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克莱顿法中英对照

克莱顿法（Clayton Act）中英文对照

15 U.S.C. §12: Definitions; short title Antitrust laws, as used herein, includes the Act entitled "An Act

to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies," approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety; sections seventy-three to seventy-seven, inclusive, of an Act entitled "An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes," of August twenty- seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four; an Act entitled "An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes, " approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen; and also this Act.

第一条（ａ）这里所用的“反托拉斯法”是指：①１８９０年７月２日通过的《保护贸易和商业免于非法限制和垄断法》；②１８９４年８月２７日通过的《为了政府收入和其它目的、减少税收法》第７３至７７条；③《１８９４年８月２７日法第７３和７６条的修正案》，即１９１３年２月１２日通过的《为了国家收入和其它目的、减少税收法》；④本法。

"Commerce," as used herein, means trade or commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State, Territory, or foreign nation, or between any insular possessions or other places under the jurisdiction of the United States, or between any such possession or place and any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation, or within the District of Columbia or any Territory or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this Act contained shall apply to the Philippine Islands.

这里的“商业”是指州际间或与外国的商业和贸易，或哥伦比亚区、美国准州同其它州、准州、外国的商业和贸易，或美国司法管辖权下的属地之间或其它地方之间的商业和贸易，或哥伦比亚区内、准州内、美国司法管辖权下的任何属地及其它地区内的商业和贸易。

本法不适用于菲律宾群岛。

The word "person" or "persons" wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.

(b) This Act may be cited as the "Clayton Act".

这里的“人”包括依据美国联邦法律、州法、准州法或外国法成立的或经上述法律授权的现存公司和组织。

（ｂ）本法名为《克莱顿法》。

15 U.S.C. §13: Discrimination in price, services, or facilities

(a) Price; selection of customers

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality, where either or any of the purchases involved in such discrimination are in commerce, where such commodities are sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, and where the effect of such discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, or to injure, destroy, or prevent competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives the benefit of such discrimination, or with customers of either of them: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prevent differentials which make only due allowance for differences in the cost of manufacture, sale, or delivery resulting from the differing methods or quantities in which such commodities are to such purchasers sold or delivered: Provided, however, That the Federal Trade Commission may, after due investigation and hearing to all interested parties, fix and establish quantity limits, and revise the same as it finds necessary, as to particular commodities or classes of commodities, where it finds that available purchasers in greater quantities are so few as to render differentials on account thereof unjustly discriminatory or promotive of monopoly in any line of commerce; and the foregoing shall then not be construed to permit differentials based on differences in quantities greater than those so fixed and established: And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent persons engaged in selling goods, wares, or merchandise in commerce from selecting their own customers in bona fide transactions and not in restraint of trade: And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent price changes from time to time where in response to changing conditions affecting the market for or the marketability of the goods concerned, such as but not limited to actual or imminent deterioration of perishable goods, obsolescence of seasonal goods, distress sales under court process, or sales in good faith in discontinuance of business in the goods concerned.

第二条（ａ）从事商业的人在其商业过程中，直接或间接地对同一等级和质量商品的买者实行价格歧视，如果价格歧视的结果实质上减少竞争或旨在形成对商业的垄断，或妨害、破坏、阻止同那些准许或故意接受该歧视利益的人之间的竞争，或者是同他们的顾客之间的竞争，是非法的。这里歧视所涉及的购买是在商业过程中，商品是为了在美国内、准州内、哥伦比亚区内、或美国司法管辖权下的属地及其它地域内的使用、消费和销售。

本规定不适用于那些因制造、销售、运输成本不同所做的合理补贴。

联邦贸易委员会认为某商品或各类商品中，大量购买者是如此少，以至于根据购买数量提出价格差异是歧视性的或旨在促成商业垄断时，经过对所有利益各方当事人的适当调查和审理后，可确定一个数量标准，并在必要时予以修改。

前款不适用于超过联邦贸易委员会规定的数量标准的数量差异所准许的差价。

本规定不限制销售商在善意的而不是限制贸易的交易中，挑选顾客。

本规定不限制随着影响市场的条件的变化而产生的价格变化，或随有关商品的可销售性产生的价格变化，这包括但不限于易腐烂商品在或即将变质、季节性商品的过时、司法程序下扣押品的拍卖以及停业中善意的商品销售。

(b) Burden of rebutting prima-facie case of discrimination

Upon proof being made, at any hearing on a complaint under this section, that there has been discrimination in price or services or facilities furnished, the burden of rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing justification shall be upon the person charged with a violation of this section, and unless justification shall be affirmatively shown, the Commission is authorized to issue an order terminating the discrimination: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall prevent a seller rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing that his lower price or the furnishing of services or facilities to any purchaser or purchasers was made in good faith to meet an equally low price of a competitor, or the services or facilities furnished by a competitor.

（ｂ）在对依据本节提起的价格歧视诉状或已完成的劳务、设施歧视诉状审理中，根据歧视的公正性证据对初步立案进行辩驳的责任，在被诉违反本节的一方，除非歧视的公正性得以充分说明，否则，将授权委员会发布中止歧视令。

本规定并不限制卖者通过证明，他的低价或劳务及设施的提供是以良好信誉，平等地同竞争者的低价，或由竞争者提供的劳务、设施相适应，来对初步立案加以辩驳。

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to pay or grant, or to receive or accept, anything of value as a commission, brokerage, or other compensation, or any allowance or discount in lieu thereof, except for services rendered in connection with the sale or purchase of goods, wares, or merchandise, either to the other party to such transaction or to an agent, representative, or other intermediary therein where such intermediary is acting in fact for or in behalf, or is subject to the direct or indirect control, of any party to such transaction other than the person by whom such compensation is so granted or paid.

（ｃ）商人在其商业过程中，支付、准许、收取、接受佣金、回扣或其它补偿，或作为替代的任何补贴或折扣是非法的。但对同商品购销相关的，提供给另一方当事人或代理机构、或代表人、或其它中间机构的劳务除外。这里的其它中间机构是事实上、或代表或服从于该交易一方的直接、间接控制，而不是受准许支付回扣或支付回扣一方所控制。

(d) Payment for services or facilities for processing or sale

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce to pay or contract for the payment of anything of value to or for the benefit of a customer of such person in the course of such commerce as compensation or in consideration for any services or facilities furnished by or through such customer in connection with the processing, handling, sale, or offering for sale of any products or commodities manufactured, sold, or offered for sale by such person, unless such payment or consideration is available on proportionally equal terms to all other customers competing in the distribution of such products or commodities.

