英语词汇学实用教程 陈新仁 课后答案

A word of warning: Not all the keys provided here are correct. Use your brains!!!

Unit 1 pp. 9-16

P.9 Check Your Understanding: a-d: F e. T

In-Class Activities 1 … f. Word has it they’re divorcing.

a. Something he would talk about

b. things that are said, contrasted with things that are done

c. the promise one has made

d. spoken command or signal

e. information

f. piece of news; message

P10 2. (1) five criteria:

Potential pause: The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fall between words, and not within words.

Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.

Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.

Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.

Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.

(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the rough

Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?

No, as the above analysis explained. No, they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚are danchuci (单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.

P11 3. (1)

Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?

The, of, to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that

的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着

3. (2)

They are basically functional words.

possessive words (of, 的)

number words (a,一)

copula words (is, 是)

conjunctions (and, 和) and

localizers (in, 在);

English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you, that and it which are absent in Chinese.

4.words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated)

onomatopoeic words “sl-” is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.

(1) Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱

No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary

(2) Football and handball concern the body part which kick/pass the ball from one place to another, and basketball is

named after a basket into which the ball is put.

(3) People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the

metaphor and second metonymy.

(4) Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.

5.British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short)

P13

(1) half, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp

(2) grammatical differences: In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say

“leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”

(3) distinctive spellings:

For Chinese characters “博览会”, British English has “fair”while American English users trade show. “L ift and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.

(4) same words with different meanings:

one billion/ first floor/ pants

one billion

(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数

(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数

first floor

In British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.

In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floor

pants

(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers

(US) trousers

6. Barack Obama?s choice of words

(1) Empathy means identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.

The ability to stand in somebody else’s sho es

Sympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)

(2) Hope, according to Obama, is that something better is waiting for us if we?re willing to work for it and fight for it, if we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face

(3) “As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers: Open to discussion

Post-Class Tasks

1. functional words

Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There

are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the

best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I

thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope

you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.

2. For example, we learn that “word” can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country. (据说他已经离开这个国家了).” But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.

3. No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.

4. underline word equivalents

Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the

scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language. Unit 2 pp. 24 -29

Check Your Understanding: a-e. F In-Class Activities 1.

(1) S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].

(2) Yes, for example, the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men ”. (3) The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id] 2. prefixes of negation: a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de- symmetry →asymmetry typical →atypical forgettable →unforgettable tie →untie articulate →inarticulate, discreet →indiscreet mature →immature, partial →impartial legal →illegal legible →illegible relevant →irrelevant reverent →irreverent like →dislike able →disable

use →misuse lead →mislead sense →nonsense commercial →noncommercial form →deform construction →deconstruction (2) Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment →unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential →non-essential, and nouns, such as existence →non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.

3.(1) No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) morphological structure:

inaccessibility

inaccessible -ity

in- accessible

access -ible

(3) These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind.

So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.

Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.

In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.

Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.

Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress.

4. (1) Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) complete conversions

5. (1) Tue →Tuesday, Sun →Sunday, PM →post meridiem

(2) 1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.

6.(1) Marathon--telethon/ talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-

(2) 无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷

7. (1)

a. flu virus: A caused B

b. safety line: B ensures A

c. night bird: A is the usual time when B is active

d. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.

e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of B

f. man-made: B is realize by A

g toilet seat: B is part A.

(2) “safety line” vs. “safe line”:

NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.

(You can touch it)

Security guard and secure guard

Post-Class Tasks

1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.

a.D;

b.B;

c. A;

d. C;

e. A;

f. D

2. a. intangibility b. unevenly

in/tangible/ity un/even/ly

c. friendliness

d. notwithstanding

friend/ly/ness not/with/stand/ing

e. overseas

f. minimalist

over/sea/s minim/al/ist

g. immigration h. Psychologist

im/migrate/ion psych/ology/ist

i. occurrences j. assumption

oc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion

3. Safe: conversion

Check-out: Composition

Dead: conversion

Valuable: conversion

4. Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick” (and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion;

stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.

5. prince/princeling, under/underling, world/worlding, child/childish, self/selfish, fool/foolish

6. Acronyms:

NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Initialisms:

EU 欧盟= European Union;

ABC = American Broadcasting Corporation 美国广播公司or

Australian Broadcasting Corporation 澳大利亚广播公司;

U.S. =the United States

Keys to Unit 3

Check Your Understanding

a. F

b. F

c. T

d. F

e. F

In-class Activities

1. (1) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.

(2) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.

(3) The words “high” and “highly” cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in Group C. In Sentence C-a,

“high” is an adjective and functions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, “highly” is an adverb and functions as the modifier.

(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.

a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.

b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.

b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!

c1. Someone left the back door wide open.

c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.

2. (1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.

b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.

(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。

b. 在经历了一番犹豫之后，我父亲点头表示他的同意。

c. 听完之后，主任笑着表示同意。

(3) Eat, drink, and laugh yourself flat.

Hearing such a ridiculous suggestion, we laughed ourselves silly.

