微观经济学中英文术语及其解释
Scarcity the limited nature of society?s resources
Economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources
Efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
Equity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Marginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
Market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Market failure a s/tuition in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Externality the impact of one person?s actions on the well-being of a bystander
Market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker?s time Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
Philips curve a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and produaion
Circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
Production possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
Positive statements claims that attempt to do describe the world as it is
Normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be
Absolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Comparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
Imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Exports goods produced domestically and sold abroad
Market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Competitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price
Quantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to-purchase
Law of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
Demand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and-the quantity demanded
Demand curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
Inferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads …to a decrease in demand
Substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
Complements two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
Quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Law of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises
Supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied Equilibrium a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
Equilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded
Equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
Laws of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance
Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
Price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the e percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
Income elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers? income, computed as the percentage change tn quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
Cross-price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good respond to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change m quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good Price elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Price ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold
Price floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
Tax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Welfare economics the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being Willingness to pay the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
Consumer surplus a buyer?s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
Cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
Producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller?s cost
Efficiency the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society
Equity the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society
Deadweight loss the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax World price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
Tariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Import quota a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Externality the uncompensated impact of one person?s actions on the well-being of a bystander Internalizing an externality altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
Coase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
Transaction costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain
Pigovian tax a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality
Excludability the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
Rivalry the property of a good whereby one person?s use diminishes other people?s use
Private goods goods that are both excludable and rival
Public goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival
Common resources goods that are rival but not excludable
Free rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
Cost-benefit analysis a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
