高口10年9月真题

2010年09月高级口译真题（BryanTong整理）

SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)

Part A: Spot Dictation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.

We already live in an over communicated world that will only become more so in the next tech- era. We've developed technology that gets us so much information that we've got cell phones that we need every second, we've got computers and laptops, we've got personal organizers and we are just being bombarded with communication and every advancing technology seems to create more and more communications at us. We are thought of overwhelmed by the information flow. Research suggests that all the multitasking may actually make our brains work better and faster, producing a worldwide increase in IQ up to 20 points and more in recent decades. Is there any real benefit in all these mental gymnastics we now have to go through? We are not becoming a race of global idiots but many do think certain skills are enhanced and certain are not.

Y ou know the ability to make fast decisions to answer a dozen emails in five minutes or to fill out maybe big aptitude tests that's enhanced. Between someone is out there with his kids playing in his little league and or something like that, he's got his cell phone in his pocket. He's always wondering "Jeez! Did I got a voice mail?" This might have negative effects on own brain patterns. Creativity is something that happens slowly. It happens when your brain is just whirling around, just playing. When it puts together ideas which you haven't thought of . Or may be you have time to read a book. Y ou are a business person that you have time to read a book about history or about philosophy and something that happened long ago.

Or something or some idea or some default of long ago. Actually it might occurred to you that you might think of your own business in that way so this mixture of unrelated ideas that feeds your productivity, feeds your creativity and if your mind is disciplined to answer every email then you don't have time for that playful whirling, you don't have time for those unexpected conjunctions. So I thinking maybe we are getting smarter in some senses but over communication is a threat to our creativity and to our reflection.

Part B: Listening Comprehension

Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and

write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following news.

1．A) the designing of a new town *

B) the most livable small town in America

C) the financing of a housing project

D) the updating of old building codes

2.A) Houses with front porches.

B) Houses that are very close together

C) Quarter of an acre or half an acre private yard space

D) Easy access to the town center and to the vital institutions

3.A) It has nothing to do with a sense of nostalgia for the past

B) It has failed in the new town mentioned in the conversation *

C) People prefer to stay on an air-conditioned front porch

D) People spend very much time on front porches in hot climates

4.A) Y ou are not allowed to use red curtains facing the street

B) Y ou couldn’t attach a satellite dish to your house.

C) Y ou should remove plastic products from front porches.

D) Y ou mustn’t park your car in front of your hou se for long

5.A) Some of these rules seem to go a little too far.*

B) Some of these rules are contradictory

C) These rules are all dictated by the local laws.

D) These rules have not been approved by the developer.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following news.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.

11.A) A prenuptial agreement

B) The expenses required by a wedding

C) How to make both ends meet in married life

D) Where to seek advice if the couple have problems after getting married

12.A) The man has been married twice before

B) The woman has remained single until now

C) Both people are remarried this time

D) Both people are first married this time

13.A) One of both sides have no experience about what goes wrong in a marriage

B) Both man and wife want to talk about everything openly and honestly

C) Either the man or his wife thinks their marriage is not very romantic

D) A person has different expectations from his or her spouse.

14.A) The contract might bother some people

B) The contract is very useful and romantic

C) The contract doesn’t take much work to write

D) The contract has to be certified by a lawyer

15.

A) They think it is a serious breach of the contract

B) They find a good reason to rewrite the rule.

C) They talk about it and reach a compromise

D) They have to ask is this marriage really working?

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following interview.

16. A) Cross-cultural miscommunications

B) Different perceptions of time across cultures

C) The idea of the past, present and future time

D) A fundamental basis for business conversations.

17. A) Mono-chronic time is characterized by many things happening simultaneously.

B) Mono-chronic cultures value interpersonal relationships highly.

C) Mono-chronic cultures emphasize schedules, punctuality, and precisensess.

D) Mono-chronic time is found primarily in Latin American and African cultures.

18. A) Poly-chronic time is found primarily in North America and Northern Europe.

B) Poly-chronism views time as flexible, so preciseness is not that important.

C) Poly-chronic cultures emphasize schedules and puntuality.

D) Poly-chronic cultures value productivity and getting things done ―on time‖

19.

A) Those raised in the mono-chronic culture

B) People who are guilty of ethnocentrism

C) An American businessperson

D) A brazilian businessman

20. A) It over-emphasizes individual differences

B) It fails to make his own values central

C) It is ethnocentric

D) It is overly general.

SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 miniutes)

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. Y ou are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Question 1-5

Congress began 2010 with a bad case of legislative déjà vu. Last year, it approved a $787 billion stimulus package meant to "create or save" millions of jobs. President Obama says the stimulus has saved or created as many as 2 million jobs so far. But even if that highly optimistic figure is true, in the real world, over 3 million jobs have been lost since the stimulus was signed into law –a dismal feat all financed with enormous debt.

Now Congress is working on another stimulus package, but they're calling it a jobs bill. In December, the House passed a $174 billion "Jobs for Main Street Bill" that would use federal dollars to fund job-creating infrastructure projects, while extending unemployment benefits. The Senate this week moved ahead on a much-leaner jobs bill. Sound familiar?

Unemployment remains at about 10 percent and state unemployment insurance funds are running out of money. While the Obama administration works to artificially inflate the number of jobs, the unemployed face diminished opportunities and income security. By 2012, 40 state unemployment trust funds are projected to be empty, requiring $90 billion in federal loans to continue operating.

Normally, state unemployment benefits pay jobless workers between 50 and 70 percent of their salaries for up to 26 weeks. But during this recession, Congress has extended those benefits four times. The result is that some workers can now claim benefits for 99 weeks – almost two years.

Now Congress may enact a record fifth extension. What would be wrong with that? Everything. The state-federal unemployment insurance program (UI) is an economic drag on businesses and states. And it's a poor safety net for the unemployed.

