江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义分析_翻译

Unit 1

1. Put the following sentences into Chinese.

1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.

2. Put the following passage into Chinese.

As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.

Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.

3. Put the following passage into English.

翻译的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。

准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。

Unit 3reports

1. Sample Analysis

Sample I Informal Report

MEMORANDUM

TO: Audrey Rivers FROM: Kevin Young

Manager, Human Resources Personnel Assistant

SUBJECT: Evaluation of the Roning Group’s “Meetings” Seminar

DATE: March 19, 1995

I found The Roiling Group’s “Meetings” seminar to be well worth attending and recommend that it be made available to all supervisory employees.

The attached folder describes the seminar in detail. Its full title is “Increasing the Effectiveness of Business Meetings,” and it is available in two formats: as a public seminar, such as the one I attended, and as a kit for in-house presentation. Attendance al a public seminar costs $85 per person. The kit, which contains sufficient materials to train 48 employees, costs $1200, which is equivalent to $25 per person.

The seminar I attended was held at the downtown Holiday Inn from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. yesterday, March 18. You asked me to attend se that I could evaluate its suitability for company adoption.

During the morning the seminar leader demonstrated techniques for improving meeting performance and then assigned us to two groups and gave us roles to play as meeting participants.

In the afternoon:

For the first hour, group one held a meeting and group two evaluated the meeting participants’ performance on a one-to-one basis.

For the second hour, the groups’ roles were reversed.

The seminar leader then summed up and drew attention to our strengths and weaknesses.

I found the seminar to be an excellent learning experience. The atmosphere was relaxed, the participants were actively involved for more than 75% of the time and had realistic, recognizable roles to play, and the scenarios for the two meetings were both relevant and thoroughly developed. Of particular value were the comments we could make on one another’s performance as meeting participants.

I suggest we purchase the Roiling Group’s “Meetings” kit and use it to train our managers and supervisors to hold more efficient meetings. The experience I gained at yesterday’s seminar has prepared me to rim in-house workshops.

(The signature of Kevin)

Notes：

1．（什么种类的报告，背景，报告的双方）这是一份非正式报告。人事助理Kevin在参加一次最近召开的研讨会后向人事部经理递交的—份对该会的评估报告。这种报告实际上是一种备忘录式的报告，因此叫Memorandum。To指收件人，From指报告人。

2．（Subject）Subject line主题项，它后面是报告的主要内容。有些信函使用”Re:”即表示with reference to (关于)；”In Re:”即表示referring to(关于)。

3.（组成部分）这类报告一般分为以下部分：summary statement，background，description (of the seminar)，evaluation (of the seminar), and outcome．

Sample 2

ROBERTSON ENGINEEERING SERVICES

INSPECTION REPORT

ALTERATLINS TO AND REDECORA TION OF NEW OFFICES FOR

THE TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT

Except for some minor deficiencies, the repair and renovation work is complete. The offices can be occupied on November I, as scheduled.

These offices were previously occupied by Nor-West Distributors, who vacated them on September 30, 1994.

A contract for renovating and redecorating the promises was let to Craven Builders Inc. on October 2; it specified the work to be done and a completion date of October 30, 1994. The contractor notified us on October 26 that the work was complete and I inspected the premises on October 27.

The contractor has done a generally good job. There are no signs that the previous temporary walls existed or have been removed, and the new temporary walls look like permanent structures. Decorating quality is very good.

The following deficiencies were noted and must be corrected by the contractor:.

1. The rubber underlay needs to be relaid under parts of the fitted carpet in the northeast corner of the main office. Currently it is bunched in seven or eight places.

2. The pelmets over all four windows need to be extended to the specified 78-inch width. Currently they are only 64 inches wide.

3. The door to the manager’s office needs to be rehung so that it closes fully and the lock engages.

4. Four of the lighting fixtures need to be maligned so that they are all at the same level.

5. The cove needs to be installed at the foot of all walls.

These deficiencies will not prevent the Technical Publications Department from occupying the offices on November I. although I suggest that furniture should not be placed in the northeast section of the main office until the carpet underlay has been relaid. All other deficiencies can be corrected without interfering with the department’s operations.

