新视野大学英语四期末试题分析解析

郑州大学西亚斯学院2010-2011学年第二学期末

考试试卷

（供2009 级各院/系专业统招本科班使用）

考试科目：大学英语IV 试卷类型： A（闭卷）

Part I. Listening Comprehension (30 points)

Section A (10points, 1 point for each)

Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations and 1 long conversation. At the end of the conversation one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C), and D), and choose the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1. 注意：此部分答案填在答题卡1上

1. A. The woman doesn’t understand the meaning of Chaplin’s films.

B. The man appreciates Charlie Chaplin’s films.

C. Movie stars of Chaplin’s time compared themselves to Chaplin.

D. Charlie Chaplin was original in that he surprised people.

2. A. Mother and son.

B. Father and daughter.

C. Husband and wife.

D. Brother and sister.

3. A. Cultures and places far away.

B. The woman’s first year of studies.

C. Things the woman is doing now.

D. The foreign roommates of the woman.

4. A. The effect of the Internet

B. Remote cities of Asia

C. Changes to the world

D. Travel plan to Asia

5. A. The woman should lose her job.

B. The woman won’t get cut by manageme nt.

C. The woman can easily find something new.

D. The woman shouldn’t be depressed.

Question 6-10 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

6. A. The value of friends. B. Important friends.

C. The woman’s friends.

D. The man’s family.

7. A. Friends are really very important.

B. He is important in his family.

C. Friends aren’t very necessary.

D. Questions about friends are strange.

8. A. The woman loves her friends.

B. The woman doesn’t ha ve a big family.

C. The man doesn’t have any friends.

D. The man and woman have been friends for life.

9. A. One can lose his temper with a friend.

B. Friends are for life.

C. One can argue with a friend.

D. Friends think the same thing.

10. A. In a club.

B. In an office.

C. In a library.

D. In a classroom.

Section B Understanding Passages (10 points, 1 point for each)

Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1. 注意：此部分答案填在答题卡1上

Passage One

Question 11-15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

11. A. Goals can help you realize what you want in life.

B. Goals can let life happen to you.

C. Goals aren’t difficult to set

D. Goals aren’t difficult to reach.

12. A. Successful people have goals in life and make plans to carry them out.

B. Successful people set goals that are difficult to achieve.

C. Unsuccessful people make unreasonable demands of themselves.

D. Unsuccessful people set goals and try to get other people to help them.

13.A.Trying to be realistic about one’s capabilities.

B. Having a clear understanding of what one wants in life.

C. Analyzing problems that may be involved.

D. Dreaming of a very beautiful future.

14. A. They should sign an agreement with other people involved.

B. They should be aware of the difficulties they are faced with.

C. They should write down their goals.

D. They should discuss with other people about their goals.

15. A. Goals enable people to achieve everything they desire in life.

B. Winners of any competition should never be satisfied with themselves.

C. Goals must be realistic and feasible.

D. Success is possible only when a person has clearly set his or her goal.

Passage Two

Question 16-20 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A. Change may cause depression to most people.

B. Change may cause excitement to most people.

C. People try harder to get rid of something they are familiar with.

D. It takes courage and determination to adapt to changes.

17. A. Technology has nothing to do with the economy.

B. Technology promotes the development of the new economy.

C. Technology is the result of the new economy

D. Technology prevents changes in the new economy.

18. A. Net income.

B. The changes taking place throughout the economy.

C. Final results.

D. Basic fact.

19. A. Communication skills.

B. Ability to work within a team.

C. Language skills.

D. Leadership abilities.

20. A. Necessity of adjusting oneself to the changing economy.

B. Rapid changes brought about by technology.

C. Impact of technology on our life.

D. Relationship between technology and change.

Section C (10 points, 0.5 point for each missing word, 2 points for each missing information)

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 21 to 28 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 29 to 31 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Please write them on ANSWER SHEET2. 注意：此部分答案填在答题卡2上

There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a (21)_________for the rights of welfare clients, because the system so easily lends itself to (22) _______ by the welfare givers as well as by the clients. Welfare sent Suzanne to look around in my apartment the other day because the（23）_______ said I was using a larger than usual amount of (24)________ supplies. I was, indeed: The hole that has been surgically cut to drain urine had changed size and the (25)_______ to my urine bag was (26)_________.

While she was taking notes, my phone rang and Suzanne answered it. The (27)_________ was a state senator, which (28) ________ Suzanne a little. Would I sit on the governor’s committee and try to do something about the thousands of welfare clients who, like me, (29)_______________________________________if they were allowed to do so, one step at a time.