（ｄ）商人在其商业过程中，除依据同等条件对所有在商品销售中竞争的其它顾客支付佣金或对价外，对因同该商人生产、销售商品的加工、处理、销售相关的劳务是由某顾客提供或通过该顾客提供的，而作为补偿或对价支付佣金或签订佣金支付合同是非法的。

(e) Furnishing services or facilities for processing, handling, etc.

It shall be unlawful for any person to discriminate in favor of one purchaser against another purchaser or purchasers of a commodity bought for resale, with or without processing, by contracting to furnish or furnishing, or by contributing to the furnishing of, any services or facilities connected with the processing, handling, sale, or offering for sale of such commodity so purchased upon terms not accorded to all purchasers on proportionally equal terms.

（ｅ）任何人通过按并非同等给予所有购买者的条件签订合同提供或提供，或协助提供与所购商品的加工、处理、销售有关的劳务、设施，进行有利于一个购买者而不利于其他购买者（购买是为了转售，进行或不进行加工）的歧视，是非法的。

(f) Knowingly inducing or receiving discriminatory price

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, knowingly to induce or receive a discrimination in price which is prohibited by this section.

（ｆ）商人在其商业过程中，故意引诱或接受本节禁止的价格歧视，是非法的。

15 U.S.C. §13a: Discrimination in rebates, discounts, or advertising service charges; underselling in particular localities; penalties

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to be a party to, or assist in, any transaction of sale, or contract to sell, which discriminates to his knowledge against

competitors of the purchaser, in that, any discount, rebate, allowance, or advertising service charge is granted to the purchaser over and above any discount, rebate, allowance, or advertising service charge available at the time of such transaction to said competitors in respect of a sale of goods of like grade, quality, and quantity; to sell, or contract to sell, goods in any part of the United States at prices lower than those exacted by said person elsewhere in the United States for the purpose of destroying competition, or eliminating a competitor in such part of the United States; or, to sell, or contract to sell, goods at unreasonably low prices for the purpose of destroying competition or eliminating a competitor.

Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

第二条Ａ商人在其商业过程中，参与或作为据其所知歧视购买者的竞争者的销售或销售合同的一方，因为给予该购买者的折扣、回扣、补贴或广告费高于此交易同时上述竞争者就相同等级、质量和数量的货物的销售可以获得的折扣、回扣、补贴或广告费；在美国任何地方以低于美国其他地方上述竞争者要求的价格销售、签订销售合同其目的为破坏竞争或铲除美国该地方的竞争者；或以不合理的低价销售、签订销售合同其目的为破坏竞争或铲除的竞争者，是非法的。

15 U.S.C. §13b: Cooperative association; return of net earnings or surplus

Nothing in sections 13 to 13b and 21a of this title shall prevent a cooperative association from returning to its members, producers, or consumers the whole, or any part of, the net earnings or surplus resulting from its trading operations, in proportion to their purchases or sales from, to, or through the association.

第二条Ｂ本法第二条至第二条Ｂ以及第二十一条Ａ不限制合作社根据其成员、生产者或顾客与合作社之间买卖或通过合作社买卖的比例给予他们全部或部分因商业运营产生的净收入或盈余

15 U.S.C. §13c: Exemption of non-profit institutions from price discrimination provisions

Nothing in sections 13 to 13b and 21a of this title, shall apply to purchases of their supplies for their own use by schools, colleges, universities, public libraries, churches, hospitals, and charitable institutions not operated for profit.

第二条Ｃ本法第二条至第二条Ｂ以及第二十一条Ａ不适用于学校、公共图书馆、教堂、医院和不盈利的慈善机构购买自用补给品。

15 U.S.C. §14: Sale, etc., on agreement not to use goods of competitor

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to lease or make a sale or contract for sale of goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities, whether patented or unpatented, for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the

United States, or fix a price charged therefor, or discount from, or rebate upon, such price, on the condition, agreement, or understanding that the lessee or purchaser thereof shall not use or deal in the goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities of a competitor or competitors of the lessor or seller, where the effect of such lease, sale, or contract for sale or such condition, agreement, or understanding may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce.

第三条商人在其商业过程中，不管商品是否授予专利，商品是为了在美国内、准州内、哥伦比亚区及美国司法管辖权下的属地及其它地域内使用、消费或零售、出租、销售或签订销售合同，是以承租人、买者不使用其竞争者的商品作为条件，予以固定价格，给予回扣，折扣，如果该行为实质上减少竞争或旨在形成商业垄断，是非法的。

15 U.S.C. §15: Suits by persons injured

(a) Amount of recovery; prejudgment interest

Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorneys fee. The court may award under this section, pursuant to a motion by such person promptly made, simple interest on actual damages for the period beginning on the date of service of such persons pleading setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this section for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only—whether such person or the opposing party, or either partys representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay, or otherwise acted in bad faith; whether, in the course of the action involved, such person or the opposing party, or either partys representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; and

whether such person or the opposing party, or either partys representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof.

第四条（ａ）除本条（ｂ）中另有规定，任何因反托拉斯法所禁止的事项而遭受财产或营业损害的人，可在被告居住的、被发现的、或有代理机构的区向美国区法院提起诉讼，不论损害大小，一

律给予其损害额的三倍赔偿、诉讼费和合理的律师费。法院可根据本条，就该人及时提出请求在其认为公正的情况下，裁定就实际损失支付单利，期间为自该人送达提出依据反垄断法请求的起诉书之日到判决之日，或更短的时间。在决定根据本条依情况就一定期间的利息裁定是否公正，法院应考虑：

（1）该人或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否提出毫无根据的请求或主张或抗辩显示出该方或代表是故意拖延或恶意行事；

（2）在诉讼当中，该人或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否违反任何适用的规定对迟延行为处罚或规定迅速进行程序的规则、法律或法院命令；和

（3）该人或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否进行主要目的为拖延诉讼或增加成本的行为。

(b) Amount of damages payable to foreign states and instrumentalities of foreign states

Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person who is a foreign state may not recover under subsection (a) of this section an amount in excess of the actual damages sustained by it and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorneys fee.

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a foreign state if—such foreign state would be denied, under section 1605(a) (2) of Title 28, immunity in a case in which the action is based upon a commercial activity, or an act, that is the subject matter of its claim under this section; such foreign state waives all defenses based upon or arising out of its status as a foreign state, to any claims brought against it in the same action;

such foreign state engages primarily in commercial activities; and

such foreign state does not function, with respect to the commercial activity, or the act, that is the subject matter of its claim under this section as a procurement entity for itself or for another foreign state.