I suggest that a second inspection be scheduled before contractor payment is approved.

The signature of Thorvaldson

Paul Thorvaldson, P.E.

October 27, 1994 Notes：

这是一份检查报告，它比Samplel较正规，但仍属informal report。报告分以下部分：

(1) summary statement: telling readers right away what they most want to know--that the new facility is ready

(2)background：the details leading up to his inspection visit

(3)findings：conditions found + deficiencies

(4)outcome：the result of the inspection

2. The Translation of Reports

The following is a sample of Letter Report and its Chinese version.

The General Manager,

Acme Electronics Ltd.,

Canberra, ACT2600.

Dear Sir,

RENOV A TIONS, 153 HILLCREST

You instruc ted me on 20th June, 1998 to report on the repairs and renovation needed at the Company’s premises at 153 Hillcrest. I accordingly visited the premises on 25th June and made the following observations:

1. That the walls of the Branch Office Manager’s offic e need to be repainted.

2. That the air-conditioning plant needs to be serviced in the near future.

3. That the carpet in the reception hall is very worn and needs to be replaced by a new one.

4. That the lock on the rear door of the premises can very easily be forced and needs to be replaced by a stronger “dead lock.”

5. That an additional telephone is needed in the General Office.

I therefore recommend that the Maintenance Office be instructed to carry out the renovationsl—4 above and that the Telephone Company be requested to install an additional receiver in the General Office on the same line as the existing receivers.

Yours faithfully,

C. S. Spencer

Maintenance Engineer

堪培拉，ACT2600

Acme电子有限公司

总经理

总经理先生：

您于1998年6月20日指示，要我对HILLCREST街153号公司房舍需修整翻新的事宜向您报告。为此，我于6月25日视察了该处房屋，现向您书面汇报如下：

1．分公司经理室的墙壁需要粉刷油漆。

2．空调设备需要尽快维修。

3．接待厅地毯严重磨损，需要更新。

4．房舍后门的锁很不牢实，需要更换成结实的”单闩锁印”。

5．公司办公室需要加装一部电话。

综上所述，请您指示公司维修部对上述前四项进行维修，并请电话公司利用现有电话线路为办公室另安装一部电话。

维修工程师

C．S．斯宾塞

Unit 4 abstracts

1. Put the following technical terms into Chinese.

ball bearing（滚珠轴承）

test bed（试验台）

carrier rocket（运载火箭）pneumatic cushion（气压式缓冲器）tractor shoe（拖拉机履带片）monkey driver（锤式打桩机）ball cock（球阀）

automatic pecker（自动穿孔器）worm auger（螺旋钻）

decay daughter（裂变产物）

sister metal（同类金属）foreign tissue（异体组织）getter pump（抽气泵）ghost image（叠影）

heel block（垫板）

I-bar（工字梁）

O-ring（环形圈）

T-square（丁字尺）octahedron（八面体）zigzag chain（Z形链）gable roof（人字屋顶）cross stitch（十字缝）

set square（三角尺）

arch dam（拱坝）

cam shaft（凸轮轴）

cone buoy（锥形浮标）

U-bolt（U形螺栓）

plastic stockings（玻璃丝袜）nose cap（防毒面具）

2. Put the following sentences into Chinese.

1 More than three thousand IPC symbols jammed into the chart. He certainly was not scanning the rows with

a magnifier.

图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号，他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下看。

2 Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists have obtained conclusive evidence during the last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the scene of volcanic activity.

尽管从未有人登上过灶神星，也从未有过太空飞船靠近过灶神星，但是研究行星的科学工作者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒冷而宁静的灶神星曾经是火山活动的场所。

3 Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicillin, pnumococcal disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.

尽管有效的抗菌素特别是青霉素应用已久，但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量死亡，尤其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。

4 The research found a 12 per cent reduction in the patients’ blood cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

研究结果发现，病人的胆固醇含量从每100毫升血液含有349毫克下降了百分之十二。

5 Working at the fruit and vegetable chemistry Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., the scientists sprayed young guayule plants with 5,000 part per million of the hormone stimulator 2- (3-4) dichloriphenoxy-triethylamine.

