the building of workhouses in each Union.
At that time, people thought that the conditions of poverty was a sign of the weakness of the poor individual, and the economic success was a sign of the success of individual?s efforts. Begging would be punished, and debtors would be sent to prison, often with their entire families. The workhouses were deliberately established to be as miserable as possible in order to prevent the poor from relying on public assistance. It was believed that the miserable conditions would prevent able-bodied paupers from being lazy.
In the eyes of middle-class English society, those who could not support themselves were considered immoral and evil. Therefore, such individuals should not enjoy comforts or luxuries in their reliance on public assistance. In order to prevent the immoral idleness, the harsh conditions were created and families were separated from each other. Moreover, meals served to workhouse residents were deliberately inadequate, so as to encourage the residents to find work and support them.
Because of the bad reputation of the workhouse, many poor people chose to die in the streets rather than seek public assistance. They had to pay in suffering and misery in order to receive public aid. In fact, the Poor Law could not improve the living conditions of these poor people. It was just a punishment for the defenseless and helpless members of the lower class. What the old, the sick, and the very young
suffered is more than what they benefited from the laws. The poor were always starved for the little offer of food in the workhouse.
From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the British working class began to struggle against the capitalist class in different ways. Some workers tried to destroy the hatred machines. They formed trade unions to press for higher wages and improve working conditions. In 1837, the London Workingmen?s Association, after collecting the various demands put forward by workers, figured out the famous document known as the People?s Charter. “The Charter constituted six points, including votes for all adult males, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in the political activities), secret voting.”8Thus, the Chartist Movement began. But during the process of the movement, their demands were rejected again and again. And they were oppressed by the government. In 1848, the movement declined and soon ended. Because the working class was not politically mature yet and it did not fully coordinate with trade unions. As for those six demands, they were gradually achieved in the future.
2. The Development and Social Problems in the Victorian Age
The Victorian Age of the Britain was the period of Queen Victoria?s reign from June 1937 until her death on the 22nd of January 1907. It was the most prosperous age in the British history. During this period, Britain was faced with the rapid economic development and serious social problems. Because of the Industrial Revolution, the Britain, an agricultural nation became almost industrialized and urbanized. Drastic social and economic changes had taken place.
The development of new machinery, new work method, the growth of industry all promoted the development of the whole British society. And English bourgeoisie made a great profit from the world trade, plunder and colonization. Different kinds of technological invention and innovation brought new power to the national economy, such as train, railway, steamship, printing machine. And all these development led to the prosperity of Britain.
The industrialization transformed nearly every aspect of British life. By 1830 Britain produced half of Europe?s iron and cotton, three-quarters of its coal, and nearly all of its steam engines. The English provided the technology of engineering for other countries, and they designed the railway system for nearly all of Europe.
But, under the shelter of development and wealth, there were many social problems. During the process of Industrial Revolution, powerful industrialists and merchants expanded the British middle class, the group that would represent the age. The values of this social class included hard work, morality, social reform and pragmatism. They were rich, but extravagant and lavish. These rich people with their surplus money sought a life of more luxury and pleasure.
At the same time, a new working class developed. Its members were confronted with poverty and exploitation from the upper class. They had to work in mines and factories which were harsh and dirty. These English workers? life was very hard. They could hardly support their families. Most of them lived in slums or in the old decaying houses, where there was no schools, no law or no order, no enough food, or no water supply or no warm clothing. What was worse, many had to walk miles to factory and their working hours usually began at 5:30am and lasted more than 12 hours a day. Even, the women and children were forced into factories to work. Especially, the children would be compelled to join in the gangsters and became thieves. In short, the poor people suffered the lack of political influence, long working hours, and inadequate wages, and the danger of harsh conditions. But those upper class people were totally indifferent to the suffering and exploitation of the poor.
Although the lives of the British workers were difficult, some steps had been taken to improve their conditions. For women and children laws were adopted that limited their work at ten hours a day. And the workers in textile industry gained a half free day on Saturday. But the poor people?s condition did not improve greatly.