Hell，yes, I would! (30) ______________________________________

that will encourage them, not seek to convict them of cheating.(31) _________

_____________________________ without guilt or fear— or just hold a good, steady job.

Part II Reading Comprehension （35 points10 points, 1 point for each)Section A (Skimming and Scanning ）

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on ANSWER SHEET. For questions 32-38 choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B), C), and D).注意：此部分答案填在答题卡1上。For questions 39-41complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.注意：此部分答案填在答题卡2上。

The History of Ice Cream

Persia

In 400 BC, Persians invented a special chilled pudding-like dish. It was served to the royal leaders of Persia during the hot summers. By then, the Persians had already mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant, naturally-cooled refrigerators. These refrigerators kept ice brought in from the winter, or from nearby mountains, well into the summer. The storages worked by using tall wing-catchers that kept the cold storage space at low temperatures. The ice was then mixed with fruits and various other flavors. The treat, widely made today in Iran, is made from wheat and spun in a machine which produces threads or drops of batter, which are boiled in water. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rosewater and lemons, before serving. Arabia

Ice cream was the favorite dessert for the Caliphs (哈里发，伊斯兰国家领袖) of Baghdad. The Arabs were the first to add sugar to ice cream, and were also the first to make ice cream commercially available, as there were ice cream factories in the 10th century. It was sold in markets of all Arab cities in the past. It was made of chilled milk with fruits and sometimes nuts. Arabs introduced this to the West through Sicily. There are many kinds of Arabian ice creams that we can find in the market. They have the advantages of being healthy and fresh, as they are made of fresh milk. Rome

While it was not yet ice cream exactly, some examples of early pre-planned ice dishes involve the Roman emperor Nero (37-68) who is said to have ordered ice to be brought from mountains and combined with fruits. People living directly alongside snow and ice have probably always put sweet things like honey and fruit juice in frozen water for variety, as some still do this day. Snow dishes, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet liquid served in paper cup, are consumed in many parts of the world.

China

There are several popular legends concerning the discovery of ice cream. One is as follows. There was a material used for the production of gunpowder in China. And the Chinese discovered that when they mixed it with water, it absorbed heat in the

water, thus creating ice in summer. The Chinese put sugar in the ice and sold it as food during the summer. It is believed that during the Song Dynasty, people began putting fruit juice in the water to create the ice. Milk might have been used for ice cream in the Yuan Dynasty. However, there is no enough evidence to know whether this is true.

The West

Popular tradition asserts that Marco Polo, the Italian traveler famous for his writings about China, saw ice cream being made on his trip to China. Stories claim he took the recipe of ice cream home to Italy with him on his return. However, Marco Polo in his writings never claimed to have introduced ice cream to the West.

Catherine de Medici’s Italian cooks are said to have brought recipes for flavored ices to France when Catherine went there in 1533 to marry the Duc d’Orleans. One hundred years later, Charles I of England was supposedly so impressed by the “frozen snow” that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be the food for the very rich and powerful. There is, however, no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century. Food historians are still searching for more information on the early spread of ice cream.

Modern Ice Cream

Contemporary Western-style ice cream, however, was probably developed in the 1600s, and was introduced to the United States by people from Europe who brought their ice cream recipes with them. Salesmen, many of whom were Frenchmen, sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were among the people who regularly ate and served ice cream. Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. In 1843 Nancy Johnson became the first American to develop a special ice cream maker that could be operated by using one’s hands. This was followed by the invention of the ice cream soda, a drink that contained ice cream. It was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae, a popular ice cream dish, was invented in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no solid evidence to back up any of their stories. Some versions say that the sundae was invented to get around the Blue Laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. The banana split, an ice cream dish served with banana, was popularized in the first year of the 20th century.

Development of Ice Cream in the 20th Century

The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increase in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During Prohibition, the time in American history when the production and sale of alcohol was not allowed, the soda fountain was promoted as an alternative to the bar, which once served alcohol.

Ice cream became extremely popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common and wages became high

enough to allow for such minor luxuries. Soon there was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavors and types. Sellers often competed on the basis of variety.

Howard Johnson’s restaurants advertised “a world of 28 flavors”. Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors (“one for every day of the month”) the basis of its marketing strategy; the company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.

One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was

a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream. This

allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, thereby saving money.

This ice cream was also very popular amongst consumers who preferred the light texture, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process.

The 1980s saw a return of the older and thicker ice cream being sold as “top”

variety.

32. The naturally- cooled refrigerators the Persians used worked ________ to

keep the cold storage space at low temperatures.

A) by mixing ice with fruits B) by using tall wind-catchers

C)with rosewater and lemons D) with drops of batter

33. The Arabs were the first to ________________________________.

A)make ice cream commercially available

B)mix ice cream with frozen rosewater

C)bring ice cream from the nearby mountains

D)boil water and lemons for ice cream

34. One legend says that the Chinese made ice cream in the summer by mixing

water and ___________________________.

A)ice cream B)fruit juice

C) gunpowder D) milk

35.Recipes for flavored ice are said to be brought to France by _____________.

A)Marco Polo B) Catherine de Medici’s Italian cooks

B)Duc d’Orleans D) Charles I of England

36. A special hand-operated ice cream maker was developed ________________.

A)in the 1600s B) in the year 1843

C)in the year 1874 D) before the 19th century

37. It is said that the ice cream sundae was _______________________.

A)invented by Nancy Johnson

B)an ice cream dish served with banana

C)an ice cream dish created in the early 19th century

D)invented to replace sodas on Sunday

38. What was promoted as an alternative during Prohibition in America?

A)The ice cream parlor. B) The soda shop.

C) The bar. D) The soda fountain

39. The introduction of ________________ was one important development

in the 20th century .

40. A chemical research team in Britain discovered a method of ____________

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

Film making at the beginning of the twentieth century was in its infancy. The techniques at that time could only show people and objects as they were, with an occasional photographic trick. So to imagine people gathering together in a theater to see a movie that was entirely silent is a bit incredulous to us now. But that was the reality of the early twentieth century.