在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的蔬果化学实验室工作的科学家们向银胶菊植物幼苗喷洒浓度为百万分之5000的激素催长剂2-(3-4)二氯苯氧基三乙胺。

3. Put the following passage into Chinese.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and submicrogram amount of nicotine and cotinine biological fluids is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS.

Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.

香烟造成的环境烟气(ETS)足使室内空污染的主要污染源。来自(美国)军医局局长报告和国家科学院的报告都着重强调了这一点：传统的用以确定有多少非吸烟者受到ETS危害的方法必须加以改进。本文提出

了一种监控ETS的半实时系统并将该系统与其它系统进行了比较。作者建议使用一些新的跟踪器对ETS 进行监控并对ETS在室内环境实验室的一般情况及衰减问题作了研究。作者研制了一项新技术分析尼古丁和可铁宁的生物液微克和亚微克量。并将对ETS进行一项独特的曝露研究，让非吸烟者置于ETS环境进行试验。

现今业已积累的大量证据表明，大气层中的微粒影响人类健康和大气的性质。为了监控空中的微粒，很有必要将大气层中各种微粒的大小分开，并确定其化学成分。已研制出一种新的高流速率，多通道平行盘溶蚀器取样系统，它能确定微粒大小的分布，以及在取样期间从微粒失去的具有半挥发性的有机混合物。

4. Put the following passage into English.

在本《国际标准》中，“文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。无论作者是谁，对此均不应有所不同。

一篇文摘应该根据文献的内容与文体，使之具有尽可能多的报道性。也就是说，文摘应尽可能多的表达文献内容中包含的定量或定性的信息。报道性文摘对于叙述实验研究和主题单一的文献足较为理想的。但某些内容庞杂或冗长的文献，例如泛述、综述以及整篇或整集的专著，则允许备有一个仅仅起指示性、描述性指南作用的文摘。还有一种必不可少的融报道性与指示性于一体的综合性文摘，这类文摘适用于文摘长度受限制，或因文献类型与文体的限制，而有必要对文献的要点作报道性介绍的情况。

Unit 6Conference Documents

1. Sample Analysis.

Sample 3: General Information

Stouffer Center Plaza Hotel

Only 12-minutes from Wright-putterson Air Force Base, you’ll fred the premier hotel of Dayton, Ohio, Stonffer Center Plaza Hotel. In the center of Dayton’s downtown business district, this hotel is a skywalk away from the Dayton Convention Center and 1500-car parking facility. A limousine service can be made available on request in the immediate downtown area to drive you to meetings, shopping excursions or entertainment. The amenities associated with staying at this hotel include such items as complimentary coffee and newspaper, which arrive with your wake-up call. Public limousine service runs to and from Dayton International Airport 20 minutes

away.

Dayton’s Attractions

Dayton. Ohio is considered the birthplace of Aviation when native Daytonians Orville and Wibur Wright began testing their early aircraft here. Today five Command units of the United States Ah’ Force are located at Wright=Patterson Air Force Base. This base is critical hub which-has 33,000 employees, Adjacent to the base is the United States Air Force Museum which is internationally recognized us the world’s largest and oldest military aviation museum with l0 I/2 acres of exhibits under one roof. This fine attraction draws 1.5 million visitors annually and includes a 600 seat IMAX theater which will afford visitors a realistic view of aviation and space flight. Admission and parking are free. Other famous attractions in the area include the Dayton Museum of Natural History, the Dayton Art Institute, the host of other sites which are s short cab chive from the hotel.

Climate and Attire

The average temperature in Dayton during the conference period is 66 degrees F with daily variation of plus or minus 12 degrees F about the average. Light clothing is recommended for all outdoor activities.

Transportation

The Dayton International Airport is a short 20 minutes drive away from the hotel and regularly scheduled transportation to and from the airport is available every 40 minutes. A taxi from the airport costs approximately $15.00 one way or an airport limo ($13.00 one way, $23.00 round trip) is also available. The Dayton airport has 225 daily departures to approximately 50 cities and is served by most carriers.

Rental cars can be obtained at the airport or are available from the conference hotel.