B.Depiction of Social Reality in Oliver Twist
So, they established the rule, that all poor people should have the
alternative (for they would compel nobody, not they), of being starved by a
gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it. With this view,
they contracted with the water-works to lay on an unlimited supply of
water; and with a corn-factor to supply periodically small quantities of
oatmeal; and issued three meals of thin gruel a day, with an onion twice a
week, and half a roll on Sundays. They made a great many other wise and
humane regulations, having reference to the ladies, which it is not
necessary to repeat; kindly undertook to divorce poor married people, in
consequence of the great expense of a suit in Doctors' Commons; and,
instead of compelling a man to support his family, as they had theretofore
done, took his family away from him, and made him a bachelor! There is
no saying how many applicants for relief, under these two last heads, might
have started up in all classes of society, if it had not been coupled with the
workhouse; but the board was long-headed men, and had provided for this
difficulty. The relief was inseparable from the workhouse and the gruel;
and that frightened people.9
This passage describes the conditions in the workhouse to which the orphan Oliver has just been sent.
Three years before the publication of Oliver Twist, the British Parliament passed the New Poor Law which was very controversial. This law stipulates that the poor could receive public assistance only if they took up residence in official workhouses. In these workhouses, husbands and wives were split apart, and living conditions were often harsh.
In this passage, and through the previous chapters of the novel, Dickens depicts the conditions in a sarcastic tone. All of the conditions he describes are exactly the social reality of that time. Rather than exaggerate to describe the reality, Dickens expresses the way English society treats the poor through real and vivid description. Oliver Twist is an extreme criticism of Victorian society?s treatment of the poor. The
workhouses which are described in the first few chapters of the novel were institutions that the Victorian middle class established to raise poor children. The workhouse was supposed to rescue the poor from the immoral condition of filth. However, in the novel, the workhouse is a place full of filth.
Part of Dickens?s purpose for writing Oliver Twist is to expose the harsh conditions in which the lower classes live, and as a result, much of the narrative focuses on the disgusting settings in which the poor live. And in the novel, Oliver and Sowerberry travel to a section of town to retrieve the dead pauper?s body. The neighborhood is full of shop fronts that are “fast closed and moldering away”. The people of this neighborhood have apparently been left behind by the economic expansion of the Industrial Revolution, which was in full force at the time of Oliver Twist?s publication. That neighbor?s wife does not starve to death as a result of her laziness. But she starves to death because of the economic realities of the society in which she lives.
Another depiction of social reality is the Oliver?s trip to London. It can be seen as the migration of the poor to the urban centers of England during the Industrial Revolution. His hungry, exhausted condition is a result of the laws forbidding begging. Thus, in order to survive, Oliver must accept the help of Fagin?s gang. Although Fagin?s house is filthy and decayed, it contains the dinner full of plenty of food laid out in dishes. After all, the living condition is better than the workhouse.
Throughout the novel, different characters are presented.
Oliver, the principal character, is virtuous, kind, and innocent. He works at the workhouse and suffers a lot. Most of the time, he is portrayed as sweet, docile, and naive. Through the description of the bad treatment from the workhouse and various experience of the Oliver, dark reality is exposed.
And one of the experiences of Oliver in the courtroom exactly reflects the unequal status of the poor in the eyes of the law. At that time, the law was ready to punish any unfortunate pauper who was brought to face “justice”. Without enough evidence or witness, the judge still convicts Oliver and sentences him to three months of hard labor. But, for Oliver who is so weak, such kind of punishment is really a
sentence of death. Moreover, Oliver?s inability to speak at his trial, caused by his exhaustion and sickness, indicates the lower class?s lack of political power and ability to voice their own problems and troubles in the public. In 1830s England, the right to vote was based on wealth, so the poor had no say in terms of the law.
As to the gang leader, Fagin, Dickens characterizes him as a “very old shriveled Jew”with a “villainous-looking and repulsive face”. During that period, Victorians considers the Jews as gold worshippers. And a fact can also be reflected that a great many leaders of London thieves at that time were Jewish.
When Charley and the Dodger return home empty-handed, Fagin complains about the “misery of idle and lazy habits”and punishes them by not giving them dinner. And Victorians blamed the poor for laziness, and they preached the value of hard work. Fagin just represents such kind of person who believes in the work ethic. Therefore, as a result of their stern morality of charitable institutions, pauper has to choose between the harsh conditions of the workhouses and the harsh conditions of the streets. Because begging is a punishable offense, those who stay outside the workhouses are often forced to turn into criminal in order to survive. And that is the main reason for the appearance of a great many gangster which are full of thieves.