UI, a relic of the Great Depression, fails workers when they need it most. UI trust funds depend on a state-levied payroll tax on employers. During boom years, these funds are generally flush. But during recessions, they can get depleted quickly.

The bind is that to replenish their UI fund, states have to raise payroll taxes. That hurts the bottom line for businesses both large and small. Passed on to workers as a lower salary, high payroll taxes discourage businesses from hiring.

During steep recessions, states face a fiscal Catch-22: Reduce benefits or raise taxes. To date, 27 states have depleted their UI funds and are using $29 billion in federal loans they'll have to start repaying in 2011. Other states are slashing benefits. Kentucky House members passed a measure in February to increase employers' contributions (read: a tax hike) and cut benefits from 68 percent to 62 percent of wages.

While federal guidelines recommend that states keep one year's worth of unemployment reserves, many states entered the recession already insolvent. When federal loans are exhausted, the only option left is higher payroll taxes – a move sure to discourage hiring and depress salaries.

The increasingly small and uncertain payouts of UI are the opposite of income security. The effect of UI's eight-decade experiment has been to condition workers to save less for a "rainy day" and instead rely on a system that provides no guarantee. UI limits personal responsibility to save; gradually, individuals find themselves in financial peril.

Unfortunately, subsidizing the status quo is the prescription of the moment, making the best solution the least likely to happen. Real reform. requires putting employees in charge with individual private accounts and getting the government out of the business of creating illusionary safety nets.

Unemployment Insurance Savings Accounts (UISA), by contrast, give workers control of their own income, eliminating the negative effects of the UI program on businesses and budgets.

Adopted by Chile in 2003, UISAs are also financed via a payroll tax on individual workers and employers. The difference is the money is directly deposited into the individual worker's account.

Basically a form. of forced savings, UISAs allow individuals to draw on their own accounts during periods of unemployment and roll unused funds into their savings upon retirement. With the burden reduced on employers, wages rise, leading to greater contributions to the individual's fund. The federal government is removed from the picture, and all workers are guaranteed a savings account upon retirement.

UISAs liberate workers from uncertainty and improve incentives. When unemployed workers must rely on their own funds rather than the common fiscal pool, they find jobs faster. Congress's repeated extensions of the current UI program may be well intended, but they may also be counterproductive. Like any deadline extension, additional jobless benefits diminish the job seeker's urgency, all at taxpayers' expense.

Today, expanded UI benefits mean higher state payroll taxes, which make it harder for employers to expand hiring or raise wages. UISAs, on the other hand, make the payroll tax on business part of the employer's investment in an individual worker, rather than a penalty for doing business.

In 2010, it's time to say goodbye to the problems created by broken policies. Congress should start this decade with a promise for true economic freedom: Let businesses create jobs and let workers keep what they've earned.

Questions 6-10

Not so long ago I found myself in characteristically pugnac ious discussion with a senior human rights figure. The issue was privacy. Her view was that there was an innate and largely unchanging human need for privacy. My view was that privacy was a culturally determined concept. Think of those open multiseated Roman latrines in Pompeii, and imagine having one installed at work. The specific point was whether there was a generational difference in attitudes towards privacy, partly as a consequence of internet social networking. I thought that there was. As a teenager I told my parents absolutely nothing and the world little more. Some girls of that era might be photographed bare-breasted at a rock festival, and some guys might be pictured smoking dope but, on the whole, once we left through the front door, we disappeared from sight.

My children — Generation Y, rather than the Generation X-ers who make most of the current fuss about privacy —seem unworried by their mother’s capacity to track them and thei r social lives through Facebook. In fact, they seem unworried by anybody’s capacity to see what they’re up to —until, of course, it goes wrong. They seem to want to be in sight, and much effort goes into creating the public identity that they want others to see. Facebook now acts as a vast market place for ideas, preferences, suggestions and actings-out, extending far beyond the capacity of conventional institutions to influence. And the privacy issues it raises have little to do with the

conventional obsessions such as CCTV or government data-mining.

At a conference at the weekend I heard that some US colleges have taken to looking at the Facebook sites of applicants before they think to alter them before an interview. This may turn out to be apocryphal, but such a thing certainly could be done. In this era of supplementing exam grades with personal statements and character assessments, what could be more useful than an unguarded record of a student’s true enthusiasms? My daughter’s college friends, she sa ys, are ―pretty chilled‖ about it. There are the odd occasions when a vinous clinch is snapped on a mobile phone and makes the social rounds to the embarrassment of the clinchers, but whatever will be will be.

An EU survey two years ago suggested that this is the pattern more generally. The researchers discovered what seemed to be a paradox: although half of their young respondents were confident in their own ability to protect their online privacy, only a fifth thought it a practical idea to give users in general ―more control over their own identity data‖. Meanwhile, their elders try to get them concerned about issues such as internet data harvesting by private companies. A US news report last week concerned the work done to create ―privacy nudges‖ —software that reminds users at certain moments that the information they are about to divulge has implications for privacy.

I have to say, as someone who often elects to receive online mailshots from companies operating in areas in which I’m interested, that this seems to me to miss the main problem. As long as you have the right to say ―no‖ to a company’s blandishments, I don’t see a huge problem. That’s why the now notorious Italian bullying video seems much more relevant. At the end of last week three Google employees were sentenced in absentia for breaching the privacy of a handicapped boy, whose horrid treatment at the hands of his Turin schoolmates had been posted on Google Video. This clip spent several months in circulation before being taken down. Almost everyone agrees that the sentence was wrong, perverse and a kick in the teeth for free speech, with implications that could (but won’t) undermine the internet. And they are quite right. But look at it, for a moment, from the point of view of the boy’s parent, or the boy himself. They must have felt powerless and damaged. So how much control or ownership can one have over one’s own image and reputation? The second great question, then, raised with regard to the net is what might be called ―reputation management‖. What is it that you want people to know about you, and can you have control over it?