（ｂ）（1）除（2）中另有规定，外国不能根据本条（ａ）获得超过实际损失、诉讼费和合理的律师费的数额。

（2）（1）不应适用于外国，如：

（A）根据法28，1605(a) (2)条，该外国被拒绝就基于商业行为或其在本条下提出请求的行为提起诉讼的案件给予豁免权；

（B）在同一诉讼中，就针对它提起的任何请求，该外国放弃基于或由其作为外国的地位而产生的所有抗辩；

（C）该外国主要从事商业活动；和

（D）该外国就商业行为或其在本条下提出请求的行为不作为一个采购主体为自己或另一个外国行事。

For purposes of this section—the term "commercial activity" shall have the meaning given it in section 1603(d) of Title 28, and the term "foreign state" shall have the meaning given it in section 1603(a) of Title 28.

（ｃ）为本条之目的，

（1）“商业活动”应为法28，1603(d)条赋予的意义，和

（2）“外国” 应为法28，1603(a)条赋予的意义。

15 U.S.C. §15a: Suits by United States; amount of recovery; prejudgment interest

Whenever the United States is hereafter injured in its business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws it may sue therefor in the United States district court for the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by it sustained and the cost of suit. The court may award under this section, pursuant to a motion by the United States promptly made, simple interest on threefold the damages for the period beginning on the date of service of the pleading of the United States setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this section for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only—whether the United States or the opposing party, or either partys representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay or otherwise acted in bad faith; whether, in the course of the action involved, the United States or the opposing party, or either partys representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings;

whether the United States or the opposing party, or either partys representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof; and

whether the award of such interest is necessary to compensate the United States adequately for the injury sustained by the United States.

第四条Ａ无论何时美国因反托拉斯法所禁止的事项而遭受财产及事业的损害时，美国可在被告居住的、被发现的，或有代理机构的区向美国区法院提起诉讼，不论损害数额大小一律予以赔偿其遭受的实际损失和诉讼费。

15 U.S.C. §15b: Limitation of actions

Any action to enforce any cause of action under sections 15, 15a, or 15c of this title shall be forever barred

unless commenced within four years after the cause of action accrued. No cause of action barred under existing law on the effective date of this Act shall be revived by this Act.

第四条Ｂ任何依据本法第四条、第四条Ａ、或第四条Ｃ提起的诉讼，必须在诉讼事由产生后的四年内提出，否则，一律不予受理。在本法生效之日根据现有法律不予受理的诉讼事由不因本法而成为可予以受理。

15 U.S.C. §15c: Actions by State attorneys general

(a) Parens patriae; monetary relief; damages; prejudgment interest. Any attorney general of a State may bring a civil action in the name of such State, as parens patriae on behalf of natural persons residing in such State, in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the defendant, to secure monetary relief as provided in this section for injury sustained by such natural persons to their property by reason of any violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title. The court shall exclude from the amount of monetary relief awarded in such action any amount of monetary relief (A) which duplicates amounts which have been awarded for the same injury, or (B) which is properly allocable to (i) natural persons who have excluded their claims pursuant to subsection (b) (2) of this section, and (ii) any business entity.

The court shall award the State as monetary relief threefold the total damage sustained as described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorneys fee. The court may award under this paragraph, pursuant to a motion by such State promptly made, simple interest on the total damage for the period beginning on the date of service of such States pleading setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this paragraph for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only—whether such State or the opposing party, or either partys representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay or otherwise acted in bad faith; whether, in the course of the action involved, such State or the opposing party, or either partys representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; and whether such State or the opposing party, or either partys representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof.

第四条Ｃ（ａ）（１）州司法长作为政府监护人，代表其州内自然人的利益，可以本州的名义，向对被告有司法管辖权的美国区法院提起民事诉讼，以确保其自然人因他人违反谢尔曼法遭受的财产损失获得本节规定的金钱救济。法院将从该诉讼获得的金钱救济中，排除下列部分：（Ａ）重复

损害赔偿部分；（Ｂ）（ｉ）归于自然人的部分，该自然人依据本节（ｂ）（２）已放弃；（ｉｉ）归于任何商业实体的部分。

（２）作为金钱救济，法院将判给该州在本款（１）规定的总损害金额的三倍赔偿金，及诉讼费和合理的律师费。法院可根据本款，就该州及时提出请求在其认为公正的情况下，裁定就实际损失支付单利，期间为自该州送达提出依据反垄断法请求的起诉书之日到判决之日，或更短的时间。在决定根据本条依情况就一定期间的利息裁定是否公正，法院应考虑：

（A）该州或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否提出毫无根据的请求或主张或抗辩显示出该方或代表是故意拖延或恶意行事；

（B）在诉讼当中，该州或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否违反任何适用的规定对迟延行为处罚或规定迅速进行程序的规则、法律或法院命令；和

（C）该州或其向对方，或任一方的代表是否进行主要目的为拖延诉讼或增加成本的行为。

(b) Notice; exclusion election; final judgment. In any action brought under subsection (a) (1) of this section, the State attorney general shall, at such times, in such manner, and with such content as the court may direct, cause notice thereof to be given by publication. If the court finds that notice given solely by publication would deny due process of law to any person or persons, the court may direct further notice to such person or persons according to the circumstances of the case.

Any person on whose behalf an action is brought under subsection (a) (1) of this section may elect to exclude from adjudication the portion of the State claim for monetary relief attributable to him by filing notice of such election with the court within such time as specified in the notice given pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection.

The final judgment in an action under subsection (a) (1) of this section shall be res judicata as to any claim under section 15 of this title by any person on behalf of whom such action was brought and who fails to give such notice within the period specified in the notice given pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection.

（ｂ）（１）在根据本节（ａ）（１）提起的诉讼中，州司法长要按照法院指定的时间、方式、内容，公开发布通知。若法院认为通知仅采用公开发布的形式使当事人不能享有法律的正当程序，法院可视案件的情况，指示对当事人再发通知。

（２）任何人对依本节（ａ）（１）代表其提起的诉讼中的利益，可按照（ｂ）（１）制作的通知中规定的时间内，向法院提出选择通知，要求将州司法长所请求的金钱救济中归本人的那部分，免于判决。

（３）依据本节（ａ）（１）提起的诉讼的最终判决，将是对代表某人提出诉讼，该人却没有在本

款（１）制作的通知中规定时间内提出选择通知的任何第15节项下诉讼请求的最终判决。

(c) Dismissal or compromise of action. An action under subsection (a) (1) of this section shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of any proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given in such manner as the court directs.

（ｃ）任何依据本节（ａ）（１）提起的诉讼，未经其法院批准，不能驳回或和解，上述意图诉讼驳回或和解的通知，要按照法院规定的方式给出。

(d) Attorneys fees. In any action under subsection (a) of this section—the amount of the plaintiffs attorneys fee, if any, shall be determined by the court; and the court may, in its discretion, award a reasonable attorneys fee to a prevailing defendant upon a finding that the State attorney general has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.

