配送与运输策划【外文翻译】

外文翻译

原文

Distribution and Transport Planning Material Source:

Bernhard Fleischmann

University of Augsburg, Department of Production and Logistics,

Universitatsstrabe 16, 86135 Augsburg, Germany

Planning Situations

Transport Systems

Transport processes are essential parts of the supply chain. They perform the flow of materials that connects an enterprise with its suppliers and with its customers. The integrated view of transport, production and inventory holding processes is characteristic of the modern SCM concept.

The appropriate structure of a transport system mainly depends on the size of the single shipments: Large shipments can go directly from the source to the destination in full transport units, e. g. trucks or containers. Small shipments have to be consolidated in a transport network, where a single shipment is transshipped once or several times and the transport is broken at transshipment points (TPs). A particularly effective consolidation of small shipments is achieved by a logistics service provider (LSP), who can combine the transports from many senders.

The consolidation of transport flows decreases the transport cost. As the cost of a single trip of a certain vehicle on a certain route is nearly independent of the load, a high utilization of the loading capacity is advantageous. Moreover, the relative cost per loading capacity decreases with increasing size of the vehicles. But even with a strong consolidation of shipments to full loads, e. g. by an LSP, the smaller shipments cause relatively higher cost, because the consolidation requires detours to different loading places, additional stops and transshipment (see Fleischmann (1998, pp. 65)).

The following transport processes occur in a supply chain:

? The supply of materials from external suppliers or from an own remote factory to a production site. Both cases are identical from the viewpoint of logistics.

? The distribution of products from a factory to the customers. The distribution

system depends on the type of products:

–Investment goods, e. g. machines or equipment for industrial customers, are shipped only once or seldom on a certain transport link.

–Materials for production are also shipped to industrial customers, but regularly and frequently on the same path.

–Consumer goods are shipped to wholesalers or retailers, often in very small order sizes (with an average below 100 kg in some businesses),

requiring a consolidation of the transports.

Note that the transport of materials from factory to factory is part of the distribution function of the supplier as well as part of the procurement function of the receiver. Transport planning is usually the responsibility of the supplier. But there are important exceptions, e. g. in the automotive industry, where the manufacturer controls the transports from his suppliers. In this case, transport planning occurs on the procurement side as well.

An LSP may consolidate the transport flows of several ”shippers”, operating in separate supply chains, in his own network. Then he is responsible for planning how the transports are executed, i. e. by which vehicles along which routes. However, the decisions on the transport orders, i. e. the quantity, source and destination of every shipment, remain a task of the APS of the shipper. Usually, it is not practicable to include the flows of all other shippers of an LSP into the APS. However, the additional flows have an impact on the transport cost and should be taken into account implicitly by appropriate transport cost functions.

Distribution Systems

A typical distribution system of a consumer goods manufacturer comprises the flow of many products from several factories to a large number of customers. Products made to stock are often shipped first to central DCs on forecast. The deliveries of the customer orders may then use the following distribution paths: Shipments may go directly from the factory or from a DC to the customer, with a single order. This simplest form of distribution is only efficient for large orders using up the vehicle. Smaller orders can be shipped jointly in tours starting from the factory or DC and calling at several customers. A stronger bundling of small shipments is achieved by a joint transport from the DC to a TP and delivery in short distance tours from there. Figure 12.1 illustrates the different distribution paths.

The transport of materials for production, as far as controlled by the supplier, is

mostly done in direct shipments. A recent concept for the supply of standard materials is the vendor managed inventory (VMI), where the supplier decides on time and quantity of the shipments to the customer but has to keep the stock in the customer’s warehouse between agreed minimum and maximum levels. In this case, the customer’s warehouse has the same function as a DC, so that the planning of VMI supply is similar to the DC replenishment.

Procurement Logistics Systems

If a manufacturer controls the transports of materials from his suppliers, he can use various logistics concepts, which differ in the structure of the transportation network and in the frequency of the shipments. They may occur in parallel for different classes of materials for the same receiving factory.

Cyclical procurement in intervals of a few days up to weeks permits to bundle the transport flow into larger shipments, but generates cycle stock at the receiving factory. JIT procurement with at least daily shipments avoids the inbound material passing through the warehouse. Instead, it can be put on a buffer area for a short time. If the arrivals are even synchronized with the production sequence, the material can be put immediately to the production line where it is consumed. The latter case is called synchronized procurement in the following.

The following transport concepts exist for procurement:

? Direct transports from the supplier are suitable for cyclical supply and, if the demand is sufficiently large, also for daily supply. Only if the distance is very short, direct transports may be used for synchronized procurement.

? A regional LSP collects the materials in tours from all suppliers in his defined area, consolidates them at a TP and ships them in full trucks to the receiving factory. This concept permits frequent supply, up to daily, even from remote suppliers with low volume. The trunk haulage can also be carried out by rail, if there are suitable connections.

? An LSP warehouse close to the receiving factory suits for synchronized procurement: The LSP is responsible for satisfying the short-term calls from the receiver by synchronized shipments. The suppliers have to keep the stock in the warehouse between agreed minimum and maximum levels by appropriate shipments, like in the VMI concept.