Tragedy of the Commons a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
Budget surplus an excess of government receipts over government spending
Budget deficit an excess of government spending over government receipts
Average tax rate total taxes paid divided by total income
Marginal tax rate the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
Lump-sum tax a tax that is the same amount for every person
Benefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Ability-to-pay principle the idea that taxes? should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Vertical equity the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts Horizontal equity the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
Proportional tax a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
Regressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Progressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Total revenue the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
Total cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
Profit total revenue minus total cost
Explicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
Implicit costs input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm
Economic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs Accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit cost
Production function the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of the good
Marginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
Fixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
Variable costs costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced
Average total cost total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average fixed cost fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost variable costs divided by the quantity of output
Marginal cost the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
Efficient scale the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
Economies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
Diseconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
Constant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
Competitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and setter is a price taker
Average revenue total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Marginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Sunk cost a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
Monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
Natural monopoly a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms
Price discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers
Oligopoly a market structure in which only a few settlers offer similar or identical products Monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
Collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Cartel a group of firms acting in unison
Nash equilibrium a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that a/l the other actors have chosen
Game theory the study of how people behave in strategic situations
Prisoners? dilemma a particular “game? between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
Dominant strategy a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
Monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
Factors of production the inputs used? to produce goods and services
Production function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the
quantity of output of that good
Marginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
Value of the marginal product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output Capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
Compensating differential a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
Human capital the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training
Union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions Strike the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by union
Efficiency wages above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Discrimination the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics
Poverty rate the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line
Poverty line an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty
In-kind transfers transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services-rather than cash Life cycle the regular pattern of income variation over a person?s life
Permanent income a person?s normal income
Utilitarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society
Utility a measure of happiness or satisfaction
Liberalism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance??
Maximin criterion the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society
Libertarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income
Welfare government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy
Negative income tax a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to tow-income households
Budget constraint the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Indifference curve a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction
Marginal rate of substitution the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another Perfect substitutes two goods with straight-line indifference curves
Perfect complements two goods with right-angle indifference curves
Normal good a good for which an increase in income raises the quantity demanded
Inferior good a good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demanded
Income effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve
Substitution effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves indifference curve to a point with new marginal rate of substitution
Giffen good a good tor which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded
Moral hazard the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior
Agent a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal
Principal a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act
Adverse selection the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party
Signaling an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party
Screening an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal information
Condorcet paradox the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society Arrow?s impossibility theorem a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences
Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Accounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost
Adverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party
Agent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal
Arrow ?s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences
Average fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of output
Benefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Budget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receipts
Budget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
Cartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unison
Circular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
Coase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over
the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
Collusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
Common resources共源goods that are rival but not excludable
Comparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
Compensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
Competitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
Complements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
Condorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society
Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
Consumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer?s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
Cost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good
Deadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
Demand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Demand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increases
Discrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics
Diseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
Dominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
Economic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs
Economics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resources
Economies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
Efficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity
Efficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
Elasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
Equilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
Equilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price
Equity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society
Excludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
Exports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroad
Externality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person?s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander
Factors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and services
Fixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
Free rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situations
Giffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
Human capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and