Last weekend I was alerted to two new phenomena, both of which caused me to miss a heartbeat. The first was the possibility of using a program, or employing som eone, to ―suicide‖ you online. Recently a company in Rotterdam used its Facebook presence to advertise its ―web 2.0 suicide machine‖, which would act as ―a digital Dr Kevorkian [and] delete your online presence‖ not just on your own sites but on everyone e lse’s —leaving just a few ―last words‖. Unfortunately Facebook chucked the suicide machine off its premises, so it then suicided itself, ending with the words ―no flowers, no speeches‖. As a journalist I was horrified by the implications of online suiciding. In the first place it means the erasure of documentary history. And second it raises the possibility of routine doctoring of material on the internet to render it more palatable to the

offended.

The second phenomenon was worse. It was that some people, many perhaps, might seek to undermine any informational authority on the web by flooding it with false information, thus obliquely protecting their own identities. As an occasional target of such misinformation, playfully or maliciously, I know it can pl ay merry hell with everyone’s sense of reality. In other words it seemed to me that there was a threat much worse than that to privacy, and that was of privacy- induced attempts to bend or erase the truth that is essential to the value of the internet. Lac k of privacy may be uncomfortable. Lack of truth is fatal

Questions 11-15

LIKE the space telescope he championed, astronomer Lyman Spitzer faced some perilous moments in his career. Most notably, on a July day in 1945, he happened to be in the Empire State building when a B-25 Mitchell bomber lost its way in fog and crashed into the skyscraper 14 floors above him. Seeing debris falling past the window, his curiosity got the better of him, as Robert Zimmerman recounts in his Hubble history, The Universe in a Mirror. Spitzer tried to poke his head out the window to see what was going on, but others quickly convinced him it was too dangerous.

Spitzer was not the first astronomer to dream of sending a telescope above the distorting effects of the atmosphere, but it was his tireless advocacy, in part, that led NASA to launch the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990. Initially jubilant, astronomers were soon horrified to discover that Hubble's 2.4-metre main mirror had been ground to the wrong shape. Although it was only off by 2.2 micrometres, this badly blurred the telescope's vision and made the scientists who had promised the world new images and science in exchange for $1.5 billion of public money the butt of jokes. The fiasco, inevitably dubbed "Hubble Trouble" by the press, wasn't helped when even the limited science the crippled Hubble could do was threatened as its gyroscopes, needed to control the orientation of the telescope, started to fail one by one.

By 1993, as NASA prepared to launch a rescue mission, the situation looked bleak. The telescope "probably wouldn't have gone on for more than a year or two" without repairs, says John Grunsfeld, an astronaut who flew on the most recent Hubble servicing mission. Happily, the rescue mission was a success. Shuttle astronauts installed new instruments that corrected for the flawed mirror, and replaced the gyroscopes. Two years later, Hubble gave us the deepest ever view of the universe, peering back to an era just 1 billion years after the big bang to see the primordial building blocks that aggregated to form galaxies like our own.

The success of the 1993 servicing mission encouraged NASA to mount three more (in 1997, 1999 and 2002). Far from merely keeping the observatory alive, astronauts installed updated instruments on these missions that dramatically improved Hubble's power. It was "as if you took in your Chevy Nova [for repairs] and they gave you back a Lear jet," says Steven Beckwith, who

from 1998 to 2005 headed the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, where Hubble's observations are planned. Along the way, in 1998, Hubble's measurements of supernovas in distant galaxies unexpectedly revealed that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing pace, propelled by a mysterious entity now known as dark energy. In 2001 the space observatory also managed to make the first measurement of a chemical in the atmosphere of a planet in an alien solar system.

Despite its successes, Hubble's life looked like it would be cut short when in 2004, NASA's then administrator Sean O'Keefe announced the agency would send no more servicing missions to Hubble, citing unacceptable risks to astronauts in the wake of the Columbia shuttle disaster of 2003, in which the craft exploded on re-entry, killing its crew. By this time, three of Hubble's gyroscopes were already broken or ailing and no one was sure how long the other three would last. Citizen petitions and an outcry among astronomers put pressure on NASA, and after a high-level panel of experts declared that another mission to Hubble would not be exceptionally risky, the agency reversed course, leading to the most recent servicing mission, in May 2009.

No more are planned. The remainder of the shuttle fleet that astronauts used to reach Hubble is scheduled to retire by the year's end. And in 2014, NASA plans to launch Hubble's successor, an infrared observatory called the James Webb Space Telescope, which will probe galaxies even further away and make more measurements of exoplanet atmospheres.

According to Grunsfeld, now STScI's deputy director, plans are afoot for a robotic mission to grab Hubble when it reaches the end of its useful life, nudging it into Earth's atmosphere where most of it would be incinerated. Only the mirror is sturdy enough to survive the fall into an empty patch of ocean.

But let's not get ahead of ourselves - Hubble is far from finished. The instruments installed in May 2009, including the Wide Field Camera 3, which took this image of the Butterfly nebula, 3800 light years away, have boosted its powers yet again. It might have as much as a decade of life left even without more servicing. "It really is only reaching its full stride now, after 20 years," says Grunsfeld.

A key priority for Hubble will be to explore the origin of dark energy by probing for it at earlier times in the universe's history. Hubble scientist Malcolm Niedner of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is not willing to bet on what its most important discovery will be. "More than half of the most amazing textbook-changing science to emerge from this telescope occurred in areas we couldn't even have dreamed of," he says. "Expect the unexpected."