Laugh a bitter laugh

3. (1) a. They are often used in the negative sentences or with intensifying adverbs. Their subjects are not the agents, but

the patients of their verb actions. Halliday proposes to regard such non-active, non-passive sentences as written in the middle voice.

b. They are used in the simple present or past tense.

c. They denote some property or performance. The subjects of the sentences in which they are used need to possess the

following two semantic features: [-human, +concrete]. They are either instrumental (工具格) subjects or objective (对象格) subjects.

(2) Of course, different voices express different meanings. iii means that the broke without an identifiable external force.

It just broke. But iv suggests an identifiable external force that causes the window to break.

(3) Alternating.

4. (1) Dynamic adjectives denote attributes which are to some extent under the control of the person or the thing that possesses them. For example, “kind” deontes an attribute which may not always be available, but may be available when it is required. Dynamic adjectives can be used in the imperative sentence and the progressive sentence.

Stative adjectives denote a state or condition, which is often permanent. For example, “red”describes the color of a person or a thing. It is stable and does not change readily. Stative adjectives cannot be used in the imperative sentence or the progressive sentence.

(2)“Difficult” is not a dynamic adjective, but a stative adjective. It cannot be used in the progressive sentence.

5. (1) a. Jack?s failure in the exam disappointed his parents.

b. Mary?s rude behavior irritated all of us.

c. The emission of waste gas from the factory has degraded the environment.

(2) Yes. Chinese learners of English tend to use the analytical ways of speaking, which are less abstract and more

concrete and therefore are easier to understand and produce.

(3) outweigh, outnumber, enlarge, shorten, frighten.

6. (1) Yes. The author is justified in saying so, because “l isten” is volitive, while “hear” is non-volitive. If the author wrote “There?s listening. Then there?s hearing”, he would cause some misunderstandings and would not be able to make people become volunteers willingly.

(2) Other pairs of volitive and non-volitive verbs include “look” and “see”.

(3) We use adverbs showing volition to modify volitive verbs, but not non-volitive verbs. That is why “look” and “listen” can be used together with adverbs showing volition, whereas “see”and “hear”cannot. Thus, Sentence-a below is correct, but Sentence-b is wrong.

a. They are listening attentively to the teacher.

b. *They are hearing attentively to the teacher.

Post-class Activities

4. a. industrial; b. lengthen; c. ashamed; d. description; e. strengthening; f. understanding; g. generosity; h. unemployed; i. proof

5. a. completely; b. shameful; c. highly; d. easy; e. height; f. costly; g. later; h. medical; i. wisely

6.a.√; b. kept; c.√; d. that happened; e.√; f. √; g. be made; h. √; i. be eaten; j. be listed;

k. √; l. was; m. be washed; n. be cooked; o.√; p. √; q. were; r. Was # 有误???

### pp. 41-42 4c. ashamed vs. 5b. Shameful

He is ashamed of what he has done. adj. /p.p.被动意义

… street cleaners are dirty and shameful adj. 主动

a）be ashamed of /for (人) 对…感到害羞，因…而惭愧

shameful （行为本身）可耻，不光彩、不道德

b) He is ashamed for his former dishonorable action.

他对他以前不光彩的行为感到羞愧。

It was shameful of them to surrender.

shameful or disgraceful action, conduct, or character

Key to Unit 4

Check Your Understanding

a. d : F

b.

c. e: T

In-Class Activities

1．collocations

Ads and Seasons

Advertising follows the season. In winter, advertisers try to warm up their audience. In December and January, advertisers often place their products near a crackling fire. This appeals to all of us, especially when we are trying to keep warm in sub-zero weather. Other advertisers may place their product in a tropical setting. Because many people would like to be in a warm climate in winter, they are attentive to such advertising. Apparently, a setting can often influence consumers to buy a product.

Summer advertising is designed to make us feel cool. A tall glass filled with ice can increase the appeal of a simple glass of water. When it is ninety degrees outside, cool white cream applied to a sunburn promises relief for red-hot skin. Advertisements offering escape from the blistering heat of summer appeal to all of us.

4. Analyze constituents and paraphrase meanings:

(1)brain trust[N+N] (a group of people with special knowledge who answer questions or give advice)

(2)in noting flat [Prep +N+Adj] (in a very little time; soon)

(3)flesh and blood [N+Conj+N] ( relatives or family)

(4)an apple of dis cord[N+Prep+N] (cause of disagreement or argument, etc.)

(5)the apple of one’s eye [Det+N+Prep+Det+N] (they are very important to a person and he extremely is

fond of them)

(6)Jack of all trades [N+Prep+Det+N] (a person who can do many different kinds of work but may not be

good at any of them)

(7)through thick and thin [Prep+Adj+Conj+Adj] (through all difficulties and troubles)

(8)safe and sound [Adj+Conj+Adj] (be still alive or unharmed after being in danger)

(9)as right as rain [Conj+Adj+Conj+N] (be completely well and healthy again)

(10)once in a blue moon [Adv+Prep+Det+Adj+N] (emphasizing that it does not happen very often at all)

(11)double-edged sword [Adj+N] ( something that has both negative effects and positive effects)

(12)green fingers [Adj+N] ( someone is very good at gardening and their plants grow well.)

