英文Essay的写作细节

我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。

相同点：

1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。

2、段与段之间隔行。每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。

区别：

Essay:

Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。一般占总字数的10%左右。Main Body 是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。

Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。

Report:

它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。

第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary 中是对文章的摘要。这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。这两个东西一般是单独占一页

第二：主体部分。Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。

如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。

下面来说reference

Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。

1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写

2、每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求。

3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后。

4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现

作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，只是不需要标注页码。

总之referencesq绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。国外对这个问题查得很严。一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况，有可能就要被开除学籍。

写作注意事项：

文章里禁止用缩写，例如：can’t, don’t, didn’t, wouldn’t 应该写成cannot，do not，did not，would not。

每段之间空一行，首句不空格

避免用口语词汇和表达方法，例如：a little bit，well…I will talk about…. 避免使用太过生僻的赐予，但用词要专业

不要从句套从句，句子如果过长，就改成短句，这样意思表达更清楚文章的INTRODUCTION要阐明自己的观点和立场，也就是你的THESIS STATEMENT，尽量不要在文章或段落的开头使用问句。

专业知识和词汇使用要正确

文章字数控制在规定字数内，不得多于或少于150

举例非常重要，但是要符合论点

按照文章要求写，没有要求Abstract或者标题的就不用写。

行距1.5倍，Basic Font：Times New Roman 12pt

文章里禁止使用第一人称或第二人称，保持论证的客观性

Reference的重要性

国外对于版权和他人的知识版权的保护非常重视，如果非法摘抄他人的作品肯能会引起法律责任。

学校会有一个扫描文章系统，收到的文章都要上传到网上统一进行扫描。扫描系统非常庞大，它连接了各个国家的主要电子图书馆，所以一般你能抄到的东西，他都可以扫描出来，如果扫描结果显示你抄袭的文章字数超过你文章总数的10％，则证明你整篇文章都是抄袭的。比如你文章字数是1000字，那么如果扫描由101字是抄的，则证明你整篇文章都是抄的。（不同学校具体要求不一样）

什么是抄袭？

引用和摘抄他人的idea，文章（就算一句话），没有做references的或者格式错误的reference都算抄袭！

Reference个种类

我们要做的reference有2种，一种是in-text reference 也就是在文章

里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference list。写一篇论文，2种reference都要出现，也就是说做完in-text reference，还要做最后的reference list。

Reference的格式

详见英文版。

Reference wizard 网站：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e67612270.html,/apa5/apawiz.html

进入个网站，只要按照他要求的内容输入，他的系统会自动生成一个完整的reference，不过那只是reference list，不是in-text reference. In-text reference 还是需要自己完成。另外那个网站只能提供简单格式的reference，复杂的reference还是需要参考英文版文件。

一般来说一份1000字的文章，至少需要8个references，2000字需要12－15个左右，各位可以到国外大学图书馆的网站上照着相关的书，然后安上去就好了。（关于这个数量问题，根据我的经验，可以不一定严格要求，但不能太少。一般1000字的写4个或5个，2000字的写10个左右。当然如果你本来就有这么多个的话就更好了。我这里说的是最少情况）

再次强调！！！引用他人的任何东西一定要做好references！！！

论文写作要求

格式要求

行距：1.5倍

页边距：Word 默认

字体：Times New Roman

字体大小：12（小四）

标题字体可加粗

每段落之间空一行

每段直接写，无需空格

在每页的右下角插入页数

写作要求

Abstract （序）

1－2段

字数为文章的的10－15％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么abstract 一般写200－300字，除非特殊要求

Abstract的目的就是让读者知道你的在你的文章里写了些什么

Abstract的开头要用1－2自己的语言总结和解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍

Abstract细节是概括你在你的文章里都写了什么，每个论点就用2－3句话总结

Abstract的结尾就是写总结和延伸你的所有论点和整个的大标题

不是每篇作业都要求写abstract，一般情况下都不要求，除非老师特殊写明要写abstract。

Introduction（开头）

字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么introduction一般写200－250字

Introduction只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写

Introduction的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍

接下来的用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景

Introduction主要是写你将要在你的文章里写些什么，用2－3句话来概括所有的论点，每个论点用几个词即可，例如：In this easy, firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I will…