（ｄ）在任何依据本节（ａ）提起的诉讼中

（１）原告的律师费，如果有，将由法院决定。

（２）法院在其自由裁量权内，依据州司法长表现极差且任意无根据，或压制性原因，对于明显占优势的被告，给予合理的律师费。

15 U.S.C. §15d: Measurement of damages

In any action under section 15c(a) (1) of this title, in which there has been a determination that a defendant agreed to fix prices in violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title, damages may be proved and assessed in the aggregate by statistical or sampling methods, by the computation of illegal overcharges, or by such other reasonable system of estimating aggregate damages as the court in its discretion may permit without the necessity of separately proving the individual claim of, or amount of damage to, persons on whose behalf the suit was brought.

15 U.S.C. §15d: Measurement of damages

第四条Ｄ在依据第四条ｃ（ａ）（１）提起的任何诉讼中，要测定被告违反谢尔曼法，固定价格造成的损失，可通过统计的或抽样的方法累计计算，计算非法的过度收费，或采用法院在其自由裁

量权内准许的、其它合理的估计累积损失的方法，不必单独证明个人请求的损失数量。

15 U.S.C. §15e: Distribution of damages

Monetary relief recovered in an action under section 15c(a) (1) of this title shall—be distributed in such manner as the district court in its discretion may authorize; orbe deemed a civil penalty by the court and deposited with the State as general revenues;

subject in either case to the requirement that any distribution procedure adopted afford each person a reasonable opportunity to secure his appropriate portion of the net monetary relief.

第四条Ｅ依据第四条（ａ）（１）提起诉讼，获得的金钱救济

（１）按照区法院在其自由裁量权内授权的方式分配。或

（２）由法院推定为民事处罚，作为一般收入由州存储。

上述每种情况所采用的分配方式要使每人都有合理的机会，以确保其能获得净金钱救济额的适当部分。

15 U.S.C. §15f: Actions by Attorney General

(a) Notification to State attorney general. Whenever the Attorney General of the United States has brought an action under the antitrust laws, and he has reason to believe that any State attorney general would be entitled to bring an action under this Act based substantially on the same alleged violation of the antitrust laws, he shall promptly give written notification thereof to such State attorney general.

(b) Availability of files and other materials. To assist a State attorney general in evaluating the notice or in bringing any action under this Act, the Attorney General of the United States shall, upon request by such State attorney general, make available to him, to the extent permitted by law, any investigative files or other materials which are or may be relevant or material to the actual or potential cause of action under this Act.

第四条Ｆ（ａ）无论何时，美国司法部长根据反托拉斯法提起诉讼，并有理由确信州司法长有权依据本法，实质上基于已宣布的违反托拉斯法行为提起诉讼时，要立即向州司法长发出书面通知。（ｂ）为支持州司法长对通知进行评判或依据本法提起诉讼，美国司法部长应州司法长的要求，在法律准许的范围内，提供同该诉讼实际或潜在诉因相关或对其关系重大的调查性文件及其它材料。

15 U.S.C. §15g: Definitions

For the purposes of sections 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f of this title:

The term "State attorney general" means the chief legal officer of a State, or any other person authorized by State law to bring actions under section 15c of this title, and includes the Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia, except that such term does not include any person employed or retained on—a

contingency fee based on a percentage of the monetary relief awarded under this section; or any other contingency fee basis, unless the amount of the award of a reasonable attorneys fee to a prevailing plaintiff is determined by the court under section 15c(d) (1) of this title.

The term "State" means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

(3) The term "natural persons" does not include proprietorships or partnerships.

第四条Ｇ本法第四条Ｃ、第四条Ｄ、第四条Ｅ及第四条Ｆ中涉及的

（１）“州司法长”是指州的法律事务主要首长，或由州法授予依据本法第四条Ｃ提起诉讼的其他人，包括哥伦比亚区的公司顾问，下列人员不包括在内：

（Ａ）用根据本节获得的金钱救济比例确定的胜诉酬金所雇佣、聘请的人。

（Ｂ）除去由法院根据第四条Ｃ（ｄ）（１）决定的，对明显占优势原告的合理律师费外，根据其它胜诉酬金所雇佣或聘请的人。

（２）“州”是指美国各州、哥伦比亚区、波多黎各公共福利区、美国的准州及属地。

（３）“自然人”并不包括所有权和合伙关系。

15 U.S.C. §15h: Applicability of parens patriae actions

Sections 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f, and 15g of this title shall apply in any State, unless such State provides by law for its nonapplicability in such State.

第四条Ｈ除非州法规定了该法在其州的不适用外，本法第四条Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ和Ｇ适用任何州。

15 U.S.C. §16 (Tunney Act): Judgments

(a) Prima facie evidence; collateral estoppel. A final judgment or decree heretofore or hereafter rendered in any civil or criminal proceeding brought by or on behalf of the United States under the antitrust laws to the effect that a defendant has violated said laws shall be prima facie evidence against such defendant in any action or proceeding brought by any other party against such defendant under said laws as to all matters respecting which said judgment or decree would be an estoppel as between the parties thereto: Provided, That this section shall not apply to consent judgments or decrees entered before any testimony has been taken. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to impose any limitation on the application of collateral estoppel, except that, in any action or proceeding brought under the antitrust laws, collateral estoppel effect shall not be given to any finding made by the Federal Trade Commission under the antitrust laws or under section 45 of this title which could give rise to a claim for relief under the antitrust laws.

第五条（ａ）由美国或代表美国提起的民事、刑事诉讼中，做出的被告违反反托拉斯法的最终判决或禁令，是由其他个人对上述被告依据上述法律提起的诉讼中的最初证据。当事人间对上述判决

或禁令的各方面不能翻供。

本节不适用在听取证言以前做出的一致判决或禁令。

除了在依据反托拉斯法提起的任何诉讼或程序中，间接翻供效果不能用于联邦贸易委员会依据反托拉斯法和联邦贸易委员会法第五条所做的可以提起依据反垄断法的救济请求的决定外，本节不能用于对间接翻供施加限制。