5. Quite often idioms are complete sentences. They are mainly proverbs and saying, including colloquialisms and

catchphrases. As far as sentential types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. In terms of syntactic complexity, they can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. Read the following idioms and analyze their structures.

a. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (Declarative, simple)

b.Never do things by halves (Imperative, simple)

c.Art is long, life is short. (Compound)

d.All is not gold that glitters. (Complex)

e.Kill the goose that laid the golden egg. (Complex)

f. A friend in need is a friend indeed. (Complex)

Post-Class Tasks

3. Match the idioms on the left with the definition on the right.

a. hold one?s tongue (E)

b. behind closed doors (M)

c. a slap in the face (N)

d. a bitter pill to swallow (F)

e. foot the bill for something (G) 埋/ ? 买单

f. rule of thumb (H)

g. throw cold water on (L)

h. put all one?s eggs in one basket (C)

i. in deep water (A)

j. dip your toe into something (J)

k. on cloud nine (K)

l. see red (D)

m. full of beans (I)

n. keep one?s nose clean (B)

4. Complete each of the idioms with only one word.

a)bite the bullet

b)polish the apple

c)red carpet

d)tit for tat

e)nip in the bud 消灭于萌芽状态

f)flea in one?s ear

g)burn the midnight oil

h)bell the cat

i)pie in the sky

j)smoking gun

k)six of one and half a dozen of the other

l)rhyme or reason 逻辑; 情理；秩序

m)draw a red herring

n)let the cat out of the bag

o)blow one?s own horn

p)man for all seasons

5. Fill in the blanks with proper idioms

(1)Here?s a snapshot of me at six months old, wearing my birthday suit.

(2)The knowledge that his lie had been found out made the boy bite the dust with shame.

(3)On the way to political union we are now crossing the Rubicon. There is no going back.

(4)He took her out to dinner that night, but she insisted on going Dutch.

(5)There was much proof against Bill, but he swore he had clean hands.

(6)With a bit of give and take from both partners, this business can still operate successfully.

(7)I went to a restaurant last night. I was the 10,000th customer, so my dinner was on the house.

(8)The judge sent him up the river for ten years.

(9)John got promoted and engaged to be married yesterday; it was truly a red-letter day for him.

(10)“Is she still worrying about my diet?”“You know her——once she gets a bee in her bonnet she

won?t let the matter rest”

6. Translate the following into Chinese.

1)An idle youth, a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

2)Everybody?s business is nobody?s business. 三个和尚没水吃

3)He who laughs last, laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。

4)It is good to learn at another man?s cost.前车可鉴。

5)Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

6)Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。

7)Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。

8)Teaching others teaches yourself. 教学相长。

9)The early bird catches the worm. 笨鸟先飞。

10)Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。/时不我待/ 时不待我

11) A burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。

12) A closed mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。

13)Every dog has his day, and every man his hour. 人人都有得意的

14)Every cloud has a silver lining. 山穷水尽疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。

15)By reading we enrich the mind; by conversation we polish it.

读书可以使我门的思想充实，谈话使其更臻完美。

16)Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.

人无所求最享福，因他不为失望苦。

Key to Unit 5 pp.58-

Check Your Understanding

a. F

b. T

c. T

d. F

e. F

In-Class Activities

1. a. rush, hurry, stumble, dance, sail, move

b. bumpy, winding, stony, muddy, slippery

c. whimper, sweep, moan, groan, yell

d. glimpse, watch, examine, glance, stare,

2. concrete words:

(1) Sunlight, trees, birds, corn, people, harvest; night, wind, rain, singer; deeds, work

(2)Beauty is an abstract concept, yet by using the above concrete words, the author creates vivid images about “what beauty consists of”, i.e. beauty exists in the nature and in our daily life.

3. (1) Proper nouns: Government of Victoria, Professor Liu Kang, Parliament House, Melbourne, Monday, International Community Education Conference

Common nouns: reception, delegates

(2) “International Community Education Conference” can be converted into common nouns if they are

used in small letters, and refer to general international community education conferences. In much the same way, “Delegates”here refers to THOSE delegates who are going to attend the particular conference, thus can be regarded as a proper noun.

4. (1) Proper nouns have a certain degree of specificity, i.e. they are used in a context shared by the

speaker and the hearer. Phonological information helps clarify the context. These words do not apply to other general cases. Sentences (e – h) either violates the specificity, or the background information can not be recovered.

a. Mary is a person both of them know.

b. There is a person called Mary who called you. (And the implied meaning also includes “I do not

know this girl.)

c. Both of us know Which Plymouth I mean.

d. There are many places called Plymouth.

(2) Different languages have different working mechanisms of reference. There may be similar cases in Chinese, but we rely on other modifiers (or specifiers) to clarify the information.

a. 玛丽喜欢语言学。

b 早上有个叫玛丽的人给你打电话了。

c. 普利茅茨是个小镇。

d. 有所著名的大学就位于英国的普利茅茨.