Films with sound did not appear until 1928. After all, radio had just made its commercial debut on November 2, 1920. The previous century produced many greats in the arts. Charlie Chaplin was among the greatest, and probably the greatest of all. Few people would argue this.

For those who have no interest in what is perceived as outdated, silent film has little attraction. This is unfortunate, as it was the product of a day when true ability could not be faked. There were no computer graphics to shock the audiences. The photography was not nearly as good as today and the films were in black and white. Sound had yet to be added. There was just the playing of an organ by an employee of the theater. More amazingly, Chaplin wrote his own scripts as well as produced and directed his own work. He often did his own editing. It was all up to him, and no sound or visual phenomenon could help.

There was more. Chaplin proved, when sound came to films, to be productive composer. Some of his music has gained widespread recognition, such as “Smile”, from Modern Times and “This is my Song” from one of his lesser known films, A Countess from Hong Kong.But the most beautiful is “Eternally”, the opening theme of Limelight. It became so widely known as one of the great Chaplin compositions that it was played at many of his professional appearances, including his Academy Award acceptance of 1972.

52. Films at the beginning of the 20th century_________________________.

A) were not entirely silent

B) were very complicated

C) showed things in their original forms

D) were without photographic techniques

53.It can be inferred from the passage that__________________________.

A) films was not at all interesting at the beginning of the 20th century

B) films with sound came into being before the 1920s

C) few people regarded Charlie Chaplin as the greatest artist in the 20th century

D)at the beginning of the 20th century silent films appealed to people

54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the reason why

silent films become outdated?

A) People saw films in total silence.

B) Films were in black and white.

C) Photographic techniques were poor.

D) There were no computer tricks.

55. As a music composer, Charlie Chaplin did all of the following except______.

A) play an organ to accompany the silent film

B) compose “Eternally”

C) win widespread appeal

D) produce and direct his own work

56. The best title of this passage might be__________________________.

A) Great Art--- Silent Films

B) Great Genius--- Charlie Chaplin

C) Great Comedian--- Charlie Chaplin

D) Versatile Artist---Charlie Chaplin

Passage Two

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

Genetically-modified (GM) foodstuffs are here to stay. That’s not to say that food produced by conventional agriculture will disappear, but simply that food-buying patterns will polarize(分化): there will be a niche market for conventional foodstuffs just as there is for organic food. It may even be that GM food will become the food of preference because consumers come to appreciate the health benefits of reduced pesticide (农药) use.

Currently there are some 20,000 chemicals in use, but the scientists only have detailed information on around 1,000 of them. To see the advantages of GM food you have only to consider the recent press revelation that the average lettuce receives eleven pesticide applications before it reaches the supermarket shelf. I’m sure chemicals and their role in disease will become a big issue in the 21st century as the population of the developed world worries increasingly about its health.

The reason GM food will not go away is that we need a three-fold increase in food production by the year 2050 to keep pace with the world’s predicted population growth to ten or eleven billion. It’s not just a question of more mouths to feed either.

What is often forgotten is that all these extra people will take up space, reducing the overall land available for agriculture.

The world has 800 million hungry people. Until now, food supplies have been increased by improved varieties, pesticides and artificial fertilizer: the green revolution. Now we’re on the edge of a new one: a genetic revolution.

It may well be that in the long term it is the developing world that benefits most from GM food. It’s true that for the next ten years or so GM crops may be too expensive.

57. How many chemicals are still less familiar to the scientists?

A) 20,000 B) 19,000 C) 1,000 D) 21,000

58. According to the passage, food supplies have been increased by all the

following except________________________.

A) pesticides B) artificial fertilizers

C) transportation D) improved varieties

59. Why will people prefer GM food in the future?

A) Because it uses less pesticides.

B) Because it is much cheaper.

C) Because the production is increased.

D) Because it is organic food.

60. Which of the following is NOT true?

A) By 2050, the world population will grow to ten or eleven billion.

B) More and more people will reduce the overall land available for farming.

C) More and more people will consume more food and occupy more space.

D) In the 21st century, GM food will take the place of conventional food.

61. The author’s attitude towards GM food is _____________________.

A) positive B) negative C) critical D) uncertain

Part III Cloze （10 points, 0.5point for each）.

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C)，and D). You can choose the ONE that best fits into

the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center. 注意：此部分答案填在答题卡1上

We are living in the age of telecommunications revolution. In order to keep from getting 62 , many developing countries are making an intensive effort to strengthen their telecommunications infrastructure. This will help them 63

the developed countries. It was, after all, advanced telecommunications 64 gave some countries an economic advantage 65 others during the 20th century. There is one place that the developing nations are 66 improve upon. That is enabling their citizens and businesses to get 67 to the Web. They are installing advanced optical fibers. These fibers, a millimeter in 68 , can bring the information superhighway to their door. The 69 investments that countries like Vietnam are making may seem too great because they still lack basic 70 , like electricity and water. However, government officials say that these moves are 71 . They are also confident that their countries will 72

the benefits. They will benefit from having more 73 and up-to-date telecommunications equipment and gaining more 74 . One Vietnamese leader said, “It is understandable that people want to 75 their immediate problem first. Still, our entire future is 76 . People don’t always understa nd the 77 of the problem, though.” He continued, “There are problems with using the antique communications equipment. And if we continue to use such old equipment, the 78 between us and the developed world will continue to widen. 79 have to be made now so that our children will have a country with opportunities equal 80 those they see in the developed world.” It will not be far 81 they can cruise alongside Americans and Western Europeans on the information superhighway.

