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翻译(排序版)核专业英语~nuclear energy

翻译(排序版)核专业英语~nuclear energy
翻译(排序版)核专业英语~nuclear energy

A字开头

A complete understanding of the microscopic structure of matter (物质微观结构) and the exact nature of the forces acting(作用力的准确性质) is yet to (有待于) be realized. However, excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for most practical purposes. These models are descriptive (描述的) or mathematical often based on analogy (类推) with large-scale process, on experimental data (实验数据), or on advanced theory.对物质的微观结构和作用力的准确性质的完全认识仍有待于实现。然而,为了实际的用途,能足够精确地预知物质在微观世界行为的模型已经被研究出来。这些模型是描述性的或数学的,基于对大尺度过程的类推、实验数据或先进的理论。

A nucleus can get rid of excess internal energy by the emission of a gamma ray, but in an

alternate process called internal conversion, the energy is imparted directly to one of the atomic electrons, ejecting it from the atom. In an inverse process called K-capture, the nucleus spontaneously absorbs one of its own orbital electrons. Each of these processes is followed by the production of X-rays as the inner shell vacancy is filled.一个原子核能够通过发射g 射线而除

去过剩的内能,但在称为内转换的另一个交换过程中,能量直接

传给原子中一个电子,使这一电子从原子中被逐出。在称为K 俘获的相反过程中,原子核自发地吸收其自己轨道上的一个电子。当内壳层空位被填充时,随着每一个这种过程,都有X 射线的产生。

Although we cannot see nuclei, we imagine them to be spheres with a certain radius. To

estimate that radius, we need to probe with another particle—a photon, an electron, or a g-ray. But the answer will depend on the projectile used and its speed, and thus it is necessary to specify the apparent radius and cross sectional area for the particular reaction. This leads to the concept of cross section as a measure of the chance of collision.

虽然我们看不到原子核,但我们可以猜想它们是一个个具有一定半径的球体。为了估算出半径,我们需要探测出另一些粒子——光子、电子还有g 射线。但是结果又取决于使用的抛射体和它的速度,并且,指定表观半径和参与反应的横截面积也同样重要。这就使得横截面积成了衡量碰撞机率的标准。

After many collisions, the neutron arrives at a low enough energy that it can be readily

absorbed. If it is captured by the proton in a molecule of water or some other hydrocarbon, a gamma ray is

released.

在许多次碰撞后,中子能量变得非常低,在这个能量的中子很容易被吸收。如果它被水分子或某一些其它碳氢化物分子中的质子所俘获,就会释放g 射线。

As the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting

high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.

A device that provides forces on charged particles by some combination of electric and

magnetic fields and brings the ions to high speed and kinetic energy is called an accelerator.

加速器是通过电磁场的某些组合对带电粒子施加作用力,并使离子获得高速度和动能的一种装置。

A laser can supply intense (强烈的) light of precise (精确的) frequencies, and a fine-tuned

(被调整的, 有规则的) laser beam can provide photons that selectively ionize uranium-235 and leave uranium-238 unchanged.

激光有极强亮度和极其精确的频率,调校好的激光束可以提供有选择性地分电离出235U92 而使U 23892 保持不变的光子。

Among these are electrolysis , in which the H2O tends to be more readily dissociated ;

fractional distillation, which takes advantage of the fact that D2O has a boiling point about 10C higher than that of H2O; and catalytic exchange, involving the passage of HD gas through H2O to produce HDO and light hydrogen gas.

这些方法有:电解法,在电解中轻水比较容易分解;分馏法,此法的根据是利用D2O 的沸点比H2O的沸点约高1℃这种性质;催化交换法,往水里通HD气体产生HDO 和H2。

B字开头

Bombardment of a solid or gaseous deuterium target by high-speed deuterons gives

fusion reactions, but most of the particle energy goes into electrostatic interactions that merely heat up the bulk of the target. The amount of energy required to operate the accelerator greatly exceeds the recoverable fusion energy, and thus some other technique is required.

用高速氘核去轰击固体或气体的氘靶来产生聚变反应是可以的,但它的能量大部分消耗在仅仅使靶体加热的静电相互作用上。因此,加速器运行所需的能量大大超过了可以回收的聚变能量,看来此法不行,需要用其他技术。

G字开头

Gas is supplied and centrifugal force (离心力) tends to compress (压缩) it in the outer region, but thermal agitation (激励) tends to redistribute (重新分布) the gas molecules throughout the whole volume. Light molecules are favored in this effect, and their concentration (浓度) is higher near the center axis.

供料呈气体状态,离心力偏向在它的外区压缩气体,而热扰动要使整个容积内的气体分子重新分布。轻分子受到离心力的作用小,靠近中心轴处它们的浓度比较高。

H字开头

Hundreds of “artificial” radioisotopes have been produced by bombardment of nuclei by

charged particles or neutrons and by separation of the products of the fission process.