5. (1) From words “rap, reedy, strange, fierce, thin, frail, tough, sinew, hawk”we may form a mental picture about an old but still energetic, somewhat unfriendly woman.

(2) These words are mostly used as evaluative words, as they are to a large degree the subjective judgment by the author.

(3) As this is an unexpected visitor, nothing can be said exactly. The author?s impression is largely based on his/her guess and personal evaluation.

6. (1) Exact words: 1909, 59th, May 25, 1975

Fuzzy words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest

(2) Evaluative words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest

Post-Class Tasks

1.Hedges create a friendly and more realistic atmosphere and offer a range of flexibility in

communication.

2. a. Words: sneaked quietly, moved carefully, checked, trembled, digging swiftly, made a small hole, a

wrinkled ten-dollar bill, slipped, breathed deeply, no one would find, etc.

b. Verbs: watch around, steal, hide, bury, shake, shiver, be scared, feel relieved, et

c.;

Adverbs: alone, cautiously, alertly, cunningly, etc.

3. a. Descriptive words: lofty, enjoy international reputation, a natural laboratory

Evaluative words: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation, etc.

b. Factual words: San Francisco Peaks, the natural and cultural history of the Colorado Plateau, northern Arizona and the Four Corners area, the Grand Canyon, Monument Valley and Bryce and Zion national parks,

Subjective opinion: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation.

4.Specific figures give the reader a very clear and exact picture about this nurse-training program: the

job perspectives and potential wages. As hedges only describe an attractive picture about the program, it provides the training institution great range of flexibility and relieves itself the burden of risks and responsibilities.

5. a. byzantine: of things difficult to understand

b. Hamlet question: lack of proper solution

c. siren: a warning sign

d. nylon: chemical fibers

e. pasteurize: to kill bacteria by boiling the milk

f. ampere, Kelvin, tesla: units for electricity, temperature and magnetic field respectively

6. a. Proper nouns: George Hotel, Queens Moat House Hotel, the Hotel, the Duty Cashier, The

Management

Common nouns: Valuables, Jewelry, Money and Articles of Value, Room Rate, Details of room Charges

b. Common nouns are capitalized to raise the guests? attention and serve a function of precaution. Unit 6 pp. 70-74

Understanding Key: F T T F F

In-Class Activities

1. (1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small

(2) No.: old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.

2. (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer

(2) Omit

3. (1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.

Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym of color.

(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, “pupil” is a part of “eye”, and “eye” is a part of “face”, while “pupil” is not a part of “face”.

4. 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.

2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.

铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk

5. autohyponym: “man” contrasts with “animal” at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with “woman” (in effect, “a man is a kind of man”).

Key: Omit

6. (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife

(2) Omit

Post-Class Task

1.Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a “part of” or “member of” relation while the latter a “kind of” relation. For example, a leaf is a part of a tree ; an oak is a kind of tree.

Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x →y and y →z then x →z . For example, since “dog ” is a hyponym of “mammal ” and “mammal” is a hyponym of “animal”, “dog is a hyponym of animal ”. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation.

2. lexical gap in the semantic field of fruit

The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear. 3. Key: Omit

4. meronymy: a) d) e) hyponymy: b) c) f)

5. 吃闲饭 吃香 吃不消 吃力 吃苦 吃不开 吃闲饭 （lead an idle life ）， 吃香 （be very popular ）， 吃不消（more than one can stand, too much ） 吃力 (word hard, be tired)， 吃苦（have a tough time ） 吃不开（be unpopular ）

6. lexical network of “pop” constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.

is from

is a kind of

is from is a kind of

is from is a kind of is a kind of

is from creates

originated from

is a city of

Unit 7 Semantic Relations pp. 81-

Understanding : F F F T F

In-Class Activities

1. (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could well be replaced by, “(fellows)

regardless of age” or “(fellows) of all ages”, rather than just “those who are young and those who are old ”; short or long in the second sentence has the emphasis of “any visit” or “visit of any length in time”; buying and selling in

jazz U.S.

The blues

music Rock pop

Britain

The Beatles

Liverpool

the third simply means the action of “trading”.

(2) Omit

2. a. Adversity leads to prosperity.

穷则思变。

b. A good husband makes a good wife.

夫善则妻贤。

c. A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

d. Be swift to hear, slow to speak.

听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。

e. Easy come, easy go.

? 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。<< 来得容易，去得快。

f. Every advantage has its disadvantage.

有利必有弊。

g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.

博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。

h. Pride goes before, and shame comes after.

骄傲使人落后。

i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows all.

? 清者自清，浊者自浊。

j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go down.

世界如阶梯，有人上有人下。

3. (1) Antonymy (shut down & restart, low & high)

(2) Contrast arouses attention.