(b) Consent judgments and competitive impact statements; publication in Federal Register; availability of copies to the public. Any proposal for a consent judgment submitted by the United States for entry in any civil proceeding brought by or on behalf of the United States under the antitrust laws shall be filed with the district court before which such proceeding is pending and published by the United States in the Federal Register at least 60 days prior to the effective date of such judgment. Any written comments relating to such proposal and any responses by the United States thereto, shall also be filed with such district court and published by the United States in the Federal Register within such sixty-day period. Copies of such proposal and any other materials and documents which the United States considered determinative in formulating such proposal, shall also be made available to the public at the district court and in such other districts as the court may subsequently direct. Simultaneously with the filing of such proposal, unless otherwise instructed by the court, the United States shall file with the district court, publish in the Federal Register, and thereafter furnish to any person upon request, a competitive impact statement which shall recite—the nature and purpose of the proceeding; a description of the practices or events giving rise to the alleged violation of the antitrust laws;

an explanation of the proposal for a consent judgment, including an explanation of any unusual circumstances giving rise to such proposal or any provision contained therein, relief to be obtained thereby, and the anticipated effects on competition of such relief;

the remedies available to potential private plaintiffs damaged by the alleged violation in the event that such proposal for the consent judgment is entered in such proceeding;

a description of the procedures available for modification of such proposal; and

a description and evaluation of alternatives to such proposal actually considered by the United States. （ｂ）在由美国提起或代表美国提起的民事诉讼中，美国向民事诉讼参加者提出的一致判决建议，应当在该判决生效之日的６０天前，送至正在审理该案的区法院，并由美国在联邦注册簿上公布，任何对该建议的书面评论和美国对此评论做出的反应，也要送达区法院，由美国在该６０天内，在联邦注册簿上予以公布，该建议和其它材料以及美国认为对形成该建议有决定性作用的文件，应当在该区法院使公众得以利用，或在法院随后指定的其它区使公众能够利用。随着建议的送达，除非

有法院的其它指示，美国将向区法院送达竞争性影响说明书，并在联邦注册簿上予以公布，并应任何人的要求，提供给竞争性影响说明书。

该说明书包括

（１）诉讼的性质、目的。

（２）导致宣布违犯反托拉斯法的事件及行为。

（３）对一致判决建议的解释，包括导致该建议的不同寻常事件的解释、内容所包括的法律条款，由此所获得的救济，以及该救济对竞争的预期性影响。

（４）对因一致判决建议中涉及的事件而遭受损害的潜在私人原告的有效救济。

（５）修正上述建议的有效程序说明。

（６）由美国实际考虑的、该建议的其他替代的评价和说明。

(c) Publication of summaries in newspapers. The United States shall also cause to be published, commencing at least 60 days prior to the effective date of the judgment described in subsection (b) of this section, for 7 days over a period of 2 weeks in newspapers of general circulation of the district in which the case has been filed, in the District of Columbia, and in such other districts as the court may direct—a summary of the terms of the proposal for the consent judgment, a summary of the competitive impact statement filed under subsection (b) of this section,

and a list of the materials and documents under subsection (b) of this section which the United States shall make available for purposes of meaningful public comment, and the place where such materials and documents are available for public inspection.

（ｃ）美国要至少在本节（ｂ）所述判决生效之日前的６０天内开始，在案件受理区、哥伦比亚区和法院指定的其它地区、在其普遍发行的报纸上，集中在两周的７天内登出。

对于（ｉ）一致判决建议的条件总结；（ｉｉ）依据本节（ｂ）提出的竞争性影响说明的总结；（ｉｉｉ）美国可以提供的使公众进行有目的的评论的本节（ｂ）项下的材料及文件的清单，以及公众能够对这些材料及文件进行有效查阅的地方。

(d) Consideration of public comments by Attorney General and publication of response. During the 60-day period as specified in subsection (b) of this section, and such additional time as the United States may request and the court may grant, the United States shall receive and consider any written comments relating to the proposal for the consent judgment submitted under subsection (b) of this section. The Attorney General or his designee shall establish procedures to carry out the provisions of this subsection, but such 60-day time period shall not be shortened except by order of the district court upon a showing that (1) extraordinary circumstances require such shortening and (2) such shortening is not adverse to the

public interest. At the close of the period during which such comments may be received, the United States shall file with the district court and cause to be published in the Federal Register a response to such comments.

（ｄ）在本节（ｂ）规定的６０天内及美国要求和法院准许的额外时间内，美国将接受和考虑任何以书面形式提出的，同本节（ｂ）规定的一致判决建议有关的评论。司法部长或其助理将确定执行本节规定的程序，但除了区法院依据（１）特别情形要求缩短时间；（２）该缩短同公众利益不矛盾外，６０天的期限不能缩短。在接受评论期间届满，美国将该评论送达区法院，并在联邦注册簿上公布政府对此评论的反映。

(e) Public interest determination. Before entering any consent judgment proposed by the United States under this section, the court shall determine that the entry of such judgment is in the public interest. For the purpose of such determination, the court may consider—the competitive impact of such judgment, including termination of alleged violations, provisions for enforcement and modification, duration or relief sought, anticipated effects of alternative remedies actually considered, and any other considerations bearing upon the adequacy of such judgment; the impact of entry of such judgment upon the public generally and individuals alleging specific injury from the violations set forth in the complaint including consideration of the public benefit, if any, to be derived from a determination of the issues at trial.

（ｅ）在做出由美国依据本节提出的一致判决之前，法院要确定该判决的发出是为了公众的利益。在确定中，法院可考虑：

（１）该判决的竞争性影响，包括宣布的违法行为的终止、执行和修正条款、寻求的救济和救济期间、实际考虑的替代性救济方法的预期效果、基于判决的适当性而做的其它考虑。

（２）作出该判决对公众的影响，对称因诉状中列明的违法行为而遭受损害的个人的影响，包括对通过庭审对争议作出决定而取得的公众利益（如有）的考虑。

(f) Procedure for public interest determination. In making its determination under subsection (e) of this section, the court may—take testimony of Government officials or experts or such other expert witnesses, upon motion of any party or participant or upon its own motion, as the court may deem appropriate; appoint a special master and such outside consultants or expert witnesses as the court may deem appropriate; and request and obtain the views, evaluations, or advice of any individual, group or agency of government with respect to any aspects of the proposed judgment or the effect of such judgment, in such manner as the court deems appropriate;

authorize full or limited participation in proceedings before the court by interested persons or agencies, including appearance amicus curiae, intervention as a party pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, examination of witnesses or documentary materials, or participation in any other manner and extent which serves the public interest as the court may deem appropriate;

review any comments including any objections filed with the United States under subsection (d) of this section concerning the proposed judgment and the responses of the United States to such comments and objections; and

take such other action in the public interest as the court may deem appropriate.