Models

Transport and Inventory

Transport planning has a strong impact on the inventory in the supply chain. It directly creates transport lot-sizing stock and transit stock (see Sect. 2.4) and influences the necessary safety stock. The lot-sizing stock results from the decision on the transport frequencies. Unfortunately, the present APS do not (yet) support the optimization of mid-term transport planning with regard to inventory. Nevertheless, this section presents some generic planning models, since the resulting frequencies and inventories are also important data for other APS modules. When setting these data, the following relationships should be taken into account. A review of combined transportation and inventory planning is given by Bertazzi and Speranza (1999). Transportation and Safety Stocks

In a distribution system for products made to stock, the safety stocks that are necessary for guaranteeing a certain service level, depend on the strategy of the transports between the factory and the DCs (see Silver et al. (1998, Chap. 12.4)): In a strong push system any production lot is distributed immediately to the DCs. A modification consists in retaining some central safety stock at the factory warehouse which is distributed in case of imminent stock-out at some DC. In a pull system, transports are triggered by the local stock at every DC, when it reaches a defined reorder point. In a push system, global information on the demand and stock situation at every DC is required for the central control. But also in a pull system, global information can improve the central allocation of stock in case of a bottleneck. In an APS, such global information should be available for the whole supply chain.

The push system corresponds to the case of synchronized production and distribution and thus requires less cycle stock, but in general higher total safety stock or more cross-shipments between the DCs. The local safety stock at a DC has to cover the local demand uncertainty during the transport leadtime, the total system safety stock has to cover the total demand uncertainty during the production lead-time and cycle time. In a consumer goods distribution system, the transport cycle time is usually very short, as a DC is usually replenished daily, but the production cycle time may last weeks to months, if many products share a production line. Therefore, the system safety stock calculation should be based on a periodic review model with the review period equal to the production cycle.

Deployment

The general task of deployment is to match the short-term demand with the available and expected stock for the next day or few days. As the source locations

(factories, suppliers), where stock is available, are in general different from the demand locations (DCs, customers), it has to be decided how much to ship from which source location to which demand location.

Delivering Known Customer Orders

In a make-to-order situation, the completion of the orders in due time is the responsibility of production planning and scheduling. Deployment can only deal with completed orders ready for delivery, and the shipment size is fixed by the customer order.

In a make-to-stock situation, many customer orders may compete for the same stock. If the stock at every source is sufficient for the normal allocation of orders, again, all order quantities can be released for delivery.

Otherwise, ATP decisions about measures against shortage have to be taken as explained in Sect. 12.1.3. If there are several sources with sufficient stock in total, reallocations can be made, either by transshipments from source to source or by directly reallocating certain customer orders from their normal source to an exceptional one. The latter measure is both faster and cheaper, in particular if customers are selected near the border between the delivery areas of the concerned sources. While this is difficult in conventional distribution systems with local control within the areas, it is no problem in an APS with global information and central control of deployment.

The optimal combination of the measures against shortage for all customers competing for the stock of a certain product can be determined with the above network flow model, with the following interpretation:

? Every customer j is modeled as a demand location.

? Besides real locations with available stock, the source “locations” i include other potential measures, in particular a “source” with u nlimited availability that stands for reducing or canceling orders.

? The cost cij includes penalties for delaying, reducing or canceling a customer order, depending on the priority of the customer.

Replenishment of DCs and Procurement

Shipment quantities for replenishment and procurement are not determined by customer orders but have to be derived from Demand Planning. Moreover, the calculation requires the prior specification of a certain transport cycle time (or of the transport frequency) for every relation, as explained in Sect. 12.2.1.

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管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

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科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that

物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文

物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文 北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)——外文文献原稿和译文 外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 logistics distribution center location factors: (1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste. (2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway. (3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to

物流+外文翻译

1. The Definition of Logistics After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. Three major functions of logistics (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods. 2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:

航海及海运专业词汇英语翻译

航海及海运专业词汇英语翻译(B) bulge carrier 散货船 bulge bulk 散货容积大量 bulge container 散货集装箱 bulge eraser 整盘磁带消磁器 bulge frame 船腹肋骨 bulge freighter 散货船 bulge grain carrier 散装谷类运输船 bulge oil carrier 散装油船 bulge oil circuit breaker 多油断路器 bulge oil-carrying ship 散装油船 bulge ore carrier 散装矿砂船 bulge ore-and RoRo carrier 散货、矿砂、滚装三用船bulge test 鼓出试验 bulge test 鼓出试验批量试验 bulge test 批量试验 bulge transport department 散货运输处 bulge viscosity 体积粘性 bulge 不规则突起鼓起处 bulge 侧凸出部 bulge 船侧凸出部;舭部 bulge 桶腰 bulgecarrier 散货船 bulged blading 加厚叶片组 bulging shell 鼓出外板 bulging shell 舭外板 bulging test 鼓出试验 bulk carrier 散货船 bulk and general cargo carrier 散杂货运输船 bulk bauxite carrier 散装矾土船 bulk bauxite carrier 散装铁矾土船 bulk bauxite ore-carrier 铝土矿石船 bulk bead mark 防水壁标志 bulk boat 石油驳船 bulk capacity 散货容积 bulk capacity 散装容积 bulk cargo carrier 散装货船 Bulk Cargo Clause 散装货条款 bulk cargo container 散装货柜 bulk cargo container 散装货柜散装集装箱 Bulk Cargo Container 散装集装箱 bulk cargo hold 散货舱 Bulk Cargo Ship 散装货船