4. (1) a. polysemy b. polysemy c. homonymy d. homonymy

(2)

a. steal 1: to move quietly without been noticed

steal 2: to take sth that belongs to someone else

b. head 1: the leader or a person in charge of

head 2: the top part of the body

c. train 1: vehicle that moves on tracks

train 2: to teach a particular skill

d. bear 1: to dislike something or someone so much that they make you very annoyed

bear 2: a large strong animal with thick fur

5.(1) No. Permit, a directive word, is generally used in public policies or regulations. The frequent use of this word stresses the enforcement of the museum policies.

(2) Please do not is softer than permit. The first policy serves as a kind warning which will be easily accepted by

the visitors and is not likely to ruin the visitors? mood.

6.(1) antonymy (small - big, in - out, imitate - innovate), polysemy (copy), homophone (ahead - a head)

(2) easy to remember, rich in meaning, interesting, attractive, persuasive

Post-Class Tasks p.84

1. a. truck-driver b. give up c. plants d. animals e. ads

2. Three types of antonyms:

relational: a; e

gradable: d; f

complementary: b; c

3. Auto-antonyms can mean the opposite of themselves:

a. fast (moving quickly; fixed firmly in place)

b. cleave (to split; to adhere)

c. sanction (punishment, prohibition ; permission)

4.Yes: doubt, wonder, question.

No: They are not totally substitutable for each other in terms of sentence structure.

5. homophones:

a. there – their; been – bean,

b. for – four,

c. or – oar桨/橹– ore 矿石– awe 畏惧

d. way –weigh,

e. I?ll – isle – aisle

6. Homographs are different words which happen to share the same form

a. match

b. pitch

c. pop

d. stick

e. pound

Unit 8

p. 93

a-e) F T F T T

p.94/1 sparkle - glitter

(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective

connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests …attractiveness? and …pleasantness?while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.

(2) Slim and skinny

Famous and notorious

Proud and arrogant

Confident and conceited

p.94/ 2.

(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem,

damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.

(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.

The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.

p.95/ 3. transitivity - semantic prosody

“break out” can be both transitive and intransitive

(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.

(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble,

violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.

p.98/ 5. numerous expressions for intensifying

(1) They mean “a small amount” and they are all used with “not”, forming emphasizing negatives.

(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom

p.98/ 6

(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely

(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirely

Post-Class Tasks

p.99/1. appreciative - derogatory

Appreciative Derogatory

self-assured self-important

generous extravagant

thrifty mean

determined stubborn

shrewd cunning

confident arrogant

frank abrupt

enthusiastic over-the-top

inquisitive nosy

imaginative fanciful

p.100/2 A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns

(1) Exclamation: amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile

(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes

p.100/3

words or phrases that have a negative semantic prosody

bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as “accident”, “strange things”.

commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.

Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry out

make off with: True.

dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.

p.100/4．emphasizing negatives

a. Don?t worry. I am not at all hungry.

b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.

c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.

d. I did n?t enjoy it in the least.

e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.

f. You have no excuse whatever.

g. I?ll never, never go to there again.

p.100/5 to group sentences:

emphasizers:

I just don?t like it.

They literally tore his arguments to pieces.

They honestly admire her courage.

amplifiers:

You are absolutely correct.

I so wanted to see her.

I can well understand your feelings.

downtoners:

I kind of like him.

I quite enjoyed the party, but I?ve been to better ones.

The incident somewhat influenced his later life.

p.101/6 distinguish emphasiers, amplifiers and downtoners.

a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)

b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)

c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)

d. I simply don?t believe it. (emphasizer)

e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)

f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)

g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)

h. That?s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)

p.96-98/ 4. excerpt from Henrik Ibsen?s drama A Doll’s House

(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with it

Exclamatory what and how: how dare

Exaggerative expressions: a thousand pieces

Intensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly (2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker?s affect and attitude

Unit 9 p. 109

a-e) F T F T F

In-Class Activities

1.Family Album U.S.A. 《走遍美国》

(1) infml (2) finish /terminate, continue / resume , know…

2. the Gettysburg address by Abraham Lincoln

(1) formal (2) dedicate, consecrate, conceive, proposition

3. sports jargons are extended into non-sports contexts

a.hit a home run (baseball棒球, extended meaning: “succeed with something”)

b.jockey for position (horse race, extended meaning: “work oneself into a desired position”)

c.make a pit stop (motor racing, extended meaning: “a brief rest”)

d.tackle a problem (football or hockey曲棍球, extended meaning: “attend to”)

e.dirty pool (billiards, extended meaning: “Unjust or dishonest conduct”)

f.take the wind out of one?s sails (sailing, extended meaning: “make less confident”)

g.right off the bat (baseball, extended meaning: “immediately”)

h.to be neck and neck (horse racing, extended meaning: “close, equal”)

i.go to bat for someone (baseball, extended meaning: “support, help”)

4.affixation in English advertisements

superexcellent, superfine, supereminent, toasty, crispy, and juicy.