Questions 16-20

The month of January offered those who track the ups and downs of the U.S. economy 92 significant data releases and announcements to digest. That's according to a calendar compiled by

the investment bank UBS. The number doesn't include corporate earnings, data from abroad or informal indicators like, say, cardboard prices (a favorite of Alan Greenspan's back in the day).

It was not always thus. "One reads with dismay of Presidents Hoover and then Roosevelt designing polic ies to combat the Great Depression of the 1930s on the basis of such sketchy data as stock price indices, freight car loadings, and incomplete indices of industrial production," writes the University of North Carolina's Richard Froyen in his macroeconomics textbook.

But that was then. The Depression inspired the creation of new measures like gross domestic product. (It was gross national product back in those days, but the basic idea is the same.) Wartime planning needs and advances in statistical techniques led to another big round of data improvements in the 1940s. And in recent decades, private firms and associations aiming to serve the investment community have added lots of reports and indexes of their own.

Taken as a whole, this profusion of data surely has increased our understanding of the economy and its ebb and flow. It doesn't seem to have made us any better at predicting the future, though; perhaps that would be too much to ask. But what is troubling at a time like this, with the economy on everyone's mind, is how misleading many economic indicators can be about the present.

Consider GDP. In October, the Commerce Department announced — to rejoicing in the media, on Wall Street and in the White House — that the economy had grown at a 3.5% annual pace in the third quarter. By late December, GDP had been revised downward to a less impressive 2.2%, and revisions to come could ratchet it down even more (or revise it back up). The first fourth-quarter GDP estimate comes out Jan. 29. Some are saying it could top 5%. If it does, should we really believe it?

Or take jobs. In early December, the Labor Department's monthly report surprised on the upside — and brought lots of upbeat headlines — with employers reporting only 11,000 jobs lost and the unemployment rate dropping from 10.2% to 10%. A month later, the surprise was in the other direction — unemployment had held steady, but employers reported 85,000 fewer jobs. Suddenly the headlines were downbeat, and pundits were pontificating about the political implications of a stalled labor market. Chances are, the disparity between the two reports was mostly statistical noise. Those who read great meaning into either were deceiving themselves. It's a classic case of information overload making it harder to see the trends and patterns that matter. In other words, we might be better off paying less (or at least less frequent) attention to data.

With that in mind, I asked a few of my favorite economic forecasters to name an indicator or two that I could afford to start ignoring. Three said they disregarded the index of leading indicators, originally devised at the Commerce Department but now compiled by the Conference Board, a business group. Forecasters want new hard data, and the index "consists entirely of already released information and the Conference Board's forecasts," says Jan Hatzius of Goldman Sachs. (The leading-indicators index topped a similar survey by the Chicago Tribune in 2005, it turns out.) The monthly employment estimate put out by payroll-service firm ADP got two demerits, mainly because it doesn't do a great job of predicting the Labor Department employment numbers that are

released two days later. And consumer-sentiment indexes, which offer the tantalizing prospect of predicting future spending patterns but often function more like an echo chamber, got the thumbs-down from two more forecasters.

The thing is, I already ignore all these (relatively minor) indicators. I had been hoping to learn I could skip GDP or the employment report. I should have known that professional forecasters wouldn't forgo real data. As Mark Zandi of Moody's https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e113948054.html, put it in an e-mail, "I cherish all economic indicators."

Most of us aren't professional forecasters. What should we make of the cacophony of monthly and weekly data? The obvious advice is to focus on trends and ignore the noise. But the most important economic moments come when trends reverse — when what appears to be noise is really a sign that the world has changed. Which is why, in these uncertain times, we jump whenever a new economic number comes out. Even one that will be revised in a month.

SECTION 3: TRANSLA TION TEST (30 minutes)

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures,methods,formulas,data,techniques and know-how, to be provided by one Party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as "Confidential Information". Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, this Contract.Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time.

Each Party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party’s Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the recipient in a secure place with access limited to only such Party’s employees or agents who need to know such information for the purpose of this Contract and who have similarly agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms hereof. The obligations of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of five (5) years.

SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)

Part A: Note-taking and Gap-filling

Directions: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. Y ou will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have

enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. Y ou will not get your TEST BOOK and ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.

Today my topic is cultures and traditional holidays. Holidays are special times of respite from work and other routines. In some cases, they are legal holidays when stores, businesses government offices are officially closed. In other cases, they are celebrated without taking time off from work. Holidays are often times for celebration, eating, drinking, travel and family gatherings, but they may be also times of rest and reflection. The current trend is away from rest and reflection. Even Maniga, the day before the traditional reflective period of land, has turned into an entire week of parties, parades, and moneymaking, for those who make the annual pilgrimage to New Orleans.

In most countries, the scheduling of holidays originally is related to the seasons, the lunar cycle and religion.

Christmas, Dec 25th, celebrates the birth of Jesus. But it is not actually known whether Jesus was born in the winter time. The first woman emperor to her bath Christianity dec ided to have Christmas when days are shorter. This brings a spill of optimism to the long winter lumps. It also helps bring the Christianity to the pagans, who were accustomed to having festivals at the winter solstice, encouraging the warm and sunshine to return.

Over the years, Christmas has come to symbolize good will and generosity for both Christians and non-Christians through the personification of Santa clause, originally a Christian saint known as Santa Nicolas. Nowadays Rudolf the red-nose reindeer is almost as important a global symbol of Christmas as Jesus or Santa, and the commercialization of Christmas threatens to replace the generosity with greed. Many people forget that the original Christmas gifts were given by three wise men, all pagans, to Jesus, a Jewish child born in the manger. All they becoming of are gifts they give and receive and all the money they have spent.