通过用带电粒子或中子去轰击核,并分离裂变产物,许许多多的“人工”放射性同位素已被制造出来。

I字开头

In the inelastic scattering collision, an important process for fast neutrons in

heavy elements, the neutron becomes a part of the nucleus; its energy provides excitation; and a neutron is released.在非弹性散射的碰撞中,在重元素的快中子的一个重要作用下,中子变成了原子核的一部分;由于其能量的激发,一个中子将被释放出来。

If an electron that enters a material has a very low energy,it will merely migrate without affecting

the molecules significantly.If its energy is larger, it may impart energy to atomic electrons,causing excitation of electrons to higher energy states or producing

ionization, with subsequent emission of light.

如果进入物质的电子具有非常低的能量,它将仅仅移动,而对分子没有较大的影响。如果电子的能量比较大,它会将能量传递给原子的电子,使电子激发到较高的能态或产生电离,接着发生光的发射。

In the Compton effect, a photon of lower energy survives, but in the photoelectric

effect, the photon is eliminated. In each case, the electron released may have enough energy to excite or

ionize other atoms by the mechanism described earlier. Also, the ejection of the electron is followed by light emission or X-ray production, depending on whether an outer shell or inner shell is involved.

在这个康普顿效应中,低能光子继续存在下来,而在光电效应中,光子消失了。在每一种情况下,所释放的电子可以有足够的能量通过前面叙述的机制去激发或电离其它原子,同样,电子的发射继之有光的发射或X 射线的产生,这取决于所涉及的是外壳层还是内壳层。In certain heavy elements, notably uranium and plutonium , an alternate consequence is observed---the splitting of the nucleus into two massive fragments , a process called fission.As the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.

但在某些重元素中,特别明显的是铀(U)和钚(Pu),则会看到另一种结果,即核分裂成两个大碎片,此过程叫做核裂变。这些碎片分开时,失去原子的电子而变成高速离子。这些离子在飞行过程中与周围介质的原子、分子相互作用又损失掉能量。如果裂变是在核反应堆中发生的,那么可以以热能形式回收这部分能量。

In order to sustain a chain reaction as in a nuclear reactor or in a nuclear weapon, the value

of must be somewhat above l because of processes that complete with absorption in uranium, such as capture in other materials and escape from the system. There is a possibility of using the extra neutron, over and above the one required to maintain the chain reaction, to produce new fissile materials. "Conversion" involves the production of some new nuclear fuel to replace that used up, while "breeding" is achieved if more fuel is produced than is used.

为了在反应堆或核武器中维持链式反应,h 值必须稍微大于中,因为反应过程中除了铀吸收中子外,还存在其他材料吸收中子和中子本身反应系统的情况。除维持链式反应所需要的一个路子之外,多余的中子可能被用于生产新的易裂变材料。这里涉及到两

个术语,“转换”和“增殖”。“转换”是指产生一些新的核燃料代替用掉的核燃料,而如果产生的核燃料多于用掉的则达到“增殖”。

In the nuclear field, however, individual isotopes such as uranium-235 and hydrogen

-2 (deuterium) are required. Since isotopes of a given element have the same atomic number Z, they are essentially identical chemically, and thus a physical method must be found that distinguishes among particles on the basis of mass number A.

但是核工业用的几种物质,需要元素的单一同位素或特殊结合的同位素。235U92 和H 21 就是两个重要的例子。由于给定元素的同位素具有相同的原子序数Z,所以它们的化学性质基本上是相同的,这样就需要靠质量数A来辨认粒子之间的差别,这是一种物理方法。

M字开头

MANY NA TURALLY occurring and man-made isotopes have the property of radioactivity,

which is the spontaneous disintegration (decay) of the nucleus with the emission of a particle.The process takes place in minerals of the ground, in fibers of plants, in tissues of animals, and in the air and water, all of which contain traces of radioactive elements.

许多天然存在的和人造的同位素有放射性的特性,即原子核随着粒子的发射而自发地衰变。这过程发生在地下矿物中、植物纤维中、动物组织中以及空气和水中,所有这些物质都含有微量放射性元素。

N字开头

Nuclear reactions---those in which atomic nuclei participate---may take place spontaneously,

as in radioactivity, or may be induced by bombardment with a particle or ray. Nuclear reactions are much more energetic than chemical reactions, but they obey the same physical

laws---conservation of momentum, energy, number of particles, and charge.

核反应(有原子核参与)可能会自然发生,如放射性,或可能被粒子或射线轰击诱发。核反应比化学反应剧烈的多,但它们遵守同样的物理定律-----动量、能量、粒子数、电荷守恒。

Neutrons are slowed readily by collisions with light nuclei and migrate from their point of

origin. On reaching thermal energy, they continue to disperse, with the net flow dependent on

the spatial variation of flux.