(1) Super-: to an extreme degree

-y: full of, having the quality of

5. (1) (1st ad) On a cigarette package, (2nd ad) on the cover of a CD, (3rd ad) at the gate of an institution

(2) Words in the first two advertisements are informal while words in the third one are formal.

6. hospital of stomatology 口腔病学; technical terms in stomatology.

ENT: ear, nose, throat ECG: eletro-cardiogram

Post-Class 1.

More formal Less formal

offspring children

purchase buy

cancel call off

commence begin

decease die

peruse [p?'ru:z] read

reply answer

participate take part in

encounter come across

tolerate Put up with

2. Define Internet terms

IRC: Internet Relay Chat

URL: Uniform resource locator

FTP: file transfer protocol

LAN: local area network

WAN: wide area network

PDF: portable document format

JPEG: joint photographic experts group

HTML: hypertext markup language

applet: a very small application

browser: computer software used to search for information on the Internet

plug-in: a software able to be added to a system to give extra features or functions

navigation: the action of moving around the a website, the Internet

buttons: a small outlined area in a dialog box that you can click to select an option or command

hypertext: a software system allowing extensive cross-referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material

3. Replace underlined part

（aid ）1. New Groups promote Hi-Tech Research

（probe ）2. Investigation sees SMS potential.

（ties ）3. Emperor?s visit a milestone in bilateral relations.

（pact ）4. Tension grows as troops agreement broken

（cut ）5. Congress, Overriding Bush, Blocks Pay Reduction for Doctors.

（eye ）6. World watches Mid-East peace talks

（move ）7. Government?s campaign to sell bonds

（lauds ）8. Premier praises rail workers

4. Discuss stylistic features

a. Weekly Mag for Stamp Lovers to be Launched

(abbreviated word: “Mag” for “magazine” )

b. Far from the epicenter of power in Bangkok, grass-roots governance is beginning to flourish.

(metaphor: epicenter and grass-roots)

c. NATO Hires a Coke Executive To Retool Its Brand

(abbreviated words: NATO, Coke; use of metaphor: retool) ? 焦炭> the drink

d. AIDS Victims Surging in US

(vivid use of word: surge)

e. Fed Chief Bleak on Economic Outlook.

(abbreviated word: Fed)

f. McCain Uses “Bundler” Money More Than Obama Campaign

(slang: “Bundler”)

g. Cole was addicted to LSD, cocaine and heroin before becoming clean of drugs in 1984 following a long stay in rehab.

(initialism: LSD / l ysergic a cid d iethylamide, rehab / -ilitation)

h. Shutdown of Internet Lifeline to Hit Rural Police Forces Hard

(metaphor: lifeline; familiar word: hit hard)

i. The Kremlin declined comment as Norway was expelling 8 Russian diplomats for activities incompatible with their status.

(metonymy: Kremlin)

j. Because of his one-man style of operation, Kissinger had become a kind of bottleneck in his own NSC system (metaphor: bottleneck; initialism: NSC, National Security Council)

5. diction of news

metaphors: showdown; steal the spotlight away

familiar words: score, steal, lift

informal word: play big

6slang and jargon in sports Rewrite with Standard English and translate

What a barnburner today in basketball! At first, the game looked like a wash, but Jones created a turnover after a steal in the far court. He was fouled on the lay-up and made the freethrow to cut the lead to 11. After a missed shot, Smith pulled down the rebound, dribbled past half court and threw the alley-oop to Taylor for the jam. These guys can really shoot hoop!

What a contest today in basketball! At first, the game looked like one which benefits neither side, but Jones lost the ball after a steal in the far court. The opponent violated the rule so that he was awarded an unimpeded throw and reduced the leading score to 11. After a missed shot, Smith obtained the rebounded ball, dribbled past half court and threw the ball in the air to Taylor for the shoot at the goal. These guys can really shoot the goal!

Unit 10

pp. 121 -

Check Understanding

All F !

In-Class Activities

1. proverbs which contain sexist signs

(1) Frailty, thy name is woman. (Shakespeare)

Woman was God?s second mistake. (Nietzsche )

A woman?s hair is long, but her sense is short. (Thiselton-Dyer)

(2) 女子无才便是德。

嫁出去的女儿，泼出去的水。

女人头发长见识短。

2.

(1) gender of the speaker

female utterances : a, b, d, e, g; male utterances: c, f, h

(2) evidence in terms of lexical choice:

a.Oh, (interjection) centuries and centuries, so (intensifier) long that I?m sure I?m dead and buried, and this dear old

place ( weak expletive) is heaven. (Edith 1968:18)

b.It is all very (intensifier) strange. So suddenly to be gone! … and last night he was with us so happy, so cheerful, so

affectionate? And now, after only ten minutes notice—gone too without intending to return! (Austen)

c.The hell (strong expletive) he is. The hell he?s ever been a good fellow (slang). (Hemingway: Fifty Grand, p229)

d.I used to care immensely (intensive adv) too: my life was full of such things.. (Edith 1968:108)

e.They?re all a little (hedger) vexed with me for setting up for myself—poor Granny especially. (Edith 1968:77)

f.You?ll be a damn (strong expletive) sight sicker when Walcott gets through with you. (Hemingway: Fifty Grand,

p228)

g.I think (hedger) we should (modal verb) go and help to make it a success. I think I should go with Melly because—

well, (interjection) I think it would look better for us both to be there instead of just one. Don?t you think so, Melly?