62. A. left out B. left alone C. left behind D. left off

63. A. make up for B. stand up to C. get involved in D. catch up with

64. A. that B. what C. where D. which

65. A. above B. over C. than D. with

66. A. looking up B. looking to C. looking for D. looking into

67. A. assistance B. approval C. access D. asset

68. A. circle B. length C. round D. diameter

69. A. partial B. initial C. potential D. influential

70. A. appliances B. standards C. utilities D. conveniences

71. A. temporary B. magic C. logic D. strategic

72. A. reap B. sustain C. derive D. assign

73. A. available B. comparable C. reliable D. considerable

74. A. inputs B. revenues C. arrangements D. payments

75. A. accomplish B. complete C. master D. tackle

76. A. at odds B. by accident C. at stake D. for certain

77. A. length B. strength C. volume D. breadth

78. A. hole B. gap C. space D. extent

79. A. Sacrifices B. Costs C. Prices D. Attributions

80. A. in B. with C. to D. on

81. A. while B. since C. when D. where

新视野4 答案

Part I. Listening Comprehension (30 points)

Section A (10points, 1 point for each)

1---5 B C D A D 6---10 A C B C D

Section B Understanding Passages (10 points, 1 point for each)

11---15 A A B C D 16---20 D B B C A

Section C (10 points, 0.5 point for each missing word, 2 points for each missing information)

21. champion 22. abuse 23. chemist 24. medical

25. connection 26. leaking 27. caller 28. scared

29. could earn part or all of their own livings

30. Someday people like me will thrive under a new system

31. They will be free to develop their talents

评分标准：试题四属客观题，按标准答案给分。每题与标准答案相符得分，与标准答案不符或不回答者得0分。

Part II Reading Comprehension （35 points）

Section A (Skimming and Scanning 10 points, 1 point for each)

32 . B 33. A 34.C 35. B 36.B 37. D 38. D

39. soft ice cream

40. doubling the amount of air

41. the lighter texture

Section B (Reading in Depth : 5 points, 0.5 point for each)

42. (M) collection 43. (E) extensive 44.(F) discounted 45.(H) remarkably

46. (K) basis 47. (C) racially 48.(G) labored 49.(L) features

50.( B) routes 51. (J) migrated

Section C (20 points, 2 for each)

52---56 C D A A B 57---61 B C A D A

评分标准：试题四属客观题，按标准答案给分。每题与标准答案相符得分，与标准答案不符或不回答者得0分。

Part III Cloze （10 points, 0.5point for each）

62---66 C D A B B 67--- 71 C D B C D

72---76 A C B D C 77---81 D B A C C

评分标准：试题四属客观题，按标准答案给分。每题与标准答案相符得分，与标准答案不符或不回答者得0分。

Part IV Translation（10 points, 2 points for each）

82. they needn’t have gone at all

83. nothing is more attractive to me than reading

84. You might as well go there to see whether there is the information you need.

85. nothing less than a miracle

86. take the sleep quality into consideration

分标准

1. 2分档：译文流畅，能等效地转达原文意义，基本无语言错误。

2. 1.5—1分档：译文比较通顺连贯，能较好地转达原文意义，有少数语言错误。

3. 0.5—0档：译文不够清楚，语言错误致使原文意义转达出现偏离。

Part V.Writing （15 points）

Diligence Is Essential to Success

1. 文章以3段写出，语意连贯、表达正确、符合要求，且无重大语法错误，可酌情给12-14分；

B) A genetics laboratory.

C) A boardroom.

D) A classroom.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

6. A) To ask for help finding a job.

B) To ask him to give her some advice.

C) To invite him to go shopping with her later.

D) To find out what he’s doing during the summer.

7. A) Because she might get a good job later.

B) Because she could stay at a hotel at a discount.

C) Because she might be able to get course credits for her work.

D) Because it would give her a chance to make a lot of money immediately.

8. A) Its strictness about punctuality.

B) Its long-hour work.

C) Its expensive rent.

D) Its lower pay.

9. A) The discount.

B) The convenience.

C) The flexibility of time.

D) The short distance

10. A) Visit the hotel.

B) Work in the clothing store.

C) Continue her job search for a while.

D) Make extra money while taking classes.

Section B (10 points)

Directions:In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

11. A) College living.

B) Rooming houses.

C) Negatives to living alone.

D) Dormitories.

12. A) To save money.

B) No choice.

C) More positives.

D) Loneliness.

13. A) Rooming house.

B) Big room with several beds.

C) Scholarship hall.

D) Fraternity and sorority.

14. A) Hostels.

B) Army residence buildings.

C) Scholarship halls.

D) Military jails.

15. A) Soldiers get less privacy typically.

B) More storage is available in or near the bed.

C) Dorms are personal spaces.

D) A dormitory is usually called a “dorm”.

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A) Information that will help.

B) A method for reaching an agreement.

C) Other people’s point of view.

D) Ways to encourage people.

17. A) Agreeing soon after listening can cause trouble.

B) Having preconceived notions is the right way.

C) Compromising i s a person’s first step.

