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英语阅读材料译文

Passage 2 - Biotech

生物技术专家已经培育出了含有β—胡萝卜素(身体可将之转化为维生素A)和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如，欧洲玉米螟每年毁掉4000万吨玉米，占世界玉米总产量的7％。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损失。在非洲进行的抗虫害棉花试验中，棉花的产量已大幅度提高。有人担心，抗虫害的转基因作物不仅将害虫杀死，而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死，但到目前为止，这种担心似乎没有根据。病毒常常在发展中国家造成主要粮食作物的大面积歉收。两年前，花叶病毒使非洲损失了超过一半的木薯，而这种作物是当地人的主要食物。转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。含铝过高的土壤会损伤作物的根系并使许多主要作物歉收，对于这种问题生物技术也能帮助解决。目前，研究人员已经识别出一种有助于中和水稻里铝的毒性的基因。许多科学家认为，生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高25％，并且帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失。

尽管具有这么多潜力，生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题。在发展中国家，作物歉收只是造成饥饿的一个原因。贫穷才是罪魁祸首。今天，全世界有超过10亿人口每天靠不到1美元维持生计。如果农民没钱种植转基因作物或当地人买不起农民种出的粮食，培育转基因作物就无法减少饥饿。此外，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题。从整体上看，世界生产的粮食足够养活所有人，但大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方。尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。生物技术也面临自身的“分配”问题。许多转基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富国的私营生物技术公司进行的。对发展中国家的穷苦农民来说，这些公司的产品通常显得过于昂贵，而且这些产品中的大部分甚至无法到达最需要的地区。强大的经济刺激促使生物技术公司把富裕国家的市场作为第一目标，以便能够尽快回收产品开发的高额成本。不过，有些公司已开始对贫穷国家的需要做出反应。例如，一家总部在伦敦的公司已经宣布，它愿意和发展中国家一起分享生产维生素增强型的“金水稻”所需的技术。发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究。但是，为扩大遗传学研究对这些国家的粮食生产的影响，政府各部门(包括当地政府部门和发达国家的政府部门)与私营生物技术公司之间需要更好的合作。例如，国际农业生物工程应用技术采购管理局目前正与美国国际发展署、当地的研究人

员以及私营的生物技术公司进行成功的合作，以帮助发展中国家的农民寻求生物技术方面的解决办法。

生物技术虽不是万灵药，但它确实有希望改造许多发展中国家的农业。如果这种希望不能实现，真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民，他们可能会在未来的岁月里遭受苦难。

Passage 3–Big Bang Two

天文学家目击了最大的宇宙大爆炸——这次大爆炸是发生在150亿年前宇宙在一次大爆炸形成的时候。从宇宙边缘所爆发的能量在爆炸力方面估计仅次于宇宙创世大爆炸，两秒钟爆炸所释放的能量比太阳一生释放的能量还要多。科学家希望这次爆炸——就是众所周知的伽马射线爆炸，因为它以伽马放射的方式散发能量——在星球进化的早期能够显现出来。伽马星系的放射人类用肉眼是看不见的，除非每次爆炸发生时天空都能像照相机闪光灯那么亮。到现在为止，包括现在宇宙中发生的事件仍然是个很大的迷。

去年十二月份，用网络望远镜和卫星精确地侦察到了最新一次伽马射线的爆炸。天文学家估计它与我们地球大概有15光年。意思就是它在大爆炸发生不久就发生了。极大的爆炸强度使人们把它记载为史上最大的爆炸。这星期，美国国家航天航空中心和加里弗尼亚技术研究所宣布了他们对爆炸研究分析的细节。圣劳伦斯华盛顿大学的物理教授Jonathan Katz认为：从地球到爆炸源如此远的距离可以知道，伽马射线的爆炸要比我们所看到的要大十倍。

伽马射线爆炸是我们所见的最远距离的东西，当在这宇宙星星和星系最初形成时它就像信号灯一样，促使我们去探究宇宙更远的地方。

寻找苏联核试验所释放的射线的美国间谍卫星1967年探测到了伽马射线爆炸，但爆炸的细节却一直保密到1973年。在其后大约25年的时间里，科学家试图为大爆炸找到一个解释，但由于大爆炸的持续时间只有几秒钟，他们显然对此束手无策。由于无法解释这种现象，因此人们推测这些伽马射线爆炸是外星人之间核战争的遗迹，甚至后来有人认为是外星人飞船偏离轨道后释放的最后能量。美国康普顿伽马卫星天文台的两颗卫星和意大利比珀撒克斯公爵的卫星将在第二次伽马射线发生爆炸的方向准确地登陆。伦敦的国家科学技术和医学学院的物理教授John Quenby说道：对伽马射线爆炸的最好解释就是，他们是由于两个被称为中子星的高密度物体的碰撞，而释放出来的巨大能量。