Notes

1. limousine service 客车服务(指车站机场等接送旅客的中客车)

2. airport limo 机场客车, limo 的复数为limos (=limousine)

2. Put the following passage into Chinese.

Dear Professor Liang,

The Conference Steering Committee is pleased to inform you that your abstract rifled above has been accepted for presentation at the ASEE 4th International Conference on Engineering Computer Graphics and Descriptive Geometry, to be held in Miami, Florida, USA, June 11 ~ 15, 1990.

We hope you will accept our invitation to participate. To assist with program planning, please complete and return the enclosed Confirmation and Speaker Information Form by fax before December 12, 1989 so that we may include the correct information in the program and notify alternates if necessary.

Please start writing your paper. In a separate package, you will receive the instructions on the preparation of manuscripts. You should be getting this information sometime after the first of the year. Completed manuscripts are due on March 1, 1990.

The final program and registration information will be sent to you in early March, 1990. We look forward to working with you and to having you on the program at the Miami meeting.

If you have any questions at any time, please feel free to contact me at (305)554-2824. Our fax number is (305) 554-3582.

Sincerely,

Oktay Ural, Ph.D.P.E.

Conference Chairman

Unit 7Reviews

1. Put the following passage into Chinese.

The history of computing began with an analog machine. In 1623 German scientist Wilhelm Schikard

invented a machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that could add and, with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.

French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal invented a machine in 1642 that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to column. Pascal built 50 copies of his machine, but most served as curiosities in parlors of the wealthy. Seventeenth-century German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a special gearing system to enable multiplication on Pascal's machine.

In the early 19th century French inventor Joseph-Made Jacquard devised a specialized type of computer: a loom. Jacquard's loom used punched cards to program patterns that were output as woven fabrics by the loom. Though Jacquard was rewarded and admired by French emperor Napoleon I for his work, he fled for his life from the city of Lyon pursued by weavers who feared their jobs were in jeopardy due to Jacquard's invention. The loom prevailed, however: When Jacquard passed away, more than 30,000 of his looms existed in Lyon. The looms are still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture fabrics..

计算器的历史起始于一台模拟机。1623年德国科学家Wilhelm Schikard首创了一台模拟机，该机器利用11个完整的、6个不完整的链轮进行加法运算，并能借助对数表进行乘除运算。

法国哲学家、数学家、和物理学家帕斯卡于1642年发明了用机器进行加减运算，该机器可以自动进行竖式借位运算。帕斯卡将机器复制了50部，但其中的大多数成了富有人家客厅中引入好奇的摆设。17世纪德国数学家Gottfried Leibniz设计了一种特殊齿轮传动装置，能在帕斯卡的机器上进行乘法运算。

19世纪初，法国发明家Joseph Marie Jacquard设计出一种专用计算机：织机。Jacquard的织机利用打了孔的卡片为图样编制程序，而输出的是织好的布匹。尽管Jacquard的发明受到法国皇帝拿破伦一世的奖赏和赞许，但为了躲避织布工匠的追捕，他逃离了里昂城，亡命他乡——因为工匠们害怕他的发明会砸了大家的饭碗。然而，织机最终还是越来越流行。Jacquard逝世时，里昂市的织机总量已超过30,000台。织机沿用至今，在精美家具布帘(垫)制造业尤甚。

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学

家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

江苏大学英语论文写作

Unit 1. General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. Research papers are or can be the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all other documentary works. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. Since this type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term , it is also called ―term paper‖. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation论述) A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. Writing a thesis paper requires the writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. 2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions（扯开，离题）or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. Accordingly, academic writing is structured, formal and objective. Its language is often abstract and complex.

研究生英语系列教材综合教程课文翻译

研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和

江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理

Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. 2. Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. 2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply. 3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order. 5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. 6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature 1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. 2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. 3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. 4. Discussion 1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea? As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.” 2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not? If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

江苏大学研究生英语总结--下学期

考试题型： 一．回答问题 二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的) 三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了 There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more, Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1.1 Classification of professional paper A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文 3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing is: 1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang. 3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. 4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎) 7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Answer: Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles, passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖ While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等） (subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords 2.1 Titles 2.1.1. General functions 1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)