One reason for the increasing popularity of Christmas is its proximity to the New Y ear’s Day, encouraging a long holiday to evolve out of birth. in the USA the holiday has turned into a ext ended holiday season, lasting from thanksgiving in late November until new year’s day with unseeingly endless parties , dinners , concerts parades and vocation trips. The schools and college are closed from middle December, though early January where people eat too much, drink too much and watch too much American football on TV. New Y ear gifts, cards and annual newsletters are exchanged and various festivities are not always very restful. Then the some people make new year’s resolutions to eat less, drink less, spend less and work harder in the coming year.

Christmas is by far the most important holiday in English speaking countries. Other important holidays, in addition to thanks giving day and New Y ear, are V alentine’s Day, Sam Patrick’s day, April fool’s day and Easter. On V alentine’s Day, celebrated on Feb. 14th, people give cards, chocolates, flowers, and kisses to their spouses and sweet hearts .on Saint Patrick’s Day, March 17th, people wear green to celebrate the luck of the Irish and eat corned beef and cabbage washed down with green beer.

During the Easter week, late march or early April, Christians remembered the death and resurrection of Jesus, while Jews celebrate pass over in memory of the escape of Jews from ancient Egypt where they had been salved.

Although it is not actually a holiday and has no religious connotation, April fool’s day celebrated on April 1st is a day when people play embarrassing tricks on friends and colleges and even their teachers. Another holiday, with some similarity t o April fool’s day, is Halloween, on October 31st , when children wear funny or scary costumes and ask their neighbors for ticks or treats. And Halloween means hallow evening, the night before all saint’s day when Christians are honored.

On the following day, or ―saint day‖ services and preys are set for the dead. In many countries, it is a day when families visit cemetery and place flowers on the tombs of their relevants. In Europe, labor day is celebrated on may 1st , whereas in Canada and united states, labor and labors’ day are honored as a legal holiday on the first Monday of September.

Part B: Listening and Translation

I. Sentence Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. Y ou will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

(1) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

(2) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

(3) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

(4) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

(5) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

II. Passage Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. Y ou will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Y ou may take notes while you are listening.

(1) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

(2) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes)

Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1-4

In the latest round of credit-card reforms, issuers and retailers are both playing the consumer-friendly angle. Currently lawmakers are debating whether to cut interchange fees, the tab that merchants pay to card issuers each time a customer uses plastic. While retailers claim they would pass the savings on to shoppers in the form of lower prices, card companies argue the legislation will make credit less convenient and more costly—and they may be right.

Merchants have long complained about interchange fees. They say the costs, which amount to roughly 1.6% of every transaction, erode already razor-thin margins. Last year retailers, the main supporters of three bills now working their way through Congress, forked over an estimated $48 billion in card fees. "We can't keep absorbing these fees," Kathy Miller, a grocery store owner in Elmore, Vt., testified at a congressional hearing in early October.

In their quest to win over lawmakers, retailers maintain consumers won't get hurt—and may actually benefit. "Our market is extraordinarily competitive," says Mallory B. Duncan, general counsel of the National Retail Federation, a trade group. "If costs go down, that tends to drive down prices."

That's not what happened in Australia, though. In 2003 the country's regulators cut the average interchange fee to around 0.5% of the total bill, from 1%. But most retailers never dropped their prices, and credit-card issuers jacked up borrowers' fees to make up for the lost revenue, according to a report by CRA International, a consultancy. After the regulation was passed, the annual fee paid by cardholders rose by 22%, to an average of $25.65. Annual fees on rewards cards jumped by as much as 77% since issuers' profits took a bigger hit. Australian card companies generally levied a higher interchange fee on rewards cards to cover the added cost of the perks—as they do in the U.S.

Analysts worry that retailers and card issuers in the States would respond in much the same way. Already U.S. lenders have been raising rates and tacking on new charges for borrowers following a ban earlier this year from Congress on certain practices, including late-payment penalties."When the banks have a major source of revenue eliminated, they need to raise [other fees] to make up for that," says David S. Evans, a lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School.

Any new rules could make it less convenient for consumers to opt for credit over cash. As part of the proposals, lawmakers are considering whether to let retailers set a minimum payment for purchases with plastic; they now risk paying a hefty fine for doing so. If such changes are made, customers won't be able to pull out their cards all the time. Merchants may also have the option of rejecting a specific card, like a reward card, if they think the interchange fees are too high. Currently retailers must accept all products under a single brand such as V isa. "Consumers want to be able to use their card for any kind of purchase," says Shawn Miles, MasterCard Worldwide's (MA) head of global public policy. The legislation is "anti-consumer."

Such a defense may work. A report by the Government Accountability Office, an investigative arm of Congress, due out by Nov. 19, is weighing the potential impact of proposed rules on the card-carrying masses. If the GAO finds that only merchants benefit from lower interchange fees, card companies may win. Says Brian Gardner, a vice-president at research firm Keefe, Bruyette& Woods: "If the report comes out and says there is little evidence that [the benefits] would be passed on to consumers, then I think the oxygen gets sucked out of this thing."

Questions 5-7

Not so long ago I found myself in characteristically pugnac ious discussion with a senior human rights figure. The issue was privacy. Her view was that there was an innate and largely unchanging human need for privacy. My view was that privacy was a culturally determined concept. Think of those open multiseated Roman latrines in Pompeii, and imagine having one installed at work.

The specific point was whether there was a generational difference in attitudes towards privacy,

partly as a consequence of internet social networking. I thought that there was. As a teenager I told my parents absolutely nothing and the world little more. Some girls of that era might be photographed bare-breasted at a rock festival, and some guys might be pictured smoking dope but, on the whole, once we left through the front door, we disappeared from sight.

My children — Generation Y, rather than the Generation X-ers who make most of the current fuss about privacy —seem unworried by their mother’s capacity to track them and their social lives through Facebook. In fact, they seem unworried by anybody’s capacity to see what they’re up to —until, of course, it goes wrong. They seem to want to be in sight, and much effort goes into creating the public identity that they want others to see.