（ｆ）在制作本节（ｅ）规定的决定中，法院可以

（１）应当事人、参加者及法院的要求，法院如果认为合适，可获取政府官员，专家及其他证人的证词。

（２）法院认为合适，指定一专门负责人或专家和法院外的顾问，按照法院认定的适当方式、要求，获得任何人、集团、政府机构对上述判决及判决影响的各方面的观点评估及建议。

（３）授权利益相关的个人、机构全部或限制性地出席诉讼，包括协助法庭解释法律的人出庭，作为联邦民事程序规则规定的一方当事人的干预，文件材料的检查，或由法院认定的以其它方式和内容参加的诉讼。

（４）复审评论，包括对上述判决的目的，以及美国对该评论和目的反应。

（５）为了公众利益提起由法院认为合适的其它诉讼。

(g) Filing of written or oral communications with the district court. Not later than 10 days following the date of the filing of any proposal for a consent judgment under subsection (b) of this section, each defendant shall file with the district court a description of any and all written or oral communications by or on behalf of such defendant, including any and all written or oral communications on behalf of such defendant, or other person, with any officer or employee of the United States concerning or relevant to such proposal, except that any such communications made by counsel of record alone with the Attorney General or the employees of the Department of Justice alone shall be excluded from the requirements of this subsection. Prior to the entry of any consent judgment pursuant to the antitrust laws, each defendant shall certify to the district court that the requirements of this subsection have been complied with and that such filing is a true and complete description of such communications known to the defendant or which the defendant reasonably should have known.

（ｇ）不迟于作出一致判决建议提出后１０天内，每一被告要向区法院提供其本人或代表本人，同与该建议有关或负责该建议的美国官员及职员的通信说明（包括口头交换意见说明），但对由书记员同司法部长及司法部职员的通信除外。在一致判决作出之前，每一被告要向区法院证明该说明已编成，而且是被告已知或应该知道的通信的完全真实的说明。

(h) Inadmissibility as evidence of proceedings before the district court and the competitive impact statement. Proceedings before the district court under subsections (e) and (f) of this section, and the competitive impact statement filed under subsection (b) of this section, shall not be admissible against any defendant in any action or proceeding brought by any other party against such defendant under the antitrust laws or by the United States under section 15a of this title nor constitute a basis for the introduction of the consent judgment as prima facie evidence against such defendant in any such action or proceeding.

（ｈ）根据本节（ｅ）（ｆ）在区法院进行的诉讼和根据本节（ｂ）提出的竞争性影响说明，不能用来反对由任何其他当事人依据反托拉斯法提起的诉讼中、或由美国根据第四条Ａ提起的诉讼中的原告，也不能用作反对该被告的初步证据，形成一致判决产生的基础。

(i) Suspension of limitations. Whenever any civil or criminal proceeding is instituted by the United States to prevent, restrain, or punish violations of any of the antitrust laws, but not including an action under section 15a of this title, the running of the statute of limitations in respect of every private or State right of action arising under said laws and based in whole or in part on any matter complained of in said proceeding shall be suspended during the pendency thereof and for one year thereafter: Provided, however, That whenever the running of the statute of limitations in respect of a cause of action arising under section 15 or 15c of this title is suspended hereunder, any action to enforce such cause of action shall be forever barred unless commenced either within the period of suspension or within four years after the cause of action accrued.

（ｉ）无论何时，美国提起防止、限制、惩罚违反反托拉斯法行为的民事、刑事诉讼，但不包括依据本法第四条Ａ提起的诉讼，在诉讼期间及其后一年，将中止限制性成文法对私人诉权、州诉权的运用，该诉权是基于上述反托拉斯法形成的，或部分上、全部地基于上述诉讼对象的各方面内容产生的。

但是，无论何时，在依据本法第四条或第四条Ｃ产生的诉因方面的限制性成文法，中止运用时，除非在中止期间或诉因产生后的４年内，任何要求执行诉因的起诉将不予受理。

15 U.S.C. §17: Antitrust laws not applicable to labor organizations

The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof; nor shall such organizations, or the members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws.

第六条人的劳动不是商品或商业物品。反托拉斯法不限制那些为了互助、没有资本、不盈利的劳动组织、农业组织、园艺组织的存在和活动，也不限制或禁止其成员合法地实现该组织的合法目的。依据反托拉斯法，这些组织或成员，不是限制贸易的非法联合或共谋。

15 U.S.C. §18: Acquisition by one corporation of stock of another

No person engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of another person engaged also in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly.

No person shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of one or more persons engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition, of such stocks or assets, or of the use of such stock by the voting or granting of proxies or otherwise, may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly.

This section shall not apply to persons purchasing such stock solely for investment and not using the same by voting or otherwise to bring about, or in attempting to bring about, the substantial lessening of competition. Nor shall anything contained in this section prevent a corporation engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce from causing the formation of subsidiary corporations for the actual carrying on of their immediate lawful business, or the natural and legitimate branches or extensions thereof, or from owning and holding all or a part of the stock of such subsidiary corporations, when the effect of such formation is not to substantially lessen competition.

Nor shall anything herein contained be construed to prohibit any common carrier subject to the laws to regulate commerce from aiding in the construction of branches or short lines so located as to become feeders to the main line of the company so aiding in such construction or from acquiring or owning all or any part of the stock of such branch lines, nor to prevent any such common carrier from acquiring and owning all or any part of the stock of a branch or short line constructed by an independent company where there is no substantial competition between the company owning the branch line so constructed and the company owning the main line acquiring the property or an interest therein, nor to prevent such common carrier from extending any of its lines through the medium of the acquisition of stock or otherwise of any

other common carrier where there is no substantial competition between the company extending its lines and the company whose stock, property, or an interest therein is so acquired.

Nothing contained in this section shall be held to affect or impair any right heretofore legally acquired: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be held or construed to authorize or make lawful anything heretofore prohibited or made illegal by the antitrust laws, nor to exempt any person from the penal provisions thereof or the civil remedies therein provided.

Nothing contained in this section shall apply to transactions duly consummated pursuant to authority given by the Secretary of Transportation, Federal Power Commission, Surface Transportation Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission in the exercise of its jurisdiction under section 79j of this title, the United States Maritime Commission, or the Secretary of Agriculture under any statutory provision vesting such power in such Commission, Board, or Secretary.