on-the-job training
Implicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm
Import quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
Imports进口goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Income effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve
Income elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers? income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
Indifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction
Inferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
Inflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
In-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash
Internalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account of
the external effects of their actions
Law of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
Law of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance
Liberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”
Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income
Life cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person?s life
Lump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every person
Macroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Marginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
Marginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
Marginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Marginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
Market市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Market economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
Market power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Maximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society
Median voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voter
Microeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
Monopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
Monopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
Moral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior
Nash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen
Natural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms
Negative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households
Normal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
Normative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
Opportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Perfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curves
Perfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curves
Permanent income持久性收入 a person?s normal income
Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment
Pigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality
Positive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
Poverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty
Poverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty line
Price ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers
Price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
Price elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Price floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners? dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
Private goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rival
Producer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller?s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
Production possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
Productivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker?s time
Profit利润total revenue minus total cost
Progressive tax累进税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Proportional tax比例税 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
Public goods公共产品goods that are neither excludable nor rival
Quantity demanded需求数量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase Quantity supplied供给数量the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Regressive tax累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Rivalry竞争the property of a good whereby one person?s use diminishes other people?s use Scarcity稀缺性the limited nature of society?s resources
Screening筛选an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal information
Shortage短缺 a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Signaling信号显示an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party
Strike罢工the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
Substitutes替代品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
Substitution effect替代效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution Sunk cost沉淀成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