D) Encouraging others is the best way.

18. A) Lateral thinking.

B) One’s own goals.

C) Already formed ideas.

D) The person’s point of view.

19. A) A plan that incorporates the best of both ideas.

B) One person being completely right.

C) Two ideas that are side by side.

D) Additional ideas being made.

20. A) Two good ideas.

B) Two reasonable people.

C) A compromise.

D) More ideas.

Section C (10points)

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 21 to 28 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 29 to 31 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.

Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Write your answers in Answer Sheet 2

Charlie Chaplin was born in a poor area of South London. He wore his mother’s old red stockings cut down for ankle socks. His mother was 21_ _ declared mad. He quit Britain for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America with a group of performers to do his 22__ act on the stage, where talent scouts 23__ _ him to work for Mack Sennett, the king of Hollywood comedy films..

Sad to say, many English people in the 1920s and 1930s though t Chaplin’s tramp

a bit, well, 24_ ___. Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class

audiences were more likely to 25__ __ for a character who 26 ___ against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the 27 ___of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear. But for over half of his screen career, Chaplin had no screen voice to confirm his Britain 28_ ___.

Charlie Chaplin was an immensely talented man, 29 . His huge fame gave him the freedom－and, more importantly, the money－to be his own master. He already 30 as he went along. Lifeless objects especially helped Chaplin make “contact” with himself as an artist. He turned them into other kinds of objects. Thus, a broken alarm clock in the movie The Pawnbroker became a sick patient undergoing surgery. This physical transformation,31 is surely the secret of Chaplin’s great comedy.

Part II Reading Comprehension (35points)

Section A (Fast Reading). (10points)

Directions:In this section, you will have to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 32-38, choose the best answer from the four choices marked

A) B), C) and D) and write your answers on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 39-41,

complete the sentences with the information given in the passage and write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.

You Are What You Think

What are you? Are you a pessimist, who thinks negatively about the world and the future? Or are you an optimist, who thinks things are getting better and better?

These questions are important to you and how you live your life. They are also important to scientists who do research in psychology. In this article, I will introduce the findings of these researchers. I will also point out some things that you can do in order to change your life for the better.

Consequences of Optimism and Pessimism

A fast-growing body of research－104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people－is proving that optimistic thinking can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimistic thinking leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness, and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If we could teach people to think more positively,” says the psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, “it would help them fight against these mental illnesses.”One’s Belief in Success

“Your abilities do count,” explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.” In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.

Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at a life insurance company. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37% more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20% more.

Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10% more insurance than did the average representative.

The Secret to an Optimist’s Success

How did they do it? The secret to an optimist’s success, according to Seligman, is in his “explanatory style”. When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself. “I’m no good at this,” he says, “I always fail.” The optimist looks for other things to blame. He blames the weather, the phone connections, even the other person. That customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as the result of good luck.

Craig Anderson once had a group of students give phone calls to strangers and ask them to give blood to the Red Cross. When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, “I can’t do this.” Optimists told themselves, “I need to try a different approach.”

Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling statement. “If people feel hopeless,” says Anderson, “they don’t bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.”

A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like he is fate’s plaything and moves slowly. He doesn’t seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.

Effects of Optimism and Pessimism on Health

Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify－and sometimes that’s what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute

新视野三版读写2 U2 翻译讲解教学内容

新视野三版读写2U2 翻译讲解

新视野三版读写2 U2 翻译讲解 Part 1 A MOOC (massive open online course) is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web. 慕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。MOOCs are a recent development in distance education and have now become a surging trend in higher education. 慕课是远程教育迈出的最新一步，现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。 These classes are aimed at expanding a university's reach from thousands of tuition-paying students who live in town, to millions of students around the world. 通过这些课程，大学可以扩大影响的范围，从影响成千上万住在城里付学费的学生，扩展到惠及全球上百万的学生。 In addition to traditional course materials, MOOCs provide interactive userforums to support interactions between students and professors. 除了拥有传统的课程资料，慕课还给使用者提供互动论坛，支持学生和讲师之间的交流。 MOOCs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course; inspire people to "tryon" subjects that they wouldn't otherwise pursue or even try on

新视野大学英语第三版翻译

BOOK TWO Unit 5 丝绸之路（Silk Road）是我国古代一条连接中国和欧亚大陆（Eurasia）的交通线路，由于这条商路以丝绸贸易为主，故称"丝绸之路"。作为国际贸易的通道和文化交流的桥梁，丝绸之路有效地促进了东西方经济文化交流和发展，对世界文明进程有着深远影响。当前，在新的历史条件下，我国提出了"一带一路"（One Belt, One Road）（即"丝绸之路经济带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路"）的战略构想。"一带一路"以合作共赢为核心，强调相关各国的互利共赢和共同发展。这一战略一经提出即受到沿线各国的积极响应。 The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia. This trade route focuses on the trade of silk, hence the name "the Silk Road". As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization. Nowadays, under the new historical circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of "One Belt, One Road" (namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road). The strategy of "One Belt, One Road" focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as well as common development of the related countries. Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along the road. Unit 6 国民幸福指数（National Happiness Index，NHI）是衡量人们幸福感的一种指数，也是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、居民生活与幸福水平的指标工具。随着中国经济的高速增长，中国政府越来越重视人民群众生活质量和幸福指数的提升。政府注重改善民生，努力改善人民群众的经济状况，满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需求。当前，中国政府提倡释放改革红利，让人民群众得到更多实惠。所有这些都将有效促进我国国民幸福指数不断提升。 National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people's livelihood and happiness in a country or region. With the fast growth of Chinese economy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people's living quality and the increase of happiness index. The government stresses improvement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economic conditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs. Currently, the Chinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aim of offering more real benefits to its people. All these measures will combine to effectively increase the NHI of our people.