Passage 4/7–Phytoplankton

数十亿吨的被称为"浮游生物"的小动物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。这些小的动、植物大多太小而难以被人眼看到。它们随波逐流，为许多较大的动物提供了基本的食物。浮游生物曾被描述为生长在大陆陆地上的各种草类的海洋对应物。这种比喻是恰当的。然而就潜在的食物价值而言，浮游生物远胜于草类。一位科学家曾经估计，世界上的草类每年生产大约490亿吨有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生产的碳水化合物多于此数的两倍。

尽管浮游生物具备巨大的食物潜能，但直到最近人们还很少象种植草类那样付出努力养殖浮游生物。现在，海洋科学家们至少已开始研究这种可能性。全球人口不断扩张，海洋资源作为食品的重要性日益突出。

现在还没有人认真说过“浮游生物汉堡”会很快在世界上流行起来。然而，作为一种可能养殖的补充性食物资源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科学家们相当大的兴趣。

然而，作为一种可能养殖的补充性食物资源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科学家们相当大的兴趣。一种似乎具有很大收获可能性的微小的虾状浮游生物被称为鳞虾。鳞虾长至2-3英寸长时即成为地球上曾居住过的最大动物——蓝鲸的主要食物。成熟的蓝鲸可以达到100英尺长，150吨重，所以每头鲸每天吞食1吨多的鳞虾一点也不让人吃惊。

Passage 6–state pension age

英国广播公司最近的一部纪录片名为《永不退休的城镇》，这部纪录片旨在表现通过促使退休人员重回工作岗位来提高国家退休年龄这一政策所带来的影响。尽管结果非常有趣，但是英国广播公司真是杞人忧天了。在镜头之外，空前数量的老年人仍然坚守在工作岗位上。自从2008年经济衰退爆发以来，16-24岁的工作人数下降了59.7万，而同期，65岁以上的工人数量却增加了24万。

英国劳动力的老龄化始于2001年，从那时起，老龄工人的数量几乎翻番。经济衰退开始以来，英国劳动力的老龄化速度加快，原因很多。令人高兴的是，英国人的寿命预期增加，身体也更加健康，这样一来，老年人继续坚持工作就不像以前那样令人担忧了。然而，低利率，停滞不前的股票市场和许多固定福利养老金制度的终结（在固定福利养老金体系中，雇员们拥有与他们收入和服务相匹配的支出）使得老年人不得不继续工作来维持生活。随着人们对老年人继续工作的态度的改变，加上禁止年龄歧视的规定，如今，老年人继续工作比以前更加容易了。

大多数老年就业者继续就业的办法就是呆在原来的岗位上，63%超过国家退休年龄（男性

65岁，女性61岁多一点）的就业者和他们雇主共事的时间已经超过十年。超过三分之二的老年就业者现在的工作是兼职，大多数人做的事退休以前的那份全职工作。他们的一大优势是他们不必缴纳国民保险税，该税收对那些拥有两份工作的年轻工作者十分有效。

史蒂芬.麦克纳尔是老年劳动力研究中心的负责人，他说，这种灵活性解释了老年劳动力在

经济衰退中受影响较少的原因。和以往经济危机中裁员不同，许多工厂中止招募新人并缩短工时。保留原来的老龄工作者对他们来说既划算又低风险，这一点对小企业来说尤其如此。半数以上的达到国家退休年龄的工人在雇员数少于25个的工厂中工作（虽然这也表明养老金的标准降低了）。

克里斯多夫.涅波是David Nieper公司的老板，这是一家建在德比郡的女性服装生产公司，她奖励了工厂中半退休的员工，他们在工厂需要时能在短时间内回到工作岗位上来，却又并不需要一份全职工作来养活自己。退休的机械工人可以在订单数量激增的时候填补空缺，以前的销售顾问可以兼职提供咨询。这家公司的竞争者将生产线搬到了国外，抛弃了很多受过培训的劳动力，但是，保留老年劳动力和他们掌握的技术现在变得越发重要。