中子由于同轻核碰撞而被迅速地慢化,并从它们的起始点迁移开。到达热能区后它们继续散开,且其净流量与与通量斜率的负值成正比。

O字开头

Our material world is composed of many substances distinguished by their chemical,

mechanical, and electrical properties. They are found in nature in various physical states---the familiar solid, liquid, and gas, along with the ionic "plasma " However, the apparent diversity of kinds and forms of material is reduced by the knowledge that there are only a little over 100 distinct chemical elements and that the chemical and physical features of substances depend merely on the strength of force bonds between atoms.

我们的物质世界是由许多物质组成的,这些物质可由其化学性质、机械特性和电的特性来加以区别。在自然界所找到的物体处于各种各样的物理状态,即人们所熟悉的固体,液体和气体,此外,还有离子等离子体。然而,由于已认识到目前仅有的一百多种不同的化学元素,并且物质的化学性质和物理性质仅仅是由原子间结合力的强度所决定的,因此物质种类和形式的这种表面上的多种多样性可被归纳简化。

Ordinary light as in the visible range is a mixture of many frequencies, directions, and

phases. In contrast, light from a laser(light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation) consists of a direct beam of one color and with the waves in step.

我们平常所见到的光,是由许多不同频率、方向、位相的光混合而成的。相比之下,激光(通过受激发射光扩大)则更为准直、仅有一种颜色并且波的步调一致。

Only one natural isotope , 235U, undergoes fission in this way, while 239Pu and 233U are the

main artificial isotopes that do so. Most other heavy isotopes require significantly larger excitation energy to bring the compound nucleus to the required energy level for fission to occur, and the extra energy must be provided by the motion of the incoming neutron.

只有这么一种天然同位素235U92 能这样发生裂变,虽然239Pu94 和U 23392 也能这样发生裂变,但它们是主要的人造同位素。大多数其它的重同位素要发生裂变,则需要使复合核得到比这大得多的激发能,以达到发生裂变所需要的能量水平,而且必须靠入射中子的动能提供额外的能量。

R字开头

Rather than giving a charge one large acceleration with a high voltage, it can be brought to

high speed by a succession of accelerations through relatively small potential differences.不是用

高压给电荷以一次大的加速,而是通过比较小的电势差,经过一系列加速使带电粒子获得高速度。

T字开头

The emission and absorption of light from incandescent hydrogen gas was first explained

by Bohr with a novel model of the hydrogen atom. He assumed that the atom consists of a single electron moving at constant speed in a circular orbit about a nucleus—the proton.

炽热的氢气发射和吸收光,首先是由玻尔用一个新奇的原子模型来解释的。他认为氢原子是由一个原子核(质子)及在环绕原子核的圆形轨道上以恒定速度运动的一个电子所组成。

The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges,which varies inversely as the

square of their separation, would be expected to be so large that nuclei could not be formed. The fact

that they do exist is evidence that there is an even larger force of attraction.

同性电荷间的静电排斥力与它们间的距离成反比,预期在核内排斥力很大,以致于不能形成原子核。而原子的确存在的事实,是存在着更大吸引力的证据。存在的事实,是存在着更大吸引力的证据。

The interpretation of nuclear reactions often involves the concept of compound

nucleus. This intermediate stage is formed by the combination of a projectile and target nucleus. It has extra

energy of excitation and breaks up into the outgoing particle or ray and the residual nucleus

核反应的解释通常牵涉到复合核的概念。这个中间阶段是由一个入射粒子和靶核组合而成。它有更多的激发能把复合核分解为出射粒子或射线和剩余核。

THE WORD“radiation” will be taken to embrace all particles, whether they are of

material or electromagnetic origin. We include those particles produced by both atomic and nuclear processes and those resulting from electrical acceleration, noting that there is no essential difference between X-rays from atomic collisions and gamma rays from nuclear decay; protons can come from a particle accelerator, from cosmic rays, or from a nuclear reaction in a reactor. The word “materials” will refer to bulk matter, whether of mineral or biological origin, as well as to the particles of which the matter is composed, including molecules, atoms, electrons, and nuclei.

采用“辐射”这一词是为了包括所有的粒子,不论它们的起源是物质的或是电磁的。我们包括了由原子和核两种过程所产生的辐射,以及由电加速所产生的辐射,注意,由原子碰撞产生的X 射线和由核衰变所产生的g 射线不存在根本的差别;质子可能来自粒子加速器,来自宇宙射线或来自反应堆中的核反应。“物质”这一词指的是大量物质,不管其起源是矿物的或是生物的,此外也不管组成物质的是哪种粒子,包括分子、原子、电子和原子核。The resulting deuteron recoils with energy that is much smaller than that of the gamma ray but still is far greater than the energy of binding of atoms in the water molecule. Again dissociation of the compound takes place, which can be regarded as a form of radiation damage.