Then, Monks, who is portrayed as a very cruel and malicious man, is Oliver?s half brother. In order to get the inheritance he makes every effort to destroy Oliver. The image of Monks who is greedy and cruel fully demonstrates the reality that people?s individualism makes them ignorant of relative?s affection. With the rise of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution, individualism began to become popular.
A Victorian capitalist believes that the society would develop steadily if individuals pursued for their own interest.
As to Mrs. Carney, the middle-class matron of the workhouse enjoys a large number of luxuries which the pauper perhaps could not enjoy forever. These pauper residents only stay in the tiny, unheated rooms, while Mrs. Carney enjoys her own room with the warm fire during the bitterly cold winter. This description of Mrs. Carney implies the inequality between the middle class and the lower class. The
middle class have the authority to control the poor and they can decide what is right and wrong. They never care about the terrible conditions of these poor paupers.
Furthermore, the parish workhouse board, Mr. Bumble is also the representative of the middle class. Especially, his behavior obviously stands for the middle class. In the novel, when he criticizes Oliver for not gratefully accepting his harsh conditions, the middle class?s hypocrisy is highlighted. As to Bumble himself, he is fat and well-dressed, and even the whole workhouse is full of fat gentlemen. They all believe in the value of the meager diet for workhouse residents. All these characters expose the dark reality which is too miserable to accept for the poor. They are fed and clothed as little as possible and asked to do the work which is assigned by these boards.
Also, in the novel, when describing the parish board, Dickens writes that “they were very sage, deep, philosophical men”. And those words the board describes about the workhouse are quite irony. They say: “The poor people liked it! It was a regular place of public entertainment for the poorer classes, a tavern where there was nothing to pay...”10Of course, in fact, Oliver?s life in the workhouse is anything but enjoyment and the men of the parish boards are not “sage, deep”. But through such kind of statements about them, we can see that these people from upper classes are totally indifferent to the trouble and misery of the lower classes.
雾都孤儿作者及背景介绍
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雾都孤儿读后感
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雾都孤儿英语论文
Character analysis of Nancy in Oliver Twist 班级：Class 1 姓名：项久桐