外文文献之数据库信息管理系统简介

Introduction to database information management system The database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures; insert new data on the database , revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection." Database management system (database management system) is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database, or dbms. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Dbms users access data in the database, the database administrator through dbms database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database. Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system dBASELL, intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management. The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) software for data storage, management and use of dBASELL is a database management system software. Information management system is the use of data acquisition and transmission technology, computer network technology, database construction, multimedia

生鲜电子商务物流配送模式研究外文文献翻译2017

文献出处：Croxton K.LThe research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution modefJ]. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2017, 1(2): 13-24. 原文 The research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution mode Croxton K L Abstract With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people’s life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand or iresh agricultural products. This rare agricultural socialization trend of consumption also offers fresh electronic commerce development opportunities, but now is the actual situation of fresh electronic commerce development is not very optimistic. For fresh food e-commerce，due to the particularity of fresh products, it requires the logistics distribution can be according to the requirements of the customer at the right time to provide enough fresh products，it is for the logistics service quality and time put forward higher requirements，delivery is not yet mature，distribution costs are high，low efficiency and service level is often difficult to guarantee，fresh products logistics distribution is a bottlenecK in the development of them. Keywords: fresh food e-commerce，distribution pattern，cold chain logistics, and risk control 1 Introduction Farmers1markets and supermarkets is the traditional channels of city residents to buy fresh agricultural products, but with the development of social economy speed boost, the rhythm of people’s life in the city than ever also had obvious increase，’’workers?’ due to the limitation of working hours, often the problem is there are very few time at a farmers’ market or supermarket to buy fresh prod uce，even after work at farmers’ markets or supermarkets to buy the fresh agricultural products, can buy goods is not fresh. With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people's life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand of fresh agricultural products，especially for "workers' this is more urgent demand.B2C，C2C e-commerce business now more concentrated in the electronic products, clothing and completely processed food, for the present stage of basic logistics service can satisfy the requirements of web site with the customer.

我国港口集装箱运输发展现状及趋势分析【文献综述】

文献综述 物流管理 我国港口集装箱运输发展现状及趋势分析 一、引言 集装箱是指具有一定规格和强度的专为周转使用的大型货箱。在我国某些地区，如香港和台湾等地其又被称为“货柜”。集装箱运输是一种先进的现代化运输方式，是运输领域的重要变革，是世界杂货运输的发展方向。在全球经济高速发展、竞争激烈的今天，各国都把集装箱运输的普及和发展看作本国货物运输现代化进程和经济实力增强的重要标志。 从20世纪70年代发展至今，我国集装箱化水平已经有了明显的提高。这么多年发展以来，我国集装箱船队发展迅速，航线不断增加；集装箱港口基础设施建设不断完善，内陆技术运系统明显改善；依靠科技进步，管理水平也有了很大的提高。目前，我国对于集装箱运输的研究主要呈现在以下几个方面：一、集装箱运输量、运输船队及船舶的发展研究；二、集装箱码头、港口基础设施建设的研究；三、国内外集装箱运输市场、各集装箱码头竞争力评估研究；四、国内港口集装箱运输发展战略研究等。 二、主题 自集装箱运输产生以来，由于其具有运输私密性好、包装不易破损、运输成本低、环境适应性强、装载密度高、码垛规范等特点，在进入七十年代后逐渐成为航运业发展的主流。 Aidas Vasilis Vasiliauskas 和Jurgita Barysiene（2008）讨论了在过去几十年里由于集装箱的发明和应用给交通系统带来的变化、世界集装箱船队的发展以及世界港口集装箱运输量的发展趋势，指出世界集装箱运输的增长是宏观经济，微观经济和政策性因素等长期作用的结果。对于本国影响方面，Andres Tolli和Juri Laving(2007)指出，中国集装箱运输在今后的十年里将以其占据的市场份额主导世界集装箱的运输，他希望能良好地利用爱沙尼亚的有利地理位置，在中国港口广泛的开展集装箱中转运输，以集装箱码头运作和航线的共同联盟来增加该国的集装箱运输量。而对于未来发展方面，Jakov Karmelic, B. Sc.(2009)通过数据分析了世界十大港口的吞吐量、全球集装箱船船队以及这些船队能力的排名，指出对于目前以及未来的状况，认为很有必要详细分析前几个周期的态势及其对航运市场的影响，以防止更多危机产生。继于此，Gokhan

管理信息系统外文翻译

英文文献翻译

二〇年月日

科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS”because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system”instead of “MIS”to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s