英译汉练习短文

·英译汉练习短文·

Passage1

SatiricLiterature1

Perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,itsoriginalityofperspective.Satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.I nstead,itpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.Satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.Whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditio nsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,oraffected.Satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantl yshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.DonQuixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;Brave NewWorldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;AModestProposaldramatizesstarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.Noneofthes eideasisoriginal.ChivalrywassuspectedbeforeCervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforeAldousHuxle y3,andpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeSwift4.Itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.Itwasthemann erofexpression，thesatiricmethod,thatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.Satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart, notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.Theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebr iskness5theybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions6.Withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scra mblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,andspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.

Satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.Ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyl iveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,andfoolishphilosophy.Satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoft ruth,thoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.Satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularm ediaissanctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.Liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.Soldiersrare lyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,notdoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.Intelligentp eopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpressed8.

Notes

1．这篇文章用词正式，句式严谨、周密、冗长，文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式，可多用四字结构和铺排形式。

2．Cervantes:塞万提斯（1754-1616），西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。

3．AldousHuxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英国生物学家，作家。

4．Swift:斯威夫特（1667-1745），英国作家，擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。

5．briskness：brisk意为keenorsharpinspeechormanner。

6．secondhandopinions：不可翻译为“二手的观点”，应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。

7．cheapmoralizing：这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“说教”。

8．whentheydonothearthemexpressed：当直译不方便时，我们可用视点转移法：但是当周围人不谈起时

Key

讽刺文学

或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情，在这一视角下，这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒，让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到，我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中，有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑；《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩；《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉，使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的：在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上；在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品，而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心，因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语，便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭，它重新调整视角，将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起，用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。

讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今，是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫，它提醒读者，他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动，但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们，他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想，而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实，但是当周围人不谈起时，他们常常会忘记掉。

Passage2

AmericanFolkArt

WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,e ssentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarkedt asteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,andofthear tistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.

TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts—forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclar ationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNew York,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreas edroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtooriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewand grew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography, andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealux ury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.

Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitist3wascalled.Localcraftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—

begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgained alocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbru shesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.

Notes

everyday:意为commonplace,ordinary

midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美国独立后50年间

portraitist：译为“画师”，以和前面的limner（画家）相区别。

Key

美国民间艺术

我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术的市场，特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人，或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始，美国这一群体的数量不断增加，而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。

勿需惊奇，美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中，人口不断西徙，在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州，人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间，人口增加了近5倍，原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代开始，而且，在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。从此，人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求，专业画家来完成绘画。

但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”，当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像，很快在当地声誉鹊起，然后很多人前来要求画像；艺术家们发现，他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游，既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。

Passage3

Crows

CrowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymetandeasilyidentifiablemembersofthenativefaunaoftheUnitedStates.Thegreatnumbe roftales,legends,andmythsaboutthesebirdsindicatesthatpeoplehavebeenexceptionallyinterestedinthemforalongtime.Onthe otherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive─particularlybehavioral─information,crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones, theendangeredCaliforniacondor,tociteoneobviousexample.Therearepracticalreasonsforthis.

Crowsarenotoriouslypoorandaggravatingsubjectsforfieldresearch.Keenobserversandquicklearners,theyareastuteaboutthei ntentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,andadeptatavoidingthem.Becausetheyaresonumerous,active,andmonochro

matic,itisdifficulttodistinguishonecrowfromanother.Bands,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothe m,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,whoareamongthewariestandmostuntrappableofbirds.

Technicaldifficultiesaside,crowresearchisdauntingbecausethewaysofthesebirdsaresocomplexandvarious.Aspreeminentgen eralists,membersofthisspeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,andtheycanquicklyadjusttochangesint heircircumstances.Beingsoeducable,individualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,strategiesandscams.Fo rexample,onepetcrowlearnedhowtoletadogoutofitskennelbypullingthepinonthedoor.Whenthedogescaped,thebirdwentintot hekennelandateitsfood.

Key

乌鸦

乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员（物种）。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说（故事、传说和神话）流传众多，可见，人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面，在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时，与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比，它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。

众所周知，野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少，并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐，领悟快捷，善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图，并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单一、机警灵活，人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上，但这却要满足一个前提，那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。

乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步，撇开技术上的困难不谈，其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手，其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源，而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习，每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好，策略和花招。比如，有一只宠物乌鸦，学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后，它便进去，享用了狗的美食。

Passage4

LifeonEarth

LifeoriginatedintheearlyseaslessthanabillionyearsaftertheEarthwasformed.Yetanotherthreebillionyearsweretopassbeforeth efirstplantsandanimalsappearedonthecontinents.Life’stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife.

WhatformsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestyleThetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedon megafossils--relativelylargespecimensofessentiallywholeplantsandanimals.Vascularplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandf erns,leftthefirstcomprehensivemegafossilrecord.Becauseofthis,ithasbeencommonlyassumedthatthesequenceofterrestrializ ationreflectedtheevolutionofmodernterrestrialecosystems.Inthisview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcon tinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,andlastlybyanimalsthatpreyedontheplant-eaters.Moreover,themegaf ossilssuggestthatterrestriallifeappearedanddiversifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweentheSilurianandtheDevonianperi ods,alittlemorethan400millionyearsago.

Recently,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingacloserlookatthesedimentsbelowthisSilurian-Devoniangeologicalbound ary.Itturnsoutthatsomefossilscanbeextractedfromthesesedimentsbyputtingtherocksinanacidbath.Thetechniquehasuncovere dnewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheancientoceans-plantmicrofossilsandmicroscopicpieces ofsmallanimals.Inmanyinstancesthespecimensarelessthanone-tenthofamillimeterindiameter.Althoughtheywereentombedi ntherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,manyofthefossilsconsistoftheorganicremainsoftheorganism.

Thesenewlydiscoveredfossilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopushedbackth esedatesfortheinvasionoflandbymulticellularorganisms.Ourviewsaboutthenatureoftheearlyplantandanimalcommunitiesare nowbeingrevised.Andwiththoserevisionscomenewspeculationsaboutthefirstterrestriallife-forms.

Key

在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的观点），要再过30亿年，第一批动植物才出现在大陆上。或许，正如生命的起源一样，生命从海洋向陆地的过渡，同样在进化论上受到质疑。

什么形式的生命能使其生活方式发生如此惊人的变化？对于第一批登陆的生物，传统的观点是建立在巨化石基础上的，这些巨化石是一些基本上完整的动植物的较大标本。与现代种子植物和蕨类植物有种属相关的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石记录。因此，人们可以推测，生命登陆的次序反映了现代陆生系统的进化。按照这种观点，维管植物首先移居到大陆水域的周边，其次是以这种植物为食的动物，最后是吃这种食草动物的动物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四亿多年前的志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间（在志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间，即四亿多年前），陆生生命已经出现，种类也急剧增加。

但是最近，古生物学家一直对志留纪-盆泥纪抵制界限以下的积淀物进行更为周密的调查。结果表明，将岩石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能从这些沉淀物中离析出来。这项技术从古海洋岸边的沉积物中又发现了新的证据——植物的微小化石以及在显微镜才可以看得见的小动物的碎片。多数情况下，标本的直径不足1/10微米。尽管他们在岩石中埋藏了数亿年，许多化石仍遗留有生物体的有机物质。

这些新发现的化石不仅揭示了先前不为人质的有机体的存在，也将多细胞生物进居陆地的时间向前推移。我们对早期动植物群体（群落）本质的看法正得以修正，随之而来的是对第一批陆生生命的新推断。

Passage5

HistoricalMethods

Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshi storyastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgeneratio nofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattere d;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutc ontributionstoanunendingprocess.

Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmore frominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergin gsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderst andingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesrather

thantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditional methodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyr eferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoric alinquiry.Historians,espec iallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequen tlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommon inthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthediscipli neasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlythe externalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.

V ocabulary:

practice:custom

create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain

affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare

revere:respectandadmire

primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson

inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit

equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected

Key

历史研究方法

虽然每一位历史学家对历史有自己的界定，但是，现代最习惯的做法是，将历史看着是对过去重大事件进行再现并予以解释。每一代的历史学家，总会根据自身所处的时代和位置，重新判定过去的事件中哪些是重要的。这样找到的证据往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有着个人偏见的。对历史学家研究技艺的讽刺在于，运用这一技艺的人总是知道，他们所付出的努力不过是在给一个无边无际的过程不断加砖添瓦。

人们对历史学研究方法产生兴趣原因有二，其主要原因是历史学家内部意见不统一，其次原因是，将历史学作为一门需要智力活动参与（进行分析和研究）的学科是否合理，外界持尚有怀疑态度。虽然以前的历史学重视与文学和哲学的紧密关系，但是在提出新问题、并为理解过去提供有益的方法方面，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多的机会。社会科学方法论必须调整之后适应这样的学科：它由历史资料的重要程度决定，而非根据当代世界所必不可少的需求决定。