新视野大学英语一试卷

第 1 页 共 7 页 《大学英语Ⅰ》考试试卷 （适用班级：重修） 题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ 总分 统分人 统分复核人 得分 得分 阅卷人 复核人 Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks. (20 points,1 point for each) 1. A s a r e s u l t o f h i s h a r d w o r k , h e h a s g a i n e d ______ t o t h e B e i j i n g U n i v e r s i t y . A ) a c c e s s B ) c o m m i t m e n t C ) o p p o r t u n i t y D ) r e w a r d 2. W i t h t h e s u p p l i e s o f n u r s e s b e l o w _____, t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e d t o r e c r u i t (招募) v o l u n t e e r s . A ) a c q u i r e m e n t s B ) a s s i g n m e n t s C ) c o m m i t m e n t D ) r e q u i r e m e n t s 3. T h e _____ t o b e b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r s d r i v e s h i m t o w o r k h a r d e r t h a n b e f o r e . A ) u n i q u e n e s s B ) e a g e r n e s s C ) a w a r e n e s s D ) e f f e c t i v e n e s s 4. F o r y o u r s t u d y t o s t a y i n a ______ c y c l e , y o u m u s t k e e p u p w i t h t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e c o u r s e . A ) v i r t u o u s B ) v i r t u a l C ) v i s u a l D ) v i t a l 5. W e a r e e x p e c t i n g t o s e e t h a t t h e c o n c e r t e d r e s e a r c h w o r k w i l l c o m e u p w i t h a _____ s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m . A ) p e r m a n e n t B ) p e r s p e c t i v e C ) p e r s i s t e n t D ) p e r s u a s i v e 6. A t t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f a c h i l d ’s d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e f a m i l y t e n d s t o h a v e a g r e a t e r _____ o n h i m t h a n h i s s c h o o l . A ) i n s t r u m e n t B ) i d e n t i t y C ) c o m m u n i c a t i o n D ) i n f l u e n c e 7. T h e f o o t b a l l e r m a d e a (n ) _____ g e s t u r e , w h i c h m a d e t h e a u d i e n c e ’s b l o o d b o i l . A ) m a t u r e B ) o f f e r i n g C ) o f f e n s i v e D ) h e s i t a t i v e 8. H o w e v e r , a t t i m e s t h i s b a l a n c e i n n a t u r e i s ____, r e s u l t i n g i n a n u m b e r o f p o s s i b l e u n f o r e s e e n e f f e c t s . A ) t r o u b l e d B ) d i s t u r b e d C ) c o n f u s e d D ) d i s g u s t e d 9. After the disaster, the truth ____ us that a healthy habit of living can keep one away from some terrible diseases. A) focused upon B) imposed upon C) dawned upon D) leaned upon 10. T h i s a r t i c l e _____ m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f c u l t u r a l i n t e r f e r e n c e i n f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g . A ) c a l l s f o r B ) a p p l i e s f o r C ) c a r e s f o r D ) a l l o w s f o r 11. It is not polite to ____ a speaker with frequent questions. A) interpret B) intervene C) interrupt D) interfere 12. A t t h e p a r t y w e f o u n d t h a t s h y g i r l ____ h e r m o t h e r a l l t h e t i m e . A ) d e p e n d i n g o n B ) c o i n c i d i n g w i t h C ) a d h e r i n g t o D ) c l i n g i n g t o 13. T h e p r o b l e m w i t h y o u r c o n d u c t i s t h a t w h a t y o u d o i s n o t _____ w i t h w h a t y o u s a y . A ) c o n s i s t e n t B ) c o n t i n u o u s C ) c o n s i d e r a t e D ) c o n t i n u a l 14. S h e w a s s o _____ i n h e r j o b t h a t s h e d i d n ’t h e a r s o m e o n e k n o c k i n g a t t h e d o o r . A ) a t t r a c t e d B ) d r a w n C ) a b s o r b e d D ) c o n c e n t r a t e d 15. P r o f e s s o r T a y l o r ’s t a l k h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s c i e n c e h a s a v e r y s t r o n g _____ o n t h e e v e r y d a y l i f e o f t h e h u m a n s o c i e t y . A ) m o t i v a t i o n B ) p e r s p e c t i v e C ) i m p r e s s i o n D ) i m p a c t 16. A l t h o u g h n o t a n e c o n o m i s t h i m s e l f , D r . S m i t h h a s l o n g b e e n a s e v e r e c r i t i c o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s _____ p o l i c i e s . A ) e c o n o m i c a l B ) e c o n o m y C ) e c o n o m i c D ) e c o n o m i c s 17. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by _____ them that I managed to get them on. A) spreading B) squeezing C) stretching D) bending 18. When I took my car to the garage, they soon ____ what the trouble was. A) emerged B) realized C) explored D) diagnosed 19. The public has appealed to the government to find a ____ to the problem of pollution. A) result B) response C) settlement D) solution ------------------------------------------第----------------------------2----------------------------装---------------------------------------线--------------------------------------------- 班级 姓名 学号 ------------------------------------------ 第----------------------------1----------------------------装 --------------------------------------- 线 --------------------------------------------