Introduction. Charles Dickens, he is the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era. He writes many famous works. Oliver Twist is one of them. In this novel, Dickens presents the everyday existence of the lowest members of England society. During that period, Enclosure Movement and poor laws makes the situation more difficult. This paper mainly focuses on the analysis of Nancy. She is one of the characters in Oliver Twist. From her, we can find double characters. She is a distinctively contradictory person. It truly shows us the miserable life of the London at that time by Nancy’s fatality. Through analyzing the causes of Nancy’s character, we could perspective the decadence and sunless of the whole British social political system. We could learn that London is filled with unfairness and oppress the poor. It is this kind of society system and her nature that killed Nancy finally. Even if Nancy is not the main character of the novel, but she is the key character. Many readers are influenced by her complex and tragic life. Her existence lets us think about a lot of things. What is good? What is evil? Through her change, we can get the writing aim of the novel. As if everybody gives a little love, this world would become more colorful and sweet. Ⅰ. Analysis of Nancy’s double character. A.Nancy’s negative nature Nancy is a typical character of the novel. Oliver Twist’s fate is closely related with Nancy. Nancy as a thief lives in the bottom of the society. That kind of environment rubs down her self-esteem and the sense of shame. Just because of this, she tries everything to protect her group and has no courage to expose the criminal gang. What she receives forms her negative and screwy world outlook, value, and view of life. As you brew, so must you drunk. Nancy hurts others and herself both. 1.The protection of thieves. Nancy is a thief. And she thinks she is one part of the group with time passing. When Nancy decides to help Oliver get out of Monk’s trap, she also expresses the protection of the
《雾都孤儿的社会意义》开题报告
《雾都孤儿的社会意义》开题报告 河南科技学院新科学院本科生毕业论文开题报告 题目名称《雾都孤儿》的社会意义学生姓名指导教师姓名完成期限李卫芳赵莉莉专业英语学号职称20XX080601 讲师所学专业英语语言学及应用语言学20XX年12月1日至 20XX 年 12月31日一、选题的目的意义《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯的一部伟大的批判现实主义的小说，也是第一部重要的社会问题小说。它以维多利亚为时代背景，以奥列佛的种种不幸遭遇为主线，主要反映了刚刚通过济贫法的英国社会最底层人民的生活，揭露了资本主义社会中儿童在精神和肉体上所受的严重摧残，揭露了社会弊端与社会问题，带有很强的讽刺意义。狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中，通过对维多利亚时期英国社会状况的介绍和文本的分析，揭示了作者对社会的黑暗、腐败和资产阶级虚伪品性的猛烈攻击和对劳苦大众的深切同情。随着经济的不断发展，表面上看起来繁荣稳定的世界格局下，隐藏着越来越多的社会问题，《雾都孤儿》中的一系列社会问题也没有彻底消除，社会的发展要借鉴历史的教训。从不同的角度，通过对雾都孤儿的深入研究，揭示其反映的社会问题，以及各个社会阶层所反映的现实问题，这对现代社会的发展具有极其重要的借鉴意义。二、国内外研究现状通过查询中国
期刊网、学校图书馆查阅、网络搜索等发现：狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》自问世以来就引起了巨大的反响，受到了国内外学者的广泛关注，对其进行的研究不一，但多数都是被其深刻的人物描写和美好愿望的表达所震撼。至今，与它有关的研究依然层出不穷。目前国内外有许多院校对《雾都孤儿》进行着研究。许多国外学者曾发表过与《雾都孤儿》相关的文集,还有一些外国大学的文学课堂也不断地在深入研究着狄更斯的相关作品，其中最有名的可以数美国的加州大学。他们有着专业的教授对狄更斯的作品进行透彻的分析，同时每年举办一次有关狄更斯的年会探讨最新的研究成果。近年来，全球化进程不断加快，科学技术不断发展，为我们研究《雾都孤儿》的相关内容提供了很多方便。因此，我们从各方面了解到狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》淋漓尽致的展现了当时的时代背景，揭露了社会弊端与社会问题，同时，也探讨了它所反映出来的社会意义。三、主要研究内容首先介绍作者查尔斯狄更斯与他的作品《雾都孤儿》。第二部分，主要从经济和政治两个方面分析了当时的社会背景。第三部分，分析小说中主要人物的性格特征。第四部分，揭露小说所反映的消极意义。第五部分，分析小说中的积极意义。最后得出结论：一个国家的发展，不仅要注重增强经济实力，更要重视在经济发展中社会问题所带来的隐患。四、毕业论文的研究方法或技术路线研究方法：文献法、文献资料