There was an estimate last month that Facebook has something like 130 million unique visits every day. It now acts as a vast market place for ideas, preferences, suggestions and actings-out, extending far beyond the capacity of conventional institutions to influence. And the privacy issues it raises have little to do with the conventional obsessions such as CCTV or government data-mining.

At a conference at the weekend I heard that some US colleges have taken to looking at the Facebook sites of applicants before they think to alter them before an interview. This may turn out to be apocryphal, but such a thing certainly could be done. In this era of supplementing exam grades with personal statements and character assessments, what could be more useful than an unguarded record of a student’s true enthusiasms? What else did Tristram do on his horizon-expanding journey to the developing world?

This would have driven me crazy. My daughter’s college friends, she says, are ―pretty chilled‖ about it. There are the odd occasions when a vinous clinch is snapped on a mobile phone and makes the social rounds to the embarrassment of the clinchers, but whatever will be will be.

An EU survey two years ago suggested that this is the pattern more generally. The researchers discovered what seemed to be a paradox: although half of their young respondents were confident in their own ability to protect their online privacy, only a fifth thought it a practical idea to give users in general ―more control over their own identity data‖. In other words (and this is my interpretation) they didn’t think that their peers could be bothered with extra prote ction and they felt fairly happy with their own.

Meanwhile, their elders try to get them concerned about issues such as internet data harvesting by private companies. A US news report last week concerned the work done to create ―privacy nudges‖ — software that reminds users at certain moments that the information they are about to divulge has implications for privacy. One privacy campaigner even suggested that people might be rewarded with lottery tickets for not giving out such knowledge.

I have to say, as someone who often elects to receive online mailshots from companies operating in areas in which I’m interested, that this seems to me to miss the main problem. As long as you have the right to say ―no‖ to a company’s blandishments, I don’t see a huge problem. That’s why the now notorious Italian bullying video seems much more relevant. At the end of last week three Google employees were sentenced in absentia for breaching the privacy of a handicapped boy, whose horrid treatment at the hands of his Turin schoolmates had been posted on Google Video. This clip spent several months in circulation before being taken down.

Almost everyone — including our former Information Commissioner — agrees that the sentence was wrong, perverse and a kick in the teeth for free speech, with implications that could (but won’t) undermine the internet. And they are quite right. But look at it, for a moment, from the point of view of the boy’s parent, or the boy himself. They must have felt powerless and damaged. So how much control or ownership can one have over one’s own image and reputation?

The second great question, then, raised with regard to the net is what might be called ―reputation management‖, or — if you like — public identity management. What is it that you want people to know about you, and can you have control over it?

Last weekend I was alerted to two new phenomena, both of which caused me to miss a heartbeat. The first was the possibility of using a program, or employing someone, to ―suicide‖ you online. Recently a company in Rotterdam used its Facebook presence to advertise its ―web 2.0 suicide machine‖, which would act as ―a digital Dr Kevorkian [and] delete your online presence‖ from Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and LinkedIn, not just on your own sites but on everyone else’s —leaving just a few ―last words‖.

Unfortunately Facebook chucked the suicide machine off its premises, so it then suicided itself, ending with the words ―no flowers, no speeches‖.

As a journalist I was horrified by the implications of online suiciding. In the first place it means the erasure of documentary history. And second it raises the possibility of routine doctoring of material on the internet to render it more palatable to the offended.

The second phenomenon was worse. It was that some people, many perhaps, might seek to undermine any informational authority on the web by flooding it with false information, thus obliquely protecting their own identities. As an occasional target of such misinformation, sometimes playfully (as when an unknown person amended my Wikipedia entry to make me Serbian by birth), and sometimes malic iously, I know it can play merry hell with everyone’s sense of reality.

In other words it seemed to me that there was a threat much worse than that to privacy, and that was of privacy- induced attempts to bend or erase the truth that is essential to the value of the internet. Lack of privacy may be uncomfortable. Lack of truth is fatal.

Questions 8-10

It's a safe bet that the millions of Americans who have recently changed their minds about global warming—deciding it isn't happening, or isn't due to human activities such as burning coal and oil, or isn't a serious threat—didn't just spend an intense few days poring over climate-change studies and decide, holy cow, the discretization of continuous equations in general circulation models is completely wrong! Instead, the backlash (an 18-point rise since 2006 in the percentage who say the risk of climate change is exaggerated, Gallup found this month) has been stoked by scientists' abysmal communication skills, plus some peculiarly American attitudes, both brought into play now by how critics have spun the "Climategate" e-mails to make it seem as if scientists have pulled a fast one.

Scientists are lousy communicators. They appeal to people's heads, not their hearts or guts, argues Randy Olson, who left a professorship in marine biology to make science films. "Scientists think of themselves as guardians of truth," he says. "Once they have spewed it out, they feel the burden is on the audience to understand it" and agree.

That may work if the topic is something with no emotional content, such as how black holes form,

but since climate change and how to address it make people feel threatened, that arrogance is a disaster. Y et just as smarter-than-thou condescension happens time after time in debates between evolutionary biologists and proponents of intelligent design (the latter almost always win), now it's happening with climate change. In his 2009 book, Don’t Be Such a Scientist: Talking Substance in an Age of Style, Olson recounts a 2007 debate where a scientist contending that global warming is a crisis said his opponents failed to argue in a way "that the people here will understand." His sophisticated, educated Manhattan audience groaned and, thoroughly insulted, voted that the "not a crisis" side won.