Supply curve供给曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply schedule供给表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Surplus过剩 a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Tariff关税 a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Tax incidence税收归宿the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market
Total cost总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
Total revenue (for a firm)总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
Total revenue (in a market)总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold
Tragedy of the Commons公共地的悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
Transaction costs交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain
Union工会 a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions
Utilitarianism功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society
Utility效用 a measure of happiness or satisfaction
Value of the marginal product边际产品价值the marginal product of an input times the price of
the output
Variable costs可变成本costs that vary with the quantity of output produced
Vertical equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts
Welfare福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy
Welfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being
Willingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
World price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
名词解释
一名词解释 1派生需求：是指对生产要素的需求，意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的，又称“引致需求”。 2劳动的边际成本：使用一单位量劳动力所耗费的成本。即工资 3使用劳动要素的原则：是利润最大化目标在劳动使用上的具体体现，也就是使边际成本等于相应的边际收益。 4竞争性劳动力市场：产品和要素市场上供求的双方人数都很多，产品要素之间没有区别，产品和要素的供求双方都具有完全的信息并且可以充分自由的流动。 5劳动的边际产品价值：增加额外一单位劳动要素的投入所带来的收益。 6替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB，资本使用量从KA上升到KB，即企业用资本代替了劳动。 7派生需求定理：影响劳动力需求自身工资弹性的因素被归纳为四条：①最终产品的需求价格弹性。②要素替代的难易度。③其他生产要素的供给弹性。④产品总成本中劳动力成本所占的比重。 8互补性生产要素：当生产要素A的价格下降，数量增加时，对生产要素B的需求上升，则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。 9劳动力：人的劳动能力，是人的体力和脑力的总和。 10劳动力参与率：该比率表示现实人力资源的相对量，亦即等于劳动力人口占被考察范围总人口的百分比。 11交叉替代弹性：一种商品的需求量变动对另一种商品价格变动的反应程度。 12失业的统计概念： 13摩擦性失业：一般指在较短时间内，人们由于各种原因，诸如怀孕和工作上的变更等而失去工作，包括由于季节性因素造成的失业。 14结构性失业：尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能，结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配而造成的失业。 15周期性失业：劳动总需求不足而引起的短期非自愿失业，它表现为实际的总需求低于充分就业的水平，一般出现在经济周期的萧条阶段。 二简答题 1什么是派生需求？ 2影响劳动需求的因素？①技术对劳动需求的影响②时间长短③企业目标④社会制度安排3试比较短期劳动需求和长期劳动需求的异同？（1）长期劳动需求曲线与短期劳动需求一样也是向右下方倾斜。 （2）工资率的变动对劳动需求的长期调整要大于短期调整，即企业的长期劳动需求曲线比短期劳动需求曲线更平坦。原因在于企业有足够的时间调整资本使用量。 （3）在短期内只有劳动要素是可变的，资本和其他要素是不变的。企业被假定是产品和要素市场的利润最大化追求者，即增加一单位劳动的使用所带来的边际收益和边际成本必须相等。对于长期的分析，我们发现企应对劳动价格上升不仅可以通过调整其使用劳动数量的方式，而且可以通过调整其资本存量的方式以作出反应。短期的更为陡峭，换句话说，长期劳动需求曲线具有更大的弹性。 4影响劳动力供给因素？①自然因素：1人口规模对劳动供给的影响 2人口的自然结构对劳动供给的影响 3劳动者个人的身体条件是影响劳动力供给的另一个自然因素②经济因素：1劳动者的工作偏好对劳动供给的影响 2经济周期波动对劳动供给的影响③社会制度因素：1.劳动制度2工资制度
《微观经济学》名词解释
《微观经济学》名词解释 1、需求：指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能价格水平下愿意且能够购买的该商品的数量。 2、需求函数：表示一种商品的需求量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。 3、需求表：表示某种商品的各种价格水平和与各种价格水平相对应的需求数量之间关系的数字序列表。 4．需求规律：指商品价格提高，对该商品的需求量减少，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的需求量增加，这种需求数量和商品价格成反方向变化的关系称需求规律或需求定理。 5．供给规律：指商品价格提高，对该商品的供给量增加，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的供给量减少，这种供给数量和商品价格成同方向变化的关系称供给规律或供给定理。 6、供求定理：在其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向变动；供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 7、均衡价格：指一种商品需求价格和供给价格相等，同时需求量和供给量相等的价格，是由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定的。 8、经济模型：指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构。 9、动态分析：研究不同时点商的变量之间的相互关系，根据这种动态模型作出的分析。 10、需求的价格弹性：指在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。 11、需求的交叉价格弹性：指在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。 12、需求的收入弹性：指在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。
13、限制价格：亦称最高价格，是指政府对某些商品规定最高上限，防止价格过高，控制通货膨胀。 14、支持价格：亦称最低价格，是指政府对某些商品规定价格的下限，防止价格过低，以示对该商品生产的支持。 15、蛛网理论：指用弹性理论考察价格波动对下一周期生产的影响及由此产生的均衡变动情况，是一种动态分析。按照这种理论绘制出来的供求曲线图，形状近似蛛网，故名为“蛛网理论”。 16、发散型蛛网：当供给弹性的绝对值大于需求弹性绝对值的条件下，价格和产量波动越来越大，离开均衡点越来越远，称为发散型蛛网。 17、封闭型蛛网：当供给弹性的绝对值等于需求弹性的绝对值的条件下，价格和产量波动始终按同一幅度进行，称为封闭型蛛网。 18、收敛型蛛网：当供给弹性的绝对值小于需求弹性绝对值的条件下，价格和产量的波动越来越小，最后恢复均衡，称为收敛型蛛网。 19、效用：指商品满足人的欲望和需要的能力和程度。 20、基数效用：指按1、2、3…基数来衡量效用的大小，是一种按绝对数衡量效用的方法。 21、序数效用：指按第一、第二和第三…序数来反映效用的序数或等级，是一种按偏好程度进行排序的方法。 22、总效用：指消费者在一定时间内，消费一种或几种商品所获得的效用总和。 23、边际效用：指消费者在一定时间内增加单位商品消费所引起的总效用增加量。 24、边际效应递减规律：在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效应增量即边际效应是递减的。（原因：边际效应递减规律成立的原因，可以是由于随着相同消费品连续增加，从人的生理和心理角度讲，从每一单位消费品中所感受到的满足程度和对重复刺激的反应程度都是递减的。还可以是由于在一种商品具有集中用途时，消费者总是将第一单位的消费品用在最重要的用途上，第二单位的消费品用在次重要的用途上，如此等等。这样消费品的边际效应便随着消费品的用途重要性的下降而递减。）
微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照
【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增
中级微观经济学作业及答案