Passage 10–Acting

有太多的人追求表演这个行业。对于那些追求表演的人，我唯一的建议是要对他们说“不”。可是对那些执卓追求表演的人泼这样的冷水似乎没什么用处，因为他们出名的机会很渺茫。要成为演员，第一步你要去戏剧学院上学。通常，只有那种有天赋，有前途的学生才能被戏剧学院接受，他们要上两年的课程。之后，这些年轻的男演员或者女演员要到剧团参加工作，他们的活儿往往是打杂儿。这也就是说，尽管你在剧团里啥事都做，但是经常你只能演些配角。这确实是相当艰苦的工作。工作时间长，工资低。

当然，也有一些人在经过长时间艰苦的训练之后，得到了成名或是成功的机会。

就拿Connie Pratt作个例子，她本是自行车厂的一个普通的员工。一天早上，一个电影导演开车的时候，偶然看到了正在等车的她。导演停下了车，走出车门，过去和她交谈。导演询问她是否愿意和他一起去录影棚做个测试，而Pratt觉得这个人是在和她开玩笑。所以，Pratt生气了，然后对他说，如果她会报警。导演花了20分钟的时间向Pratt解释，最后Pratt确定他是认真的。这个测试相当成功。几个星期之内，她就和当时的一个非常著名的男演员演了对手戏。但是象这样的机会发生在蓝色的月球也仅一次！

Passage 11–Acting

57.文章第五段提到“the rest of G.E，had been divided into 11 other businesses”，也就是除GE Capital之外共有11家公司。文章第一段指出GE Capital将被分成4家公司。因此，调整结构以后，GE共有15家公司。答案为D项。

58.第二段第二句指出Dennis Dammerman是GE的副总裁，曾在Nayden之前做过GE Capital的主席。因此，选项A和C都排除。第三段中，Dammerman否认GE的结构调整和外界的压力有关，因此选项D说结构调整是GE自己的主动性举措符合原文意思，可排除。而第二段的最后一句中明确陈述即将离开GE的是Nayden，故答案为B项。

59.根据文章第一段中的“The reorganization effectively eliminates the job of Denis J. Nayden，48，the chairman of GE Capital.”可知正确答案为A项。

60.第三段的最后一句“This is just what it appears to be，a managerial reorganization which gives leaders more direct access to the office of the chairman”指出了结构调整的目的是以主席为首的GE高层可以和GE Capital的管理者更直接有效地沟通。文章最后一段提到调整结果时再次出现了这一信息，即“And analysts say GE Capital's management has been more accessible than it was in past years”，因此，答案为C项。

61.此题是关于GE Capital的细节信息题。文章第五段第一句“GE Capital，the company's largest nit，provided $55 billion of G.E.'s $124 billion in revenue last year and $5.6 billion of its $19.7 billion in pretax profits.”提到去年GE Capital收入550亿美金占GE总收入1240亿的三分之一多。因此，正确答案为B项。

57.主旨题.第一段提及“Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of misconduct...genetically modified (GM) bacterium could cause serious damage if released”，即一位美国科学家认为GM细菌一旦释放即可能造成严重损害，而支持GM(pro- GM)的则认为对方发言“exaggerated and irresponsible”。第四段直接指出“The controversy began...”，由此可以推断本文主要讲述双方针对GM细菌是否会造成严重损害，各执一词。

58.细节推断题。根据文章第四段末“Ingham says that when she put it in soil with wheat plants，all of the plants died within a week.”以及第五段后半部分“She added that...canceled its approval for field tests...once she had told them about her research in 1999.”可推断是 Ingham自己做试验来印证她的观点。 59.细节判断题。根

据第七段“The EPA has not commented on the dispute.But…Janet Anderson，director of the EPA...says‘there is no record of a review and/or clearance to field test’.”由此可以看出EPA没有field test的记录，也没有审核，消除field test的记录，意思是与该争论划清界限，表示并没有授权进行GM field test，也没有参与。

60.推断题。根据第十段…I think her concerns should be taken seriously.She shouldn't be harassed in this way，’says Ann Clarke...‘It's an attempt to silence the opposition.’”，Ann Clarke认为Ingham的担忧应该被慎重对待，反对她的人不应该通过起诉来骚扰她，反对者这么做是想让她对此事保持沉默。由此推断，Ann Clarke认为Ingham的观点应该被重视 (先甭管对否)，通过试验或其他方式来论证，而不是通过法律强制手段让她对此事保持沉默。

61.细节判断题。由第59题的详细解释可以看出EPA并不支持Ingham的观点，这一点显而易见。至于Ingham对GM细菌研究有多大贡献，Ingham的学校对此事持什么态度都没、有提及，由此排除B、C、D三项。

大学英语阅读训练五篇

Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.

《分析化学》专业英语阅读材料03

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材料英语翻译

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