Like evolutionary biologists before them,climate scientists also have failed to master "truthiness" (thank you, Stephen Colbert), which their opponents—climate deniers and creationists—wield like a shiv. They say the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a political, not a scientific, organization; a climate mafia (like evolutionary biologists) keeps contrarian papers out of the top journals; Washington got two feet of snow, and you say the world is warming?

There is less backlash against climate science in Europe and Japan, and the U.S. is 33rd out of 34 developed countries in the percentage of adults who agree that species, including humans, evolved. That suggests there is something peculiarly American about the rejection of science. Charles Harper, a devout Christian who for years ran the program bridging science and faith at the Templeton Foundation and who has had more than his share of arguments with people who view science as the Devil's spawn, has some hypotheses about why that is. "In America, people do not bow to authority the way they do in England," he says. "When the lumpenproletariat are told they have to think in a certain way, there is a backlash," as with climate science now and, never-endingly, with evolution. (Harper, who studied planetary atmospheres before leaving science, calls climate scientists "a smug community of true believers.")

Another factor is that the ideas of the Reformation—no intermediaries between people and God; anyone can read the Bible and know the truth as well as a theologian—inform. the American character more strongly than they do that of many other nations. "It's the idea that everyone has equal access to the divine," says Harper. That has been extended to the belief that anyone with an Internet connection can know as much about climate or evolution as an expert. Finally, Americans carry in their bones the country's history of being populated by emigrants fed up with hierarchy. It is the American way to distrust those who set themselves up—even justifiably—as authorities. Presto: climate backlash.

One new factor is also at work: the growing belief in the wisdom of crowds (Wikis, polling the audience on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire). If tweeting for advice on the best route somewhere yields the right answer, Americans seem to have decided, it doesn't take any special expertise to pick apart evolutionary biology or climate science. My final hypothesis: the Great Recession was caused by the smartest guys in the room saying, trust us, we understand how credit default swaps work, and they're great. No wonder so many Americans have decided that experts are idiots.

高考真题第三篇函数的应用

高考真题第三篇函数的应用 一、函数与方程 二、函数综合及其应用 函数与方程 2019年 1.（2019全国Ⅱ理12）设函数()f x 的定义域为R ，满足(1) 2 ()f x f x +=，且当(0,1]x ∈时，()(1)f x x x =-.若对任意(,]x m ∈-∞，都有8 ()9 f x ≥-，则m 的取值范围是 A ．9,4 ??-∞ ?? ? B ．7,3??-∞ ?? ? C ．5,2 ??-∞ ?? ? D ．8,3 ??-∞ ?? ? 2.（2019江苏14）设(),()f x g x 是定义在R 上的两个周期函数，()f x 的周期为4，()g x 的周期为 2，且()f x 是奇函数.当2(]0,x ∈时 ，()f x ， (2),01 ()1,122 k x x g x x +<≤??=?-<≤??，其中k >0.若在区间(0，9]上，关于x 的方程()()f x g x =有8 个不同的实数根，则k 的取值范围是 . 3.（2019浙江9）已知,a b ∈R ，函数32 ,0 ()11(1),032x x f x x a x ax x 0 C ．a ＞-1，b <0 D ．a ＞-1，b >0 2010-2018年 一、选择题

1．(2018全国卷Ⅰ)已知函数0()ln 0?=?>?，≤， ，， x e x f x x x ()()=++g x f x x a ．若()g x 存在2个 零点，则a 的取值范围是 A ．[1,0)- B ．[0,)+∞ C ．[1,)-+∞ D ．[1,)+∞ 2．（2017新课标Ⅲ）已知函数2 1 1()2()x x f x x x a e e --+=-++有唯一零点，则a = A ．12- B ．13 C ．1 2 D ．1 3．（2017山东）已知当[0,1]x ∈时，函数2 (1)y mx =- 的图象与y m = 的图象有且只 有一个交点，则正实数m 的取值范围是 A ．(] ) 0,123,?+∞? B ．(][)0,13,+∞ C ．( ) 23,?+∞? D ．( [)3,+∞ 4．(2016年天津)已知函数()f x =2(4,0, log (1)13,03)a x a x a x x x ?+,且1a ≠）在R 上单 调递减，且关于x 的方程|()|2f x x =-恰好有两个不相等的实数解，则a 的取值范围是 A ．(0， 23] B ．[23，3 4 ] C ．[13，23] { 3 4 } D ．[13，23） { 3 4 } 5．（2015安徽）下列函数中，既是偶函数又存在零点的是 A ．y cos x = B ．y sin x = C ．y ln x = D ．2 1y x =+ 6．（2015福建）若,a b 是函数()()2 0,0f x x px q p q =-+>> 的两个不同的零点，且 ,,2a b - 这三个数可适当排序后成等差数列，也可适当排序后成等比数列，则p q +的 值等于 A ．6 B ．7 C ．8 D ．9 7．（2015天津）已知函数()()2 2,22,2 x x f x x x ?-≤?=?->?? 函数()()2g x b f x =-- ，其中 b R ∈ ，若函数()()y f x g x =- 恰有4个零点，则b 的取值范围是 A ．7 (,)4+∞ B ．7(,)4-∞ C ．7(0,)4 D ．7(,2)4

中级口译翻译真题c-e

ji2009.3 钟表上的秒针一下一下地移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。因为时间即生命。 没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少人珍视他的时间。如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生。那么就不可浪费光阴。这个道理人人都懂，可是很少人能积极不懈地善为利用他的时间。 2008.9 据消息灵通人士透露，今年春节前，家乐福才与新大新发生第一次“亲密接触”。其中广州市政府无疑起到了“红娘“的作用。短短几个月时间，双方”情投意合“。外界关心的是：家乐福到底看中新大新什么地方？ 对此，新大新总经理何先生没有作出正面回答，只是笼统地陈述在广州的百货业中新大新有自己独特的一面。据何先生透露，这次新大新出资持有新组建的公司35%的股份，家乐福占65%：”这是按照国家有关政府政策，即中方持股不得少于35%的规定的“。 2008.3 我国首次月球探测工程的成功，实现了中华民族的千年奔月