中级微观经济学第一次作业答案 1、假设政府对一个每月收入400美元的贫困家庭进行补贴。有三种方案：第一，允许该家庭购买400美元的食品券，单位美元食品券的价格为；第二，政府直接发给该家庭200美元的食品券补贴；第三，政府直接发给该家庭200美元的货币补贴。画出三种方案下该家庭的预算线，解释该家庭的最优选择，并分析三种方案的优劣。 解： 如上图所示，横轴表示花费在食品上的货币数量，纵轴表示花费在其他商品上的货币量，初始预算线为CD。 第一种补贴方案下，该家庭可以用200美元购买400美元的食品券，因此预算线变为折线CE1B，最优选择为E1点，效用水平为U1； 第二种补贴方案下，政府直接发放给该家庭200美元食品券补贴，因此预算线变为CE2B，最优选择为E2点，效用水平为U2； 第三种补贴方案下，政府直接发放给该家庭200美元的货币补贴，因此预算线直接平移到AB，最优选择为E3点，效用水平为U3。 综上所述，因为U3>U2>U1,所以对于该家庭而言，第三种方案最好，第二种方案次之，第一种方案最差。 2、请画出以下各位消费者对两种商品（咖啡和热茶）的无差异曲线。 （1）消费者A喜欢喝咖啡，对喝热茶无所谓； （2）消费者B喜欢1杯热茶和1杯咖啡一起喝； （3）消费者C认为，在任何情况下，1杯热茶和2杯咖啡是无差异的；
（4）消费者D 喜欢喝咖啡，讨厌喝热茶。 解：（1） （2） （4） 3、写出下列情形的效用函数，画出无差异曲线，并在给定价格（p1，p2 ）和收入（m ）的情形下求最优解。 （1）x1=一元纸币，x2=五元纸币。 （2）x1=一杯咖啡，x2=一勺糖, 消费者喜欢在每杯咖啡加两勺糖。 ()12121,min ,2u x x x x ??=????， 1122m x p p = +，21222m x p p =+ 解：（1）当p1/p2>时，x1=0, x2=m/p2； 当p1/p2=时， 当p1/p2<时，x1=m/p1, x2=0 （2） 解得：, 4、假设某消费者的效用函数为： 试问：给定商品1和商品2 的价格为和，如果该消费者的收入足够高，则收入的变化是否会导致该消费者对商品1的消费，并解释原因。 解：该消费者追求效用最大化，则有：
微观经济学名词解释
微观经济复习资料 第一章引论 欲望：指人们的各种需求或需要的总和 稀缺性：相对于人的多方面的、无穷的欲望而言，资本和经济物品是相对不足的 选择：研究如何利用现有的资源去生产“经济物品”来更有效地满足人类的欲望 机会成本：当把一定的资源用来生产某种产品时所放弃的别种产品的最大产量（产值），这就是这种产品的机会成本 生产可能性曲线：用来说明和描述在一定的资源和技术条件下可能达到的最大的产量组合曲线，可以用来进行各种生产组合的选择 边际分析法：利用边际概念对经济行为和经济变量进行数量分析的方法 均衡分析法：对研究的问题所涉及的诸经济变量（因素），假定自变量是不变的或已知的，然后分析当因变量达到均衡状态时会出现的情况及所需要具备的条件，即均衡条件 局部均衡：指某一时间、某一市场的某种商品（或生产要素）的价格或供求量所达到的均衡，是一个市场的均衡 一般均衡论:研究整个经济体系的价格和产量结构如何实现均衡的一种经济理论，也称为总均衡分析过程分析方法:将经济运动过程划分为连续的分析“期间”，以便考察有关经济变量在相继的各个期间
的变化情况的分析方法。所以，过程分析又称“期间分析”或“序列分析” 静态分析法：分析经济现象在某一时点的均衡状态以及有关的经济变量达到均衡状态所具备的条件，它完全抽象掉了时间因素和具体的变化过程，是一种静止地、孤立地考察某种经济事物的 方法 比较静态分析法：分析在已知条件发生变化以后经济现象的均衡状态的相应变化，以及有关的经济变量在达到均衡状态时的相应变化，即对经济现象有关变量一次变动（而不是连续变动）的 前后进行比较。比较静态分析不考虑经济变化过程中所包含的时间阻滞 动态分析法：对经济变动的实际过程所进行的分析，其中包括分析有关变量在一定时间过程中的变动，这些经济变量在变动过程中的相互影响和彼此制约的关系，以及它们在每一个时点上变动 的速率等等。考虑时间因素的影响，并把经济现象的变化当作一个连续的过程来看待 实证分析方法：在分析经济问题和建立经济理论时，撇开对社会经济活动的价值判断，只研究经济活动中各种经济现象之间的相互联系，在作出与经济行为有关的假定前提下，分析和预测人 们经济行为的后果。 规范分析方法：以一定的价值判断作为出发点和基础，提出行为标准，并以此作为处理经济问题和制定经济政策的依据，探讨如何才能符合这些标准的分析和研究方法 欢迎下载 2
微观经济学 名词解释和中英文对照
【经济人】 从事经济活动得人所采取得经济行为都就是力图以自己得最小经济代价去获得自己得最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能得价格水平愿意而且能够购买得该商品得数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售得该种商品得数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品得均衡价格就是指该种商品得市场需求量与市场供给量相等时得价格。 【供求定理】。 其她条件不变得情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格与均衡数量得同方向得变动，供给变动引起均衡价格得反方向变动,引起均衡数量得同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型就是指用来描述所研究得经济事物得有关经济变量之间相关关系得理论结构。【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%得变动时,由它引起得另一个经济变量变动得百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间得需求量得变动对于价格得变动得反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上得需求量变动对于价格变动得反应程度。 【需求得价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量变动对于该商品得价格变动得反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得该商品得需求量变化得百分比。【需求得交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量得变动相对于它得相关商品得价格变动得反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得另一种商品得需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者得某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求得收入弹性】 需求得收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品得需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动得反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者得收入变化百分之一时所引起得商品需求量变化得百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占得比例随着收入得增加而减少。用弹性得概念来表述它则可以就是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出得收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。 【总效用与边际效用】 总效用就是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量得商品得消费中所得到得效用量得总与。边际效用就是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品得消费所得到得效用量得增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其她商品得消费数量保持不变得情况下,随着消费者对某种商品消费得增加,消费者从该商品连续增加得每一消费单位中所得到得效用增量即边际效用就是递减得。
宏微观经济学名词解释
宏微观经济学名词解释 2005-12-28 1．不完全信息：也叫非对称信息，是指市场上买卖双方所掌握的信息是不对称的，一方掌握的信息多些，一方掌握的信息少些。 2．逆向选择：是指在买卖双方信息不对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场。 3．外部经济：是指某个家庭或厂商的一项经济活动给其他家庭或厂商无偿地带来好处，显然，这项经济活动的私人利益小于社会利益。 4．外部不经济：是指某个家庭或厂商的一项经济活动给其他家庭或厂商无法补偿的危害，显然，这项经济活动的私人利益大于社会利益。 5．科斯定理：是一种产权理论，是解决经济活动外部性的重要理论和全新思路。其原理内容是指在市场交换中，若交易费用为零，那么产权对资源配置的效率就没有影响。 6．公共物品：是指具有非竞争性和非排他性，不能依靠市场机制实现有效配置的产品。 四、名词解释 1．消费函数以C表示消费水平，Y表示国民收入，则在两部门经济中，消费与收入之间的关系可以用函数形式为：C = C(Y) 这一函数被称为消费函数。一般说来，消费水平的高低会随着收入大小的变动而变动，收入越大，消费就越高；但是，随着人们收入的增加，消费数量的增加赶不上收入的增加。 2．平均消费倾向是指消费在收入中所占的比重，即每单位收入的消费数量，用公式表示为： 它说明了家庭既定收入在消费和储蓄之间分配的状况。 3．边际消费倾向是指家庭在增加的收入中消费所占的比重，用公式表示为：其中，△Y表示家庭收入的增加量，而△C则是增加的收入中消费的增加量。边际消费倾向说明了收入变动量在消费变动和储蓄变动之间分配的情况。一般地说，边际消费倾向总是大于0而小于1的，即0＜MPC＜1。 4．边际消费倾向递减规律边际消费倾向随着收入的增加而呈现递减的趋势被称为边际消费倾向递减规律。 5．消费曲线是表示家庭消费数量与收入之间关系的一条曲线。随着收入的增加，消费逐渐增加，因而消费曲线是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线。同时，由于边际消费倾向递减规律的作用，随着收入的增加，消费增加的速度越来越慢，因而消费曲线随着收入的增加越来越趋向于平缓。 6．线性消费函数在分析短期消费与收入之间关系时，尤其是在不考虑边际消费倾向作用的条件下，消费函数可以由线性消费函数表示为：C = a + bY
微观经济学名词解释