新视野大学英语第四版课后练习答案--翻译

Unit1 1.这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成长。（other than） The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2.研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦（may have done） Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护。（justify sth. by）Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4.我们忠于我们的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到。（remain true to） We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己儿子日后有一天可能会成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪生 也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。（discount；be true to） Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. 当局控告他们威胁国家安全。（accuse sb. of sth） They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时，如果你带有宠物，一定要了解有关宠物的规定。 2一些女性完全可以不待在家里，而是去工作，挣一份不错的工资。但是为了家庭，她们放 弃了工作。 3.你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护？你将会为此付出沉重的代价，因为他们己经以低毁名誉的 罪名起诉你了。 4.批评有其重要作用；我们可能当时不喜欢它，但是它能激励我们去做更伟大的事情。 5.他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对，这使得他陷人了精神上崩溃、经济上破产的境地。6．即使你失败了，也不要被失败伤害，更不要被失败左右。记住：失败是学习过程中必要 的一步；它不是学习的结束，而是学习的开始。 unit 2 1. 要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众。（if…had+past participle，would+have+past participle） If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2. 她从未对自己的能力失去信心，因此她有可能成为一名成功的演员。（it is a possibility to） She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3. 我从未受过正式培训，我只是边干边学。（go along） I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4.随着产品进入国际市场，他们的品牌知名度越来越高了。（find one’s way into） As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity.

新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写教程课后答案解析及翻译

Language in Text A An impressive English lesson Ex.1 Understanding the text 1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules. 2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance : “whoa!” without any any specific comment. 3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language. 4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it 's not properly dealt with. 5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs. 6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before. 7、The author uses “road map”and “car ”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here, “road map” is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary. 8、Since the subjunctive moodh is son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection “whoa! ”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author 's humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings. Ex.3 Words in use 1. condense 2.exceed 3.deficit 4.exposure 5.asset 6.adequate

新视野3第三版翻译及答案

目录 Reading Passage Translation (1) Understanding The Text (8) BankedCloze (12) 视听说 (13) Skimming and Scanning (Multiple Choice) (14) Reading Comprehension (Multiple Choice) (24) _______________________________________________________________________________ U1A文翻译P3、U1BankedCloze P12 U2A文翻译P33、U2UnderstandingTheText P39、 U3A文翻译P63、U3UnderstandingTheText P70、U3BankedCloze P73 U4A文翻译P93、U4UnderstandingTheText P99、 U5A文翻译P123、U5UnderstandingTheTextP129、U5BankedClozeP132 U6A文翻译P151、U6UnderstandingTheTextP157、U6BankedClozeP160 _______________________________________________________________________________ Reading Passage Translation Unit1TextA P3 永不言弃 1. 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了。在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。 2. 在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5英尺5英寸高，体重却有107公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” 3. 个人经历、教育机会、个人困境，这些都不能阻挡一个全力以赴追求成功的、有着坚强意志的人。任务再苦，准备再长，难度再大，都不能让他放弃自己的追求。就以本时代最有学问的两位科学家——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和托马斯·爱迪生为例，他们都曾面临巨大的障碍和极端的批评。都曾被说成“不开窍”，被老师当成笨蛋而放弃。托马斯·爱迪生还曾逃学，因为老师嫌他问的问题太多而经常鞭打他。爱因斯坦一直到将近9岁才能流利地说话，学习成绩太差，有些人认为他都已经学不好了。然而，这两个男孩的父母都相信他们。他们坚持不懈地每天和儿子一起努力，孩子们也了解到，要想成功，就绝不要怕付出长期而艰辛的努力。最终，爱因斯坦和爱迪生都摆脱了童年的困扰，进而作出了当今世界的伟大发现。 4. 再如亚伯拉罕·林肯这个英雄的典范，他一生面临了无数艰辛、失败和接二连三的不幸。

新视野大学英语1试题A

《新视野大学英语1》试卷（A） 适用班级：2013-2014第1学期重修班 I. Vocabulary and Structure (20points) Directions: Choose the best one to complete each sentence. 1. She cut her hair short and tried to ____ herself as a man. A. decorate B. disguise C. fabricate D. fake 2. She watched him ____ all the handles and gears in his automobile until she thoughts she could run it herself. A. modulate B. incorporate C. manipulate D. induce 3. The French police are legally entitled to ____ anyone's movements as they please. A. confine B. restrict C. restrain D. limit 4. Some people argue that the death ____ does not necessarily reduce the number of murders. A. fine B. cost C. punish D. penalty 5. The university ____ consists of full professors, associate professors and assistant professors. A. crew B. personnel C. faculty D. staff 6. The latest edition of The Complete Works of Lu Xun comes in sixteen ____. A. copies B. volumes C. versions D. editions 7. Many students found the book ____ : it provided them with an