一般来说，老师给的题目都很宽，可以写很多方面，但是你要选其中一点来写，这样文章才能讨论的深入，如果文章写的很笼统的话，肯定会不合格

Introduction最后不需要总结句

Body（文章的讨论部分，也是文章的主体）

每一个论点都必须用一段来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分

在body的部分里不能出现I，he，she等人称，除在举例中。

每一段话都有要introduction，explanation，examples。接下来重点讲这4部分如何写：

Introduction：用1－2句写你这段的主要的论点或者是idea

Explanation：用1－2句解释你的论点

Examples：举例支持你的论点，这部分要重点写，举例在文章中很重要，举例可以用名人说的话，专业的文章里例子，或者自己的亲身经历。有时老师会要求要用自己的亲身经历作为例子

Body一般有3－6个论点，如果文章的字数在1000－3000字，所以body就一般有2－6段

每段最好是有联系，层层深入

Conclusion

字数

字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么conclusion 一般写200－250字

Conclusion只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写

Conclusion的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍

Conclusion主要是总结你文章中的论点，每个论点要用一句话

Conclusion最后一句要延伸一下，但是在conclusion里不能出现新的论点

Introduction和conclusion的区别

Introduction是讲你在文章里要写什么东西，所以只要用几个词概括你个论点

Conclusion是用1句话总结你的每个论点，要比introduction详细些

Introduction需要介绍题目的背景，conclusion责不用，只需要概括总结题目

Recommendation

Recommendation是写文章标题的缺陷

一般只要写一个论点，提出解决办法，如何消除这个弱点，格式和body段落的要求是一样的：introduction，explanation，example和用一句话做个conclusion

一般都不写recommendation，除非老师特殊要求

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

essay写作规范

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积极向上的优秀英语演讲稿 each of us should be a simple life of the individual criteria. because in life, the only criteria adhered to a simple will it be possible to avoid straying into the road prevented us from maturing into the wrong track. point of view on the current trend, whether it is interpersonal relationships, social structure or family ties, are also complicated by the trend. however, it also happened to use a simplified formula to deal with these relationships. therefore, the use of "simple" approach to deal with affairs, not only can be effective, but will also bring to life a paced rhythm of. in fact, to make things more complicated is easy, but if you want to simplify things into an orderly situation in the brain should be!complex issues to look at very simple, simple questions to see very complex, both of who is stupid? a friend of mine almost did not take on the answer that the two people powerful, simple question because it should look simple and complex issues should be too complicated. "don quixote" there is a fragment: sancho asked that the world's

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

Essay写作提示

ESSAY WRITING What makes a good essay? Make sure that you have defined your topic. Are you quite sure that you understand what you should be writing about? Sometimes questions are ambiguous (not clear). So make sure you understand the topic, otherwise do not write!! Do you understand what all the words in your assignment mean? Look them up. It is a good idea to write the question of the assignment in your own words to check that you really understand it. Give yourself plenty of time. There is nothing worse than having to rush your research and then not having time to write it up properly. You should not try to write the essay all in one go. Give yourself time between drafts to think about what you have written. If you can’t think of anything to write, t hen just write any old thing. It’s called free writing. Just put all ideas that come to mind about the subject down on paper. Don’t bother about editing what you are writing. Just write. When you read it over later you will probably find that you have some interesting ideas to follow up. If you are writing an assignment or project it isn’t always a good idea to start with the introduction. Work out the main body of your argument and your conclusion. That makes it much easier to go back and write an introduction that links with the concluding paragraphs. Make sure that your essay is logical. Put your point of view forward clearly and tell the reader how you are going to argue your case. Make sure that you link your paragraphs and do not jump from one idea to another. There are several ways to link paragraphs. One is to use “link” words that show a connection with the previous paragraph. Here are some useful linking words

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