(Mitchell 1974:163)

h.His old man (slang) got the dough (slang) for him all right.

3.

(1)Occupations ?

a.sanitation engineer ( garbage man /垃圾工人)

b.press operat o r (press man /印刷工人)

c.taste technician (shopping counsel /购衣参谋)

d.garbologist ( garbage man /垃圾工人)

e.weld o r ( weld e r /电焊工人)

f.dining-room attendant (waiter /餐厅招待)

g.chimney consultant (chimney cleaner /烟囱清洁工)

h.wild animal train o r (wild animal trainer /驯兽员)

(2)morphological devices to uplift: 2 morphological devices used here:

a.To change one morpheme of the compound from pejorative to neutral or from neutral to commendatory;

b.To use words ending with Latin suffixes such as “-ician”, “-or” and “-ologist” which sound more decent;

4. 1) unisex restroom 男女通用公厕

2)

a. comfort station 公共厕所

social disease 性病

c. French letter / condom避孕套take Fr. leave不辞而别Fr. kiss ?

pay day 死亡之日

deep six 坟墓

f. nature stop （停车）上厕所

gypsy?s kiss / piss 小便

sport house 妓院

i. inner city 城市中的贫民区/ 城中村？

5. euphemisms for “poor” & rules for development and death of euphemisms:

the Gresham’s Law and the Law of Succession.

The following is quoted from what a young female Afro-American said:

I used to think that I was poor. Then they told me that I wasn?t poor, I was needy. They told me that it was

self-defeating to think of myself as needy, I was deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, I was underprivileged. Then they told me underprivileged was overused, I was disadvantaged. The social work told me I belong to the low-income brackets. I still don?t have a dime, but I have a great vocabulary.

参考译文：

过去我一直认为自己很穷。后来他们告诉我，说我不是“穷”，我是“缺衣少食”。然后他们又对我说，认为自己“缺衣少食”是灭自家威风，我只是“丧失了良好的生活条件”。后来他们又说“丧失了生活条件”是个差的字眼，

形象不佳。我是“享受权益较少的”人，以后他们又告诉我“享受权益较少的”这个词已经用滥了，我只是“景况不佳”。社会福利工作者说我是属于“低薪这一档次”。如今我仍是一文不名，可我却得到了一大堆词语。

??? From: Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage

6. （1）The sentences differ in euphemistic degree：

a, c, e // b, d

Post-Class Tasks

1. （略）

2. sexist implications：

a.It is anything but easy to remold a woman of easy virtue. (轻浮)

Mr. Smith is an easy teacher. （宽容）

b.He was told to avoid loose woman. （行为不检点）

His loose manner in the class always annoyed teachers. （自由散漫）

c.He is an old woman. (他是个婆婆妈妈的人)

Is he man enough to play the role? （有男子汉气概）

d.At nights, the street crawled with thieves and tramps. （妓女）

The tramp slept on the park bench. （流浪汉）

e.George is a fast friend. （可靠）

Jennie is a fast woman. （放荡）

f.He treats all women like professional s. （妓女）

Only professionals are qualified for this boxing match. （职业选手）

3.honorific expressions in The Life of King Henry the Eighth (略)

4. euphemisms and translation

a.成千上万的人涌进医院向这位影星的遗体（the remains）致敬。

b.他的女儿头脑不大灵（weak）。

c.我们参观了敬老院（House for Adults）。

d.你太当真了。非婚生子（love child）也没什么丢人的。

e.我们应运用主动防御（active defense）打垮塔利班。

5. (略)

6.

euphemistic expression referent motivation

a.at rest death to avoid a taboo

b.nursing homes for golden

agers rest home for the old to sweeten the unpalatable/

unpleasant or round the hard

edges

c.electric cure electrocution 电刑to cover the hard reality

d.pay a call of nature go to the toilet to replace vulgarism with

refined wording

e.the deceased the dead To avoid a taboo

f.collateral damage civilian casualties Same as b)

g.exceptional child retarded child Same as b)

h.has broken wind fart to replace vulgarism with

refined wording

Unit 11

pp. 133 –

Check Understanding

All F except b)

In-Class Activities

1.(略)

2（1）One father is more than a hundred school masters. 父亲一人，胜过师长百位。

He is ten times the man you are. 他比你高明得多。

（2）(略)

（3）by ones and twos

It takes two and sevens

At sixes and sevens

3.

(1) (略)

(2)

一模一样as like as two peas in a pod partly equivalent

半斤八两six of one and half a dozen

of the other

partly equivalent 张三李四every Tom, Dick and Harry not equivalent

百闻不如一见Seeing is believing. not equivalent

一锹挖不成一口井An oak is not fallen at one

chop. completely equivalent

脚踏两只船，早晚要落水Between two stools one

falls.

completely

equivalent

一朝被蛇咬，十年怕

草绳

A burnt child dreads the fire. not equivalent

4.