微观经济学名词解释 1.资源的稀缺性：是指用于满足人们需求或欲望的各种资源的供给是有限的，也就是说， 人们对资源的需要量总是超过资源的可供给量。 2.投入|生产要素：用于生产的经济资源。 3.中间投入品：是指被生产出来但并未直接被人们消费，而是用来生产其他产品的产品。 4.经济学：是研究人类如何分配和利用稀缺的资源以满足需要的一门学科。 5.机会成本：是当资源被用在一种用途时所放弃的其他用途的所得。 6.生产的可能性边界：表示在技术不变和可用资源数量给定的条件下，一个经济体所能生 产的最大数量的产品组合。 7.经济主体：个人，居民户，企业和政府，这些经济中的决策者。 8.经济机制：就是资源的配置方式。 9.市场经济：是一种通过商品交换实现分散决策的经济制度。 10.中央计划经济：中央计划经济几乎是与市场经济完全对立的经济制度，主要被公有制的 社会主义国家所采用。 11.指令经济：计划经济国家中的绝大部分资源归公共所有，这些资源由政府及其计划部门 通过行政命令和编制计划的方式来配置。 12.混合经济：除了极个别的情况外，大部分经济都介于上述两种极端的经济制度之间。我 们将这种既有市场作用又有指令调节的经济称为混合经济。 13.价格机制：价格所具有的这种自发配置资源和调节经济的作用，就是价格机制。 14.市场机制：价格的这种作用要通过市场发挥出来，又称市场机制 15.市场：市场是相互作用的，使交换成为可能的交易双方的集合，以及交易双方有关产品 （包括服务）买卖的一系列安排和机制。 16.微观经济学：研究产品市场价格决定的均衡价格理论，研究消费者行为的效用理论，研 究生产者行为的生产理论和成本理论，研究不同类型市场结构理论，研究要素价格决定的生产要素理论（即分配理论）。，研究经济效率的一般均衡理论和福利经济学，研究针对市场缺陷的微观经济政策。————也是微观经济学的主要内容。微观经济学研究“小的”问题，即研究个别经济单位的行为，要说明这些经济单位为什么以及怎样做出经济决策。 17.宏观经济学：研究所谓“大的”问题。即研究总体经济行为。这些总体经济行为涉及的 变量包括：国民产出水品，如GDP。总储蓄水平，投资水平，总需求量，总的劳动量和就业量等，也包括这些总量的平均量和变化率，如人均收入，国民产出增长率，还包括诸如利息率，失业率和通货膨胀率等变量。 18.实证分析：是一种描述性分析，只解释经济是如何运行的， 19.实证经济学：用实证方法表述的经济学就是实证经济学。 20.规范经济学：用规范的分析方法表述的经济学。 21.主流经济学：我们要通过学习微观经济学和宏观经济学的基本原理掌握分析经济问题的 方法。这些被大部分学家所认可的基本经济理论——有时我们称为主流经济学。 22.古典经济学：斯密所建立的经济学被称为古典经济学。 23.边际主义革命：边际主义学派产生于19世纪70年代，代表人物是法国的瓦尔拉斯，英 国的杰文斯和奥地利的门格尔。 24.新古典经济学：边际主义从异端走向正宗，并在古典经济学之后占据了西方经济学的主 流地位是在19世纪末。完成这项任务的是从英国剑桥大学经济学家马歇尔。他于1890年出版了他的著作《经济学院理》。这本教科书的出版标志着一个新的经济学门类——
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余 MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitution L：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital） 边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed cost TVC：总可变成本Total variable cost TC：总成本Total cost AFC：平均不变成本Average fixed cost AVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost） AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost） MC：边际成本Marginal cost LTC：长期总成本Long run total cost LAC：长期平均成本Long run average cost SAC：短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal cost SMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal cost TR：总收益Total revenue AR：平均收益Average revenue MR：边际收益Marginal revenue
中级微观经济学 第一次作业题
《中级微观经济学》 第一次作业 提交作业时间：2015年4月13日上课前 请各位同学抱着认真的态度，独立完成作业！ 第一部分：预算约束与无差异曲线 1、消费者消费两种商品（x1，x2），如果花同样多的钱可以买（4，6）或（12, 2），写出预算线的表达式。 2、描述中国粮价改革. （1）假设没有任何市场干预，中国的粮价为每斤0.4元，每人收入为100元。把粮食消费量计为x，在其它商品上的开支为y，写出预算线，并画图。 （2）假设每人得到30斤粮票，可以凭票以0.2元的价格买粮食，再写预算约束，画图。（3）假设取消粮票，补贴每人6元钱，写预算约束并画图。 3、画出一元纸币（x1）和五元纸币（x2）的无差异曲线，计算边际替代率。 4、两种商品中，假定商品1为中性商品，即消费多少不会使消费者更高兴或者更不高兴，商品2为消费者喜欢的商品（good），画出无差异曲线，计算边际替代率 5、画出一下效用函数的无差异曲线： a) U(x,y)=min{2x,3y} ；b) U(x,y)=max{x,2y}；c) U(x,y)=3x+y d) U(x,y)=?xy； e) U(x,y)=lnx+lny 注意以上x,y>0。
第二部分：消费者选择问题 1、孙悟空想给师傅买点蔬菜，他有60元，豆芽3元/斤，土豆5元/斤。请画出孙悟空的预算集？若师傅不想吃白菜，师傅的效用函数是U(.)=d12t12,其中d代表豆芽量，t代表土豆量。悟空该怎么买菜？ 第三部分：价格效应分解 2、假设市场有x和y两种商品，某消费者的效用函数为U(x,y)=xy。 (a)假设(x1,yy1)为无差异曲线上的一点，求过该点的无差异曲线的斜率（边际替代率）。 (b)假设消费者的收入为400元，x的单价为1元钱，yy的单价也为1元钱。消费者将购 买多少单位的x和yy？ (c)假设收入和yy的单价不变，但x的单价提至4元钱。此时消费者会购买多少单位的x和yy？(d)假设x的单价提至4元钱时，消费者的收入有所增加，使他刚好可以回到原先的无差 异曲线上。此时消费者会购买多少单位的x和yy？（注：采用希克斯补偿） (e)在(d)中，x的单价提至4元钱所导致的对x的消费量的变化，多少可以归结为替代效 应，多少可以归结为收入效应？ (f)将替代效应和收入效应在图上表示出来。
微观经济学名词解释
1、微观经济学(Microeconomic s) 微观经济学是经济 学的一部分,它分析 像消费者?厂商和 资源所有者这些个 体的经济行为(宏观 经济学与之相反,它 分析像国内总产品 这样的经济总体行为) 2、需求：消费者在 一定时期内在各种 可能的价格水平下 愿意而且能够购买 的该商品的数量。 3、供给：生产者在
一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。 4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。 6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。 7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品需求
量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。 8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。 9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程
度。是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。 10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体衡量并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。 14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时
微观经济学重要名词解释
1. 完全竞争市场：竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。在完全竞争市场,买卖人数众多,买者和卖者是价格的接受者,资源可自由流动,产品同质,买卖双方拥有完全的信息。 2. 垄断市场（完全垄断市场）：只有一个卖方的市场类型。 3. 买方垄断市场：只有一个买方的市场类型。 4. 垄断竞争市场：许多厂商销售同种但有一定差别的产品，且新厂商进入不受限制的市场。 5. 寡头垄断市场：只有少数几个厂商相互竞争，且新厂商的进入是受到阻碍的市场。 6. 卡特尔市场：某些或所有的厂商公开共谋使得他们的共同利润最大化的市场。 7. 名义价格：商品的绝对价格。 8. 实际价格：经过通胀调整过的价格。 9. 需求量：指消费者在一定时期内愿意并且能够购买的某商品的数量。 10. 供给量：指生产者在一定时期内愿意并且能够出售的某商品的数量。 11. 替代品：如果一种商品价格的上升引起另一种商品需求的增加，则这两种商品被互为替代品。 12. 互补品：如果一种商品价格的上升引起另一种商品需求的减少，则这两种商品被互为替代品。 13. 市场机制：在一个自由市场里，价格会不断变化直到市场出清为止的趋势。 14. 需求的价格弹性：表示需求量对价格变动的反应程度的指标 需求的交叉价格弹性：表示一种商品的需求量对另一种商品的价格变动的反应程度的指标 需求的收入弹性：表示需求量对收入变动的反应程度的指标 供给的各种弹性类似。 15.效用：指消费者在消费商品时获得的满足程度。 16. 边际效用（MU）: 消费者消费额外一单位商品时所获得的满足程度。 16. 边际效用递减：随着消费量的增加，每额外一单位商品的边际效用递减。 17. 无差异曲线：描述给消费者带来相同效用的所有商品组合的曲线。 18. 边际替代率（MRS）：在保持同等效用水平的条件下，消费者为了增加一单位某种商品所愿意放弃的另一种商品的最大数量。边际替代率等于无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值。 19. 预算线：在既定价格水平下，消费者用给定的收入可能购买的所有商品组合点的轨迹。 20. 价格-消费曲线（PCC）：在其他条件不变的情况下，与某一商品的不同价格水平所对应的消费者效用最大化的均衡点的轨迹。由价格-消费曲线可以得到个人需求曲线。