在历史学的研究中还有其他的一些方法是用来解释历史资料的。而在上一转化过程中，这些方法使得传统研究方法更为有效。

在历史学界，方法论是一个从根本上就非常含糊的术语。它到底是普通历史研究中所特有的概念，还是适合于各个分支领域的研究技巧，人们对此尚无定论。历史学家，特别是那些盲目从于自己的研究兴趣、因而被指责为使用“井蛙（狭隘）方法”的历史学家，常常成为“技术谬误”的牺牲品。同样，在自然科学领域，技术谬误

也错误地将学科看成是由一些技术运用所组成的整体。这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会科学历史学派的身上，前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料的评议；后者认为历史的研究应该是某些具体技术的运用。

Passage6

TheMethodofScientificInvestigation

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplyt hemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereis justthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweent heoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperfor mingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andtheb alanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandof coursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkb ymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainn aturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoper ationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtrai ning.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfell owmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebe ingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.

Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere ‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingproseduringthewholeof hislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenacting ontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecours eofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichas cientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

Key

科学研究的方法

科学研究的方法只是人类思维中必要的工作方式的表现，正是通过这种方式，人类对一切现象进行逻辑推理，并做出精确的解释。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间并无实质的区别，其区别有如面包师或者肉匠用普通磅秤称量他们的物品，而化学家则用天平和精确/细致分级的砝码来进行难度很大和复杂深入的分析一样。并不是因为在前一种情况下的磅秤与后一种情况下的天平在构造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因为天平是更为精密的仪器，与磅秤比较起来，其称量结果自然要精确得多。

如果我给你（可省去）举一些非常熟悉的例子，或许你会理解得更清楚。你会多次听说过科学家们是运用归纳法和演绎法工作，而且，在某种意义上，他们运用这些思维方式从自然界中总结出一些自然规则，然后运用特殊的技巧，在这些自然规则的基础上建立自己的理论。因此，很多人认为，普通人的思维活动决不能与科学家的思维活动堪比；只有通过某种特殊训练，普通人才能获得这些思维过程。听到这些夸张的说法，你或许会认为科学家的大脑和普通人的大脑在构造上不相一样；但是如果你不被这些大话（夸张的说法）唬住，你会发现你弄错

了：在你生命中的每天、每时、每刻，你都在运用这些绝妙的思维方法。

在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个众所周知的情节：主人公在听到别人夸赞他毕生都是出口成章时，他表现出无尽的喜悦。同样，我相信，当你发现（在科学家运用科学思维的同时，）你也一样基于归纳法和演绎法原理行事，你会感到十分慰籍，也会对自己也非常满意。（在座）每一个人在一天中都有可能有机会开动一辆思维的列车进行（一连串）复杂的推理，这与科学家在探寻自然现象时的思维活动相比，虽然程度有些不同，但其性质却完全一样。

Asecretary’sjob

Althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecessarilyso!Intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariesweremalebecausewomenwereconsideredtooweakforsuc hhardactivities.

NowthereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintothesecretarialfieldAndmorewomenaremovingintoexecutivepositions. Jobsandcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,butbyability.Aslongasthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,heorshewill beabletogetajob.Goodsecretariesarealwaysindemand.

Agoodsecretaryshouldbeexcellentinofficeduties.Forexample,whenthebosshasanurgentbudgetmeeting,thesecretaryshouldn otdisturbhim.Ifthebossisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorsheshouldmakethereservationaheadoftimeinanappropriaterestaurant .

Goodsecretariesshouldalsopayattentiontotheirappearanceanddressfashionablyandneatly.Theymustbeabletospeakatleaston eforeignlanguagefluently.Ifasecretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforprom otion.

一份秘书的工作

通常秘书一般都被想成是“她”而执行者是“他”，但这不是必然的！在最初的办公室工作中，几乎所有的秘书都是男性，因为女性被认为是无法胜任如此难的工作。现在越来越多的男性加入到秘书的工作领域而许多女性加入到执行者的行列。工作和经历不在取决于性别而是能力。只要这个人有成为好秘书的资质，他或她将得到这份工作。好的秘书经常是受欢迎的。一个好的秘书必须有出色的办公室工作潜质。例如：当老板正在开一个紧急预算会议，秘书就不能打扰他。如果老板要开一个晚宴，他或她在这之前要预定一个合适的酒店。好的秘书还必须要注重他们的形象，穿着时尚整齐。他们要最少流利的讲一门外语。如果一个秘书非常熟练并且有技巧的掌握电脑，那么她很有可能被推荐升职。

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