（1）

a.十三点：不明事理、傻里傻气的人

b.百年之后：人死之后

c.七三八四：乱七八糟，不顺耳的话

d.二五眼：差劲（的人）

e.第三者：没有丈夫或妻子的合法权利而占据此位置的人

f.二百五：傻头傻脑而又莽撞倔强的人

（2）

a.30

b. a forty-four

c.five-by-five （矮胖的）

d. a two-by-four （色情杂志）

e.eighty-six （将酒鬼赶出去）

f.five-fingers （小偷）

g.fifth wheel （多余的人或东西）

h.three-letter man (男同性恋者)

5. (略)

6.

(1) a land of butter and honey 鱼米之乡；

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

英语词汇学及答案

英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes

(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor

大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.

英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic

英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题2及答案

试题二 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example A. lewd → ignoran t B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated

英语词汇学_习题集1(含答案)

《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、Rewriting the short paragraph 1. First Version Even since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre. Second Version Ever since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four times a week at our little local theatre. 2. First Version “You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATIENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.” Second Version “You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.” 3. First Version Then she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second Version Then she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her that her speech and ____ were too slow in one scene. 4. First Version She was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said. Second Version She was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the other side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said. 5. First Version There was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience. Second Version The stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in

00832英语词汇学2014年04月真题及答案

全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______． A. sounds B．forms C. unities D．meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______． A. fire B．hot C. photoscanning D．sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B．Kowtow. C. Rajah. D．Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______． A. Europe B．the Far East C. India D．the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B．Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D．The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B．borrowing

陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元

Unit 8 Check Your Understanding State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F) b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T) c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F) d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T) e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T) In-Class Activities 1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face. A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness). b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice). B. a. Look at that lovely little girl. b. Look at that tiny girl. ASK: (1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not, why? (2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones? KEY: Answer: (1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory. (2) Slim and skinny Famous and notorious Proud and arrogant Confident and conceited 2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow. ASK: (1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody? (2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own? Answer: (1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.

高考英语词汇练习题及答案

高考词汇专练 1. I'm afraid this painting is not by Picasso. It's only a copy and so it's _____. A. priceless B. invaluable C. unworthy D. worthless 2. The final _____ of the play will take place on Monday. A. action B. performance C. view D. sight 3. To get my travelers' checks I had to have the bank _____ a special check for the total amount. A. make up B. make out C. make for D. make up for 4. I used to be able to play well but I'm _____ now. A. out of date B. out of touch C. out of practice D. out of place 5. As soon as the children were _____, their mother got them out of bed and into the bathroom. A. woke B. waken C. wake D. awake 6. The government's strong action showed its _____ to crush the rebellion. A. energy B. brief C. determination D. encourage 7. When she heard from the hospital that her father had died, she _____ into tears. A. burst B. went C. exploded D. fell 8. _____ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 9. People who live in a small village are bound to see a good _____ of each other. A. sum B. quantity C. deal D. amount 10. They always kept on good _____ with their next-door neighbors for the children's sake. A. friendship B. relations C. relatives D. terms 11. The generation _____ makes it difficult for parents to understand their children's opinions. A. division B. gap C. separation D. valley 12. If the boy had _____ the dog alone it wouldn't have bitten him. A. set B. left C. had D. put 13. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _____ when judging my examination. A. regard B. account C. thought D. observation 14. Roses are quite _____ flowers in English gardens. A. ordinary B. common C. usual D. general 15. We can't _____ one to change the habits of a lifetime in a short time. A. hope B. wait C. expect D. imagine 16. Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent. _____, I can't speak too highly of him. A. As a result B. By the way C. In any case D. In a word 17. When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above _____. A. average B. ordinary C. regular D. normal 18. He has left his book here on _____, so that you can read it. A. purpose B. design C. aim D. meaning 19. The open university was started in order to help those who _____ having a university education when they were young. A. stopped B. failed C. missed D. paused 20. His _____of the aeroplane was correct in every detail and could really fly. A. shape B. pattern C. design D. model 21. It isn't so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he works _____. A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all 22. Mary had taken _____ to see that her guests had everything that they could possibly want. A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. advantage 23. Comrade Li Dazhao, _____ librarian of Beijing University, was one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party. A. sometimes B. sometime C. some time D. some times 24. Alice was very sorry to hear that her grandmother had _____ two days before. A. broken off B. passed off C. given away D. passed away 25. Radar enables the pilot of an airliner to take off, fly and land in _____. A. danger B. comfort C. continuity D. safety 26. Our Party has always devoted great attention to raising the living _____ of the working people. A. cost B. situation C. level D. standard 27. It was _____ by the railway board that the cost of rail fares would be increased by ten percent. A. noticed B. stated C. suggested D. noted 28. I _____ her not to walk on the thin ice but she would not listen to me.