第七条从事商业或从事影响商业活动的任何人，不能直接间接取得其他从事商业或影响商业活动的人的全部或部分股票或其它资本份额。联邦贸易委员会管辖权下的任何人，不能取得其他从事商业或影响商业活动的人的全部或一部分资产，如果在该国任何商业领域或影响任何部门商业的活动中，该取得实质上减少竞争或旨在形成垄断。

如果股票、资产的取得，或通过投票或代理权的准许或其他方式而取得股票使用权，实质上减少竞争或旨在形成垄断，则任何人不得直接或间接地占有其他从事商业或影响商业活动的人（一人或一人以上）的股票或资本份额。联邦贸易委员会管辖权下的任何人，不能直接或间接地占有其他从事商业或影响商业活动的一人或数人的资产。

对于仅为了投资购买股票，而不是通过投票或其它方式使用该股票造成或企图造成竞争的实质性减少，本节不予适用。

如果从事商业或影响商业活动的公司，为了实际上，实现其合法经营组建子公司，或其自然的合法的分支机构，或予以扩大规模；或拥有子公司资产的一部或全部，其组建结果未在实质上减少竞争，本节将不予限制。

本节不禁止受管理商业法律控制的公共运输商资助建立作为公司主要干线的支线的分支或短线，也不禁止其拥有该分支或短线的部分或全部股票。

如果拥有主线的公司和拥有分支、短线的独立公司之间，不存在实质性竞争，本节不限制公共运输商取得或拥有由独立公司建立的分支或短线的部分或全部股票。

如果扩大其运输线的公司和其股票、财产、利息被取得的公司之间，不存在实质性竞争，公共运输商可通过对另一公共运输商股票及其它资产的取得，扩大其运输线。

本节不影响或侵害依法获取的权利。本节不能用来将从前由反托拉斯法禁止或定为非法的变为合

绩效考核的几种工具

绩效考核工具 SWOT分析法： Strengths：优势 Weaknesses：劣势 Opportunities：机会 Threats：威胁意义：帮您清晰地把握全局，分析自己在资源方面的优势与劣势，把握环境提供的机会，防范可能存在的风险与威胁，对我们的成功有非常重要的意义。 2、PDCA循环规则 Plan：制定目标与计划 Do：任务展开，组织实施 Check：对过程中的关键点和最终结果进行检查Action：纠正偏差，对成果进行标准化，并确定新的目标，制定下一轮计划。意义：每一项工作，都是一个PDCA循环，都需要计划、实施、检查结果，并进一步进行改进，同时进入下一个循环，只有在日积月累的渐进改善中，才可能会有质的飞跃，才可能取得完善每一项工作，完善自己的人生 3、5W2H法 What：工作的内容和达成的目标 Why：做这项工作的原因 Who：参加这项工作的具体人员，以及负责人When：在什么时间、什么时间段进行工作 Where：工作发生的地点 How：用什么方法进行 How much：需要多少成本意义：做任何工作都应该从5W2H来思考，这有助于我们的思路的条理化，杜绝盲目性。我们的汇报也应该用5W2H，能节约写报告及看报告的时间。 4、SMART原则 S：Specific 具体的 M：Measurable 可测量的 A：Attainable 可达到的 R：Relevant 相关的 T：Time based 时间的人们在制定工作目标或者任务目标时，考虑一下目标与计划是不是SMART化的。只有具备SMART化的计划才是具有良好可实施性的，也才能指导保证计划得以实现。＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝【特别注明：有的又如此解释此原则】 ——S代表具体(Specific)，指绩效考核要切中特定的工作指标，不能笼统； ——M代表可度量(Measurable)，指绩效指标是数量化或者行为化的，验证这些绩效指标的数据或者信息是可以获得的； ——A代表可实现(Attainable)，指绩效指标在付出努力的情况下可以实现，避免设立过高或过低的目标；——R代表现实性(Realistic)，指绩效指标是实实在在的，可以证明和观察； ——T代表有时限(Time bound)，注重完成绩效指标的特定期限。＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 5、时间管理-重要与紧急 | 急迫| 不急迫－－|－－－－－－－－－—－|－－－－－－－－－－－－ | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | 紧急状况| 准备工作重要| 迫切的问题| 预防措施 | 限期完成的工作| 价值观的澄清 | 你不做其他人也不能做| 计划

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各种专业名称英语词汇中英文对照表哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law

大学各专业(中英对照)

Orientation in Linguistics 英语语言文学专业Orientation in British and American Literature 英美文学专业 Orientation in Cultural and Media Studies 英语（文化与传播）专业Orientation in Advanced Translation and Interpreting 英语（高级翻译）专业Orientation in International Convention, Exhibition and Tourism Management 英语（国际会展与旅游）专业Orientation in Information Management 信息管理专业 International Economics and Trade 国际经济与贸易 Economics 经济学专业 Statistics 统计学 The Public Finance Major 财政学 The Taxation Major 税务 Business English 商务英语 International Business 国际商务 Business Administration 工商管理 Marketing 市场营销 Human Resources Management 人力资源管理Management of Logistics(Management of International Purchasing) 物流管理（国际采购）Logistic Management(Management of International Logistics and Transportation) 物流管理（国际物流与运输）Finance 金融学 Finance(Investment and Financing) 投资学（投资与理财）专业Financial Engineering 金融工程专业 Insurance 保险学 Mathematics and Applied Mathematics(Financial mathematics and actuarial science) 数学与应用数学（金融数学与精算） The Accounting Major 会计学专业 The Financial Management Major 财务管理专业 The Auditing Major 审计学（注册会计师）专业Chinese Language(Senior International Secretary) 汉语言（高级涉外文秘）Chinese Language (Foreign-Related Culture Management) 汉语言（涉外文化管理）Teaching Chinese as Foreign Language(TCFL) 对外汉语 Chinese Language and Literature 汉语言文学 Department of Law 法学专业 Department of International Economic Law 国际经济法 Department of Civil and Commercial Law 民商法专业 Department of Intellectual Property Law 知识产权法

实用法律英语中英对照版

实用法律英语中英对照版 ——民事 civil ——民事 civil affairs;affairs relating to civil law ——民事上的占有 civil possesion ——民事上的没收 civil forfeiture ——民事上诉 civil appeal ——民事主体 civil subject ——民事法律关系 civil legal relationship ——民事活动 activity relating to civil law ——民事纠纷 civil dispute ——民事客体 civil object ——民事原告 civil plaintiff ——民事被告 civil defendant ——民事指控 civil charge ——民事案件 civil case ——民事过失 civil negligence ——民事责任事故 accident involving civil liability ——民事补偿 civil remedy ——民事诉讼 civil action ——民事损害 civil injury

——民事债务 civil debt ——民事管辖 civil jurisdiction ——民事制裁 civil sanction ——民事审判 civil trial ——民事调解 civil mediation ——民事罚款 civil penalty ——民事权利争议 dispute concerning private rights ——民事权利剥夺 deprived of private rights ——民事权利请求 civil claim ——民事权利变更 alternation of private right ——民政 civil administraion ——民事权利与责任 civil right and liability ——民事权利 civil right ——人身权利 jura personarum; rights of the person ——人格权 right of personality ——上诉权 right of appeal ——不受时效限制权 imprescriptible right ——立遗嘱权 right to make a will ——合法权利 legal right ——共有权 communal tenure