国外微观经济学教材中英文专有名词及解释_Microeconomics-Key_Terms
Microeconomics - Key Terms Glossary Chapter 1 business cycle fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society externality the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander incentive something that induces a person to act inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2 circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms macroeconomics the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
微观经济学作业习题答案
第一次作业(2010cdut) 1、粮食价格提高对猪肉的供给曲线有何影响?猪肉价格提高对猪肉销售量和猪肉供给曲线是否会发生影响? 答：粮食价格的提高将使猪肉的供给曲线向左移动。因为粮价提高将使猪的饲养成本上升，进而在任一价格水平下生产者愿意并且能够提供的猪肉量随之减少。 猪肉价格提高将增加猪肉的销售量。因为在其他因素不变的情况下，猪肉价格提高意味着增加猪肉这种商品的供应量将变得更加有利可图．因此生产和销售者将提供更多的猪肉上市，这表现为猪肉供给曲线上点的位置的移动。但猪肉价格提高本身并不会对供给曲线的变动产生影响。 2、指出发生下列几种情况时某种蘑菇的需求曲线的影响，为什么? (1)卫生组织发布一份报告，称这种蘑菇会致癌；(2)另一种蘑菇的价格上涨了；(3)消费者的收入增加了；(4)培育蘑菇的工人工资增加了。 答：(1)对此蘑菇的需求曲线会向左移。因为卫生组织发布的该蘑菇会致癌的报告会使得人们普遍产生对食用此种蘑菇的恐惧心理，从而在任一价格水平下大大减少对它的需求量。 (2)此蘑菇的需求曲线会向右移。因为各个品种的蘑菇属于互替商品，当另一种蘑菇的价格上涨后人们会减少对那种蘑菇的需求量，并通过多消费此种蘑菇来实现替代。因而在任一价格水平下增加了对此种蘑菇的需求量。 (3)此种蘑菇的需求曲线会向右移。因为消费者收入的增加意味着他们购买力的增强，这将使他们增加对这种蘑菇在内的正常商品的需求量，并且在任一价格水平下都是如此。 (4)此种蘑菇的需求曲线不变，如果不考虑培育蘑菇的工人作为消费者对此种蘑菇的需求的话。因为培育蘑菇的工人工资增加只影响蘑菇的供给成本进而影响其供给曲线，对需求曲线则不发生影响。 第二次作业 1.下面说法是否正确,并说明原因 经济学家认为，降低价格一定会使供给量下降是一条规律。可是这个规律也有例外。例如，2000年电脑的价格才8000元一台，但到2005年为4000元一台，然而销售量却增加3倍。可见，降低价格不一定会使供给量下降。”可见价格降低不一定使供给量下降.. 答案: ①这句话不正确 ②对一般商品来说，在其他因素不变的条件下，降低价格一定会使其供给量下降这条规律是无可疑义的..但是,这且是一般情况,对于高科技产品, 由于科技进步，生产计算机的投入品价格降低，就是生产成本降低了，将导致供给曲线向右移动，从而在更低的价格下，供给量更大.. ③用均衡价格观点分析： 当技术进步，成本降低，如果市场价格保持不变（高于实际的均衡价格），则市场上出现超额供给（供给量增加），超额供给使市场价格趋于下降 总结:经济学家所指的是供给规律,前提是商品的其他条件不变,而题干中商品的科技条件提高了,所以不能从这个角度否定供给规律.. 2. 某城市公共汽车票价从32美分提高到40美分,提价后乘客为880万人次，与提价钱相比减少了12%，求需求的弧价格弹性。 57 .0) 2 1() 21(12122 /)21(2/)21(1000 % 12188018802,402,321-=++?--= ++???==-= ===Q Q P P P P Q Q Q Q P P P Q p E Q Q P P 3.设汽油的需求价格弹性为，其价格现为每加仑美元，试问汽油价格上涨多少才能使其消费量减少10%？ 解：由题设，ED=，P=假设汽油价格上涨△P 才能使其消费量减少10%，则由点弹性公式得：每加仑汽油价格上涨美元。
精编【财务管理知识】电大宏微观经济学名词解释
【财务管理知识】电大宏微观经济学名词解释 xxxx年xx月xx日xxxxxxxx集团企业有限公司 Please enter your company's name and contentv
电大四,名词解释 1.需求规律是指商品价格提高,对该商品的需求量减少,反之,商品价格下降,则对该商品的需求量增加,这种需求数量和商品价格成反向变化的关系称需求规律或需求定理. 2.供给规律是指商品价格提高,对该商品的供给量增加,反之,商品价格下降,则对该商品的供给量减少,这种供给数量和商品价格呈同向变化的关系称供给规律或供给定理. 3.均衡价格是指一种商品需求价格和供给价格相等,同时需求量和供给量相等的价格,是由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定的. 4.需求价格弹性是指需求量相对价格变化作出的反应程度,即某商品价格下降或上升百分之一时所引起的对该商品需求量增加或减少的百分比. 5.需求收入弹性是指需求量相对收入变化作出的反应程度,即消费者收入增加或减少百分之一所引起对该商品需求量的增加或减少的百分比. 6.需求的交叉弹性是指相关的两种商品中,一种商品需求量相对另一种商品价格变化作出的反应程度,即商品A价格下降或上升百分之一时,引起对商品B需求量的增加或减少的百分比. 7.供给价格弹性是指供给量相对价格变化作出的反应程度,即某种商品价格上升或下降百分之一时,对该商品供给量增加或减少的百分比. 8.蛛网理论是用弹性理论考察价格波动对下一周期生产的影响及由此产生的均衡变动,是一种动态分析.按照这种理论绘制出来的供求曲线图,形状近似蛛网,故名为"蛛网理论". 1. 生产要素:生产中使用的各种资源.这些资源可分为劳动,资本,土地与企业家才能. 2. 总产量(TP):一定的生产要素投入量所提供的全部产量. 3. 平均产量(AP):单位生产要素提供的产量. 4. 边际产量(MP):增加一个单位可变要素投入量所增加的产量. 5. 机会成本:是指生产者为了生产一定数量的产品所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入. 6. 经济利润:也称超额利润,是指厂商总收益和总成本的差额. 7. 正常利润:企业家才能的价格,也是企业家才能这种生产要素所得到的收入.它包括在成本之中. 8. 短期成本:是指厂商在短期内进行生产经营的开支. 9. 长期成本:在长期中,一切投入都是可变的,这些开支就是长期成本. 10.边际成本:指每增加一单位产品生产所增加的总成本. 11.等产量曲线:是指在技术水平不变的条件下,生产一定产量的两种生产要素投入量的各种不同组合所形成的曲线. 12.等成本线:是指在生产要素的价格和厂商的成本既定的条件下,厂商可以购买的两种生产要素组合所形成的曲线. 13.边际技术替代率:是指在保持产量不变的条件下,增加一个单位的某种要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入数量. 14.生产扩展线:每一条等成本曲线和等产量曲线的切点所形成的曲线叫做生产扩展线.
微观经济学名词解释微观经济学名词解释
微观经济学名词解释 第二章需求曲线和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念 一、名词解释 需求：一种商品的需求函数是指消费者在一定时期内各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 需求函数：一种商品的需求数量和影响该商品的需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。 需求表：表示某种商品的各种价格水平和与各种价格水平相对应的该商品的需求数量之间关系的数字序列表。 商品的需求曲线：根据需求表中商品的不同价格—需求量组合在平面坐标图上所绘制的一条曲线。 供给：一种商品的供给量是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提够出售的该商品的数量。 供给函数：表示一种商品的供给量和该商品价格之间存在着一一对应的关系。 供给表：某种商品的各种价格和与各种价格相对应的该商品的供给数量之间关系的数字序列表。 商品的供给曲线：根据供给表中商品的不同价格—供给量组合在平面坐标图上所绘制的一条曲线。 均衡：最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。 均衡价格：商品的市场需求量和市场供应量相等时的价格。在均衡价格水平下的相等的供求数量被称为均衡数量。 需求量的变动：其他条件不变时，由某商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。需求的变动：在某种商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。 供给量的变动：其他条件不变时，由某商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。供给的变动：在某种商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。 供求定理：在其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向变动；供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向的变动。 经济理论：在对现实的经济事物的主要特征和内在联系进行概括和抽象的基础上，对现实的经济事物进行的系统描述。 经济模型：用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构。 外生变量：由模型以外的因素所决定的已知变量，它是模型据以建立的外部条件。 内生变量：可以在模型体系内得到说明的变量。 外生变量和内生变量的关系：外生变量决定内生变量，而外生变量不能在模型体系内得到说明。 参数：数值通常不变的变量，也可以理解为可变的常数。