2020雾都孤儿读后感800字.doc
2020雾都孤儿读后感800字 《雾都孤儿》是讲述了善良打败邪恶的故事，告诉我们这个世界依旧美好居多。下面是由我为大家整理的“2020雾都孤儿读后感800字”，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。 2020雾都孤儿读后感800字（一） 最近看了一本很经典的书，名字叫《雾都孤儿》，是英国着名的现实主义作家查尔斯。狄更斯的作品。 这本书主要讲的是一个出生在救济院的孤儿，倍受屈辱，就离开家乡来到伦敦的故事。 一天晚上，一个婴儿的哭声传出救济院，一个新的生命在救济院诞生了，孩子刚出生母亲就死了，所以救济院就收留了他，至于名字救济院有个规定就是每一个收养的婴儿的名字按字母顺序排列的，而这个小孩轮到T字开头了，所以就叫奥利弗?退斯特。在他9岁生日不久就像包袱一样被扔到了寄养所，那里以政府给的经费不足为由，给所里的人们每餐一碗粥。后来奥利弗被邦布尔带到了济贫院，那里有二三十个小孩，都在做苦工，而且每顿饭也给的很少，大家的愿望就是过节，以为过节就可以得到一些发霉的面包。后来奥利弗勇敢的向发粥的人再有一碗粥，却遭到毒打，后来被5英镑卖给一个卖棺材的人做学徒。那人已经有二个学徒了一个叫诺亚，另一个是夏洛蒂。他们和太太每天都挖苦奥利弗。最后把他逼到离家出走。 后来他来到了伦敦，误被一个人带到的贼窟，这里有个头目叫费根，已经是一个老扒手了，带出来一部分“徒弟”，他知道奥利弗是一块好料，就想把他培养成扒手，每天和其它两个徒弟一起玩“游戏”，说是游戏，其实是训练他们怎么偷钱。后来一次实践，奥利弗、“机灵鬼”和查理一起在街上转悠，就看到了一个很阔的人在书摊上看书，“机灵鬼”和查理就上去偷了一个很别致的手帕接着就跑了，而后被误认为是奥利弗偷
《雾都孤儿》读书笔记600字
《雾都孤儿》读书笔记600字《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第二部长篇小说。这位年仅二十五岁的小说家决心学习英国现实主义画家威廉·荷加斯的榜样，勇敢地直面人生，真实地表现当时伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。他抱着一个崇高的道德意图：抗议社会的不公，并唤起社会舆论，推行改革，使处于水深火热中的贫民得到救助。正因为如此，狄更斯历来被我国及前苏联学者界定为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。对此，我有一些不同的见解：文学艺术是一种特殊的社会意识形态，它必然是社会存在的反映。但是，我们决不能把反映现实的文学都说成是现实主义文学，把“现实主义”的外延无限扩展。事实上，作家运用的创作方法多种多样，因人而异，这和作家的特殊气质和性格特点密切相关。狄更斯的创作，想像力极为丰富，充满诗的激情，他着意渲染自己的道德理想，处处突破自然的忠实临摹，借用一句歌德的话：它比自然高了一层。这和萨克雷、特洛罗普等坚持的客观。冷静、严格写实的方法有显著的区别。 奥利弗——一个孤儿，他被投入了一个充满贫困与犯罪的世界，忍饥挨饿，挨打挨骂，从来没有人关心他。邪恶的费金，残暴的比尔赛克斯，以及一大群窃贼强盗。他们把奥利弗训练成一个神偷手，然后利用他去骗取钱财。可是奥利弗不愿去干这些事情,费金就对他拳打脚踢，迫使奥利弗到
处流浪。幸运的是，他遇到了一群善良的人，对他无微不至的关怀，让奥利弗感到非常温暖。 当我想到一个九岁的孩子，在伦敦被迫加入罪恶累累、堕落不堪的小偷、强盗、亡命之徒的行列之中。但他并未放弃，在他的心中仍向往着一个美好的生活，多次在好心人的帮助下，终于过上了自己所想往的生活。我真觉得奥利弗真勇敢、真坚强。而我们生活在蜜罐里，福窝里，却总是抱怨，总是不满足。但我们可曾想过，在世界上，还有许多孩子，正承受着巨大的痛苦；正和饥饿、寒冷、疾病作战；正面对着失去亲人，飘泊流浪的生活。他们需要别人的帮助，但更需要不屈的精神、勇敢的精神。 我要学习奥利弗的坚强不屈的精神、勇敢的精神。 我们也要学习善良的布朗洛，是他伸出了援助之手帮助奥利弗的。 看了《雾都孤儿》，让我受益非浅，让我懂得了社会的冷酷与人的性格的残暴。我们 要行动，帮助他们，挽救他们。 我向大家推荐的书是这《雾都孤儿》，这里面突出了一个典型人物，可怜、凄惨、悲苦的南希，她生活在一个残忍的世界中，却挣扎着要忠实于她所爱的人。她为了帮助奥利弗，而背叛了她所爱的人，最后遭到了坏人的毒手……经过这一连串的事奥利弗却坚强不屈，勇于斗争，所以我向大家
雾都孤儿英文简介
Oliver Twist was born to be an orphan in a workhouse ，where children are maltreated and constantly starved. Beadles of the workhouse hate Oliver’s personality and traffic in him to an undertaker to work as an apprentice. Unable to bear the cruel abuse, Oliver run away to London. There he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves headed by old Fagin. Oliver is taught and forced to steal. He is once rescued by the kind-hearted Mr Brownlow but caught by the thieves again.It finally turns out a man named Monks is Oliver’s brother,who wants to make the boy a criminal due to the inheritance.In the end, with the help of Nancy, Oliver escapes from the menace of all the bad men and is adopted by Mr Brownlow,leading a happy life.
论《雾都孤儿》中的人物特征及其所体现的社会特征
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