(完整版)语言学专业词汇中英文对照版

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 A abbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格 accent 重音（符） accusative 宾格 achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得 acronym 缩略语 action process 动作过程 actor 动作者 address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人 addresser 发话人 adjective 形容词 adjunct 修饰成分附加语 adverb 副词 affix 词缀 affixation词缀附加法 affricate 塞擦音 agreement 一致关系 airstream 气流 alliteration 头韵 allomorph 词/语素变体 allophone 音位变体 allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象 alveolar ridge 齿龈 alveolar 齿龈音 ambiguity 歧义 analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格 anaphor 前指替代 anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的 annotation 注解 antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音 antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词 antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性 applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学 appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性 approximant 无摩擦延续音 aptitude test 素质测试 Arabic 阿拉伯语 arbitrariness 任意性 argument 中项中词主目 article 冠词 articulation 发音 articulator 发音器官 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 artificial speech 人工言语 aspect 体 aspirated 吐气送气 assimilation 同化 associative 联想 associative meaning 联想意义 assonance 准压韵半谐音 attributive 属性修饰语定语 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 authentic input 真实投入 authorial style 权威风格 authoring program 编程 autonomy 自主性 auxiliary 助词 auxiliary verb 助动词 B babbling stage 婴儿语阶段 back-formation 逆构词法 base component 基础部分 behavioural process 行为过程 behaviourism 行为主义 bilabial 双唇音 bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音 bilateral opposition 双边对立 bilingualism 双语现象 binary division 二分法 binary feature 二分特征 binary taxonomy 二分分类学 binding 制约 binding theory 制约论 blade 舌叶舌面前部 blank verse 无韵诗 blending 混成法 borrowing 借用借词 bound morpheme 粘着语素 bounding theory 管辖论 bracketing 括号法 brevity maxim 简洁准则 bridging 架接 broad transcription 宽式音标 broadening 词义扩大 Brown corpus 布朗语料库 C calculability 可计算性 calque 仿造仿造词语 cancellability 可删除 cardinal numeral 基数 cardinal vowel 基本元音 case 格 case grammar格语法 case theory格理论 category 范畴 categorical component 范畴成分 causative 使役的使投动词 center 中心词 central determiner 中心限定词 chain relation 链状关系 chain system 链状系统 choice 选择 choice system 选择系统 circumstance 环境因子 class 词类 class shift 词性变换 clause 小句从句 click 吸气音咂音 clipping 截断法 closed class 封闭类 closed syllable 闭音节 cluster 音丛 coarticulation 协同发音 coda 结尾音节符尾 code 语码信码 cognitive psychology 认知心理学 cognitive system 认知系统 coherence 相关关联 cohension 衔接 co-hyponym 同下义词 colligation 类连结 collocative meaning 搭配意义 color word 色彩词 color word system 色彩词系统 command 指令 common core 共核 common noun 普通名词 communication 交际 communicative competence 交际能力 communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力 communicative language teaching, CLT

法律术语中英文对照

case law 案例法 cause of action 起诉理由 chancellor衡平法官 chancery division 衡平法庭 circuit court 巡回法院 civil law 大陆法 civil right act 人权法案 civil procedure 民事诉讼法 clerk书记官 closing argument 诉讼结论 co－defedant共同被告 common law 普通法、习惯法、一致法、共同法compurgation宣誓采证法 compurgatory宣誓采证法中的证人complaint起诉状 concurrent jurisdiction 竞合管辖权consideration约因 consortium婚姻生活权；配偶权；亲权contempt of court 藐视法庭罪 contract under seal 封印契约 contributory negligence 加工过失corpusjurissecundum美国法律百科全书counterclaim反诉 court of common pleas 民诉法院 court of king's bench 王室法院 court of exchequer 财务法院 court of exchequer chamber 财务上诉法院country court 乡镇法院 court of common bench 民诉法院 court of chancery 衡平法院

court of justice of the peace 地方治安法院 court of probate 遗嘱继承法院 court of divorce 婚姻法院 court of appeal in chancery 衡平上诉法院 court of crown cases reserved 皇室上诉法院 court of assize 巡回法院 court of outside the united kingdom 英国境外各法院court of first instance 第一审法院 court of second instance 第二审法院 court of the international trade 国际贸易法院 court of appeals for the federal circuit 联邦巡回上诉法院covenant封印契约赔偿令状 cross claim 被告间诉讼 crossexamnation复向对方提出之证人 curiaregis国王的法院 damages损害赔偿 debt返还确定金钱的令状 decree衡平法院作成的判决 deductive reasoning 演绎法 defaultjudgement一造判决 defendant被告 defendant in error 被上诉人 demurrer驳回 deposition诘问内容作成的笔录 detinue非法留置的动产回复令状 dialectical reasoning 论理（辩证）方法 direct examination 诘问自己提出辩证 direct verdict 法官指示陪审团作出直接判决 discovery process 发现程序 dismiss驳回

电气专业英语词汇——中英对照表

A Abnormal异常 Accuracy精度 ACSR = aluminum conductor steel reinforced钢芯钻铰线 adjustment 调整 adjustable range可调范围 fine adjustment细调 rough adjustment粗调 air gap气隙 alarm 报警 alarm bell警铃 alarming window报警窗口 ampacity载流量 ampere安培 kilovolt ampere千伏安amperemeter安培表，电流表amplifier放大器 announciator报警器 anode阳极 anti-corrosion防腐蚀 anti-pumping device防跳装置 AOL = aircraft obstruction lamp航空障碍灯 low intensity AOL低光强航空障碍灯high intensity AOL高光强航空障碍灯AQR = automatic reactive power regulator自动无功功率调整器 arcing chamber灭弧室 armature电枢 ASS = automatic synchronizing system 自动同期系统 asynchronous 非同期 non-asynchronous capability非同期能力 B ballast镇流器 ballast-factor镇流器系数 ball eyes 球头挂环 battery蓄电池 Cd-Ni battery镉-镍蓄电池 lead-acid battery铅-酸蓄电池maintenance free battery 免维护蓄电池 battery capacity蓄电池容量 battery rack电池架 battery room蓄电池室 end battery端电池 BIL = basic insulation level绝缘基本冲击耐压水平 blocking diode闭锁二极管 box 盒，箱 cast aluminum junction box铸铅接线盒 cast Ferro alloy junction box铸铁合金接线盒 junction box接线盒 lead box出线箱 maintenance box检修箱 marshalling box(总配线箱) power supply box动力箱 terminal box端子箱 test box试验盒 normal lighting box 工作照明箱breaker 断路器 close the breaker 合断路器 open the breaker打开断路器 breaker compartment 断路小室 PT circuit broken PT回路断线 brush 刷 graphite brush石墨碳刷 brush holder刷握 brush supporter刷架 brushless excitation system无刷励磁系统 bus 母线 branch bus分支母线 by-pass bus 旁母 main bus 主母线 bus tie母联 flexible busbar 软母线 hard busbar硬母线 miniature busbar 小母线 tubular busbar管型母线