新视野英语教程-综合练习

新视野英语教程 综合练习 Unit 1 Home and Family V ocabulary practice Ex.1 Fill in the blanks with the words given below and change the form if necessary. fate adventure depart renew resume confirm puzzle passport 1. You could say it was that brought me to work at Radio 86 over two years ago and I still feel blessed to be a part of our multinational team. 2. The train had already from the capital before he arrived at the station. 3. A person who travels abroad has to carry a(n) . 4. The explorer told us about his in African forests the day before yesterday. 5. Research has that college students prefer using electronic means to seek help from instructors if they can choose. 6. You must go to the library to the book for another two weeks. 7. I am by his failure to reply to the letter I mailed two weeks ago. 8. We’ll stop now and working at one o’clock after lunch. We’ll try to fi nish the work this afternoon. Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks with the phrases and expressions given below and change the form if necessary. find one’s way into adjust to eat away at be keen on lose touch with check in figure out apologize for 1. She most of her class mates since she graduated from college three years ago. 2. Our government is making every effort to solve the problem of corruption which the foundation of trust between people and the government. 3. He without luggage for a flight to Beijing at five o’clock in the afternoon. 4. We can’t how to do this. Would you please come and help us? 5. Her husband football and often watches football games on TV deep into the night. 6. I must to you my carelessness. It really caused you a lot of trouble.

新视野大学英语-第三版-读写教程3-汉译英

如今，很多年轻人不再选择"稳定"的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长远来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。 Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates f ortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses. Unit 2 实现中华民族伟大复兴（rejuvenation）是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。中国梦，是让每一个积极进取的中国人形成世世代代的信念：只要经过不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活。人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁荣，而不是依赖于社会和他人的援助。每个中国人都是中国梦的参与者和创造者。中国梦是民族的梦，也是每个中国人的梦。 Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times. It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort. People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people. Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.

新视野大学英语第册课文翻译

新视野大学英语课文翻译第四册 UNIT1 名气之尾 1 艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐，不知道还能做些什么。成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。 2 对于一名正努力追求并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢！”他们的担心不无道理。追求出人头地，最乐观的说也困难重重，许多人到最后不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞美之类的不太纯洁的纯洁的动机却在激励着他们前进。享受成功的无上光荣，这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。 3 成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在唱歌、舞蹈、绘画或写作方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。 为了能迅速走红，经纪人会极力吹捧他们的这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。他们究竟是怎样成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。若表演者，画家或作家感到厌烦，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。公众的热情消磨以后，就回去追捧下一个走红的人。有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。公众对于他们借以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。 4 知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来，如田纳西.威廉斯的喜剧、欧内斯特.海明威的情节安排、罗伯特弗罗斯特或T.S艾略特的诗歌等。同样，像莫奈。雷诺阿、达利这样的画家、希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革，这让他们名利双收，但也让他们付出了代价，那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。 5 名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。骗局很快会被揭穿，过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你，而不是真实的你，或是可能的你。艺人，就像政客一样，必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。 6 一滴名气之水有可能玷污人得心灵这一整口井因此，一个艺术家若能保持真我，会格外让人惊叹你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协，却仍在这场名利的游戏中获胜。一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡.王尔德，他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对，却依然固我，他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。在一次宴会上，他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面，指责他在性行为方面影响了她的儿子。他听了她的话以后，大为光火，起诉了这个年轻人的母亲，声称她毁了他的“好”名声。但是，他真该请一个更好的律师。结果是，法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名誉损失费的要求，反而对他本人进行了罚款。他由于拒绝交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。更糟糕的是，他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。在最糟糕的的时候，他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。为保持真我，他付出的代价是，在最需要崇拜者时，谁也不理他。 7 奇怪的是，收获最大的恰恰是失败者。他们收获了自由！他们可以自由地表达，独辟蹊径，不落窠臼不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。失败的艺术家寻求安慰时，可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是都是过世多年以后才成名的，或是他们没有出卖自己。他们也可以为他们的失败辩解：自己的才华实在过于高深，不是当代观众或听众所理解的得了的。 8 那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道，某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇，直至成功。美国小说家托马斯.乌尔夫第一本小说《向家乡看吧，安琪儿》被拒39次后，才最终得以出版。贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他音乐家潜质的偏见，成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。19世纪瑞士著名教育家斯泰洛奇原先干的工作没有一样成功，直到他想到去教小孩子，并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。托马斯.爱迪生四年级时被赶出了学校，因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝但不幸的是，对大多数人而言，失败是奋斗的结束，而不是开始。 9 对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒，我要说：祝你们好运但是，遗憾的是，你会发现这不是你想得到的。狗自逐其尾得到的只是一条尾巴而已。获得成功的人常常发现成功对她来说弊大于利。所以，真要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴，而不是拼命去获得成功。做哪些你为之感到骄傲的事情。可能在有生之年你默默无闻，但你可能创作了更好的艺术。 Unit 2 查理·卓别林 他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区，他所穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。他妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。狄更斯或许会创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事，但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色"流浪者"，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。 就卓别林而言，其他国家，如法国、意大利、西班牙，甚至日本和朝鲜，比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声（和更多的收益）。卓别林在1913年永久地离开了英国，与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里，他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。 3不幸的是，20世纪二三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的"流浪者"多少有点"粗俗"。中产阶级当然这样认为；劳动阶级倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩：他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子，或把皮靴后跟对准权势者宽大的臀部一踢。尽管如此，卓别林的喜剧乞丐形