梦想，开启了中国人走向深空探索宇宙奥秘的时代，标志着我国已经进入世界具有深空探测能力的国家行列。这是我国推行自主创新，建设创新型国家取得的又一标志性成果，是中华民族在攀登世界科技高峰征程上实现的又一历史性跨越，是中华民族为和平开发利用外层空间作出的又一重大贡献。全体儿女都为我们伟大祖国取得的这一辉煌成就感到骄傲和自豪！ 2007.9 中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路，是基于中国国情的必然选择。1840年鸦片战争以后的100多年时间里，中国受尽列强的欺辱。消除战争，实现和平，建设独立富强，民生幸福的国家，是近代以来中国人民孜孜以求的奋斗目标。今天的中国虽然取得了巨大的发展成就，但人口多，底子薄，发展不平衡，任然是世界上最大的发展中国家。推动经济社会发展，不断改善人民生活始终是中国的中心任务。中国人民最需要，最珍爱和平的国际环境，愿尽自己所能，为推动各国发展作出积极贡献。 2007.3 中国赢得2010年世界博览会的举办权，靠的是国际社会对中国改革开放的支持和信心。这次博览会将是自1851年在英国伦敦第一次举办以来，首次在发展中国家举办的世界博览会，它表达了全世界人民对中国未来发展的期望。

09高分子化学期末考试试卷答案

1.高分子，又称（聚合物），一个大分子往往由许多简单的（结构单元）通过（共价键）重复键接而成。 2.（玻璃化温度）和（熔点）是评价聚合物耐热性的重要指标。 3.（缩聚反应）是缩合聚合反应的简称，是指带有官能团的单体经许多次的重复缩合反应而逐步形成聚合物的过程，在机理上属于（逐步聚合），参加反应的有机化合物含有（两个）以上官能团。 4.缩聚反应按缩聚产物的分子结构分类分为（线型）缩聚反应和（体型）缩聚反应。 一、名词解释（1分×20=20分） 1.阻聚剂：具有阻聚作用的物质称为~ 23 2.笼闭效应：聚合体系中引发剂浓度很低，引发剂分子处于在单体或溶剂的包围中，就像关在“笼子”里一样，笼子内的引发剂分解成的初级自由基必须扩散并冲出“笼子”后，才能引发单体聚合。 3. 引发剂效率：引发聚合的部分引发剂占引发剂分解或消耗总量的分率。28 4.自动加速效应（autoacceleration effect）:p40 又称凝胶化效应。在自由基聚合反应中，由于聚合体系黏度增大而使活性链自由基之间碰撞机会减少，难于发生双基终止，导致自由基浓度增加，此时单体仍然能够与活性链发生链增长反应，从而使聚合速率自动加快的现象。 5.半衰期：引发剂分解至起始浓度一半时所需要的时间。27 三、简答题（5分×3=15分） 1. 根据预聚物性质与结构不同预聚物分为那几种？ 根据预聚物性质与结构不同分为：无规预聚物和结构预聚物。 2.反应程度与转化率是否为同一概念？ 反应程度与转化率根本不同。 转化率：参加反应的单体量占起始单体量的分数。是指已经参加反应的单体的数目。 反应程度：是参加反应的官能团数占起始官能团数的分数，用P表示。反应程度可以对任何一种参加反应的官能团而言是指已经反应的官能团的数目。 3.自由基聚合反应转化率-时间曲线特征 诱导期:初级自由基为阻聚杂质所终止，无聚合物形成，聚合速率零。若严格取除杂质，可消除诱导期。 初期：单体开始正常聚合，转化率在5％～10％以下（研究聚合时）或10％～20％（工业上）以下阶段称初期； 此时转化率与时间近似呈线性关系，聚合恒速进行。 中期：转化率达10％～20％以后，聚合速率逐渐增加，出现自动加速现象，直至转化率达50％~70%，聚合速率才逐渐减慢。 后期: 自动加速现象出现后聚合速率逐渐减慢，直至结束，转化率可达90％～100％。 四、问答题（15分×3=45分） 1.自由基聚合与缩聚反应的特征比较 自由基聚合： 1）由基元反应组成，各步反应的活化能不同。引发最慢。 2）存在活性种。聚合在单体和活性种之间进行。 3）转化率随时间增长，分子量与时间无关。 4）少量阻聚剂可使聚合终止。 线形缩聚： 1）聚合发生在官能团之间，无基元反应，各步反应活化能相同。 2）单体及任何聚体间均可反应，无活性种。 3）聚合初期转化率即达很高，官能团反应程度和分子量随时间逐步增大。 4）反应过程存在平衡。无阻聚反应。 2.常用的逐步聚合方法有几种？各自的主要特点是什么？ 熔融缩聚： 优点：生产工艺过程简单，生产成本较低。可连续法生产直接纺丝。聚合设备的生产能力高。 缺点：反应温度高，要求单体和缩聚物在反应温度下不分解，单体配比要求严格；反应物料粘度高，小分子不易脱除。局部过热可能产生副反应，对聚合设备密封性要求高。 适用范围：广泛用于大品种缩聚物，如聚酯、聚酰胺的生产。 溶液缩聚： 优点：溶剂存在下可降低反应温度,避免单体和产物分解，反应平稳易控制。 可与产生的小分子共沸或与之反应而脱除。聚合物溶液可直接用作产品 缺点：溶剂可能有毒，易燃，提高了成本。增加了缩聚物分离、精制、溶剂回收等工序。

高口2013年春真题翻译

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口解真题

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