所产生的氘核发生反冲,其反冲能量比g 射线能量要小得多,但是它仍远大于水分子中原子的结合能。于是,化合物可再一次发生离解,这种离解被认为是一种辐射损伤。

The prompt gamma rays are emitted as a part of fission; the rest are fission

product decay gammas. Neutrinos accompany the beta particle emission, but since they are such highly penetrating partic les their energy cannot be counted as part of the useful

thermal energy yield of the fission process. Thus only about l90MeV of the fission energy is effectively available.

裂变时发出的g 射线是“瞬发”g 射线,而其余的为“衰变”g 射线。伴随b 粒子发射的中微子,由于它们的穿透性极强,所以不能把它们的能量计入裂变过程产生的有效热能。这样,可以有效利用的裂变能大约只有190 兆电子伏。但是,原子核俘获中子之后释放的g 射线的能量(几兆电子伏)也能被取出来作为有用的热能。

The heavy isotope of hydrogen, deuterium, has two principal nuclear

applications: (a) as low-absorption moderator for reactors, especially those using natural uranium, and (b) as a reactant in the fusion process.

氢的重同位素2H1 (氘),在核领域主要有两种用途:(a)作为反应堆(特别是应用天然铀的反应堆)的慢化剂,它对中子的吸收很少。(b)作为聚变过程的反应物。

U字开头

Unless the energy of the bombarding particle is very high and it comes within the short range

of the nuclear force, there is a small chance that it can enter the nucleus and cause a nuclear reaction.

除非入射粒子的能量非常的高,并且核力的作用范围很小,它才有一个很小的机率进入原子核并引发核反应。

W字开头

We recall may be released by heating of solids, as in the wire of a light bulb; by electrical

oscillations, as in radio or television transmitters; or by atomic interactions, as in the sun. The radiation can be viewed in either of two ways—as a wave or as a particle—depending on the process under study. In the wave view it is a combination of electric and magnetic vibrations moving through space. In the particle view it is a compact moving uncharged object, the photon, which is a bundle of pure energy,having mass only by virtue of its motion.

我们知道,加热的固体可以释放这种能量,例如在灯光里的灯丝上,又比如在无线电或电视发射机中的电的振荡,或太阳内部的原子相互作用都可以释放这种能量。对于辐射,可以看成是下述两种现象之一:可看成是通过空间传输的电波和磁波的混合,也可看成一束密集运动的不带电粒子,即光子,由于仅仅当光子运动时它实际上才具有质量,所以它是一束纯能量。

When two light nuclear particles combine or “fuse” together, energy is released because the

product nuclei have less mass than the original particles. Such fusion reactions can be caused by bombarding targets with charged particles, using an accelerator, or by raising the temperature of a gas to a high enough level for nuclear reactions to take place.

两个轻核结合或“聚变”在一起就会放出能量,因为生成的核的质量比原始粒子的质量要小。用加速器加速带电粒子轰击靶核或把气体温度升高到足于发生核反应的水平就能发生聚变

反应。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇: statics [st?tiks] 静力学;dynamics动力学;constraint约束;magnetic [m?ɡ'netik]有磁性的;external [eks't?:nl] 外面的, 外部的;meshing啮合;follower从动件;magnitude ['m?ɡnitju:d] 大小;intensity强度,应力;non-coincident [k?u'insid?nt]不重合;parallel ['p?r?lel]平行;intuitive 直观的;substance物质;proportional [pr?'p?:??n?l]比例的;resist抵抗,对抗;celestial [si'lestj?l]天空的;product乘积;particle质点;elastic [i'l?stik]弹性;deformed变形的;strain拉力;uniform全都相同的;velocity[vi'l?siti]速度;scalar['skeil?]标量;vector['vekt?]矢量;displacement代替;momentum [m?u'ment?m]动量; 2、词组 make up of由……组成;if not要不,不然;even through即使,纵然; Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇: machine 机器;mechanism机构;movable活动的;given 规定的,给定的,已知的;perform执行;application 施用;produce引起,导致;stress压力;applied施加的;individual单独的;muscular ['m?skjul?]]力臂;gravity[ɡr?vti]重力;stretch伸展,拉紧,延伸;tensile[tensail]拉力;tension张力,拉力;squeeze挤;compressive 有压力的,压缩的;torsional扭转的;torque转矩;twist扭,转动;molecule [m likju:l]分子的;slide滑动; 滑行;slip滑,溜;one another 互相;shear剪切;independently独立地,自立地;beam梁;compress压;revolve (使)旋转;exert [iɡ'z?:t]用力,尽力,运用,发挥,施加;principle原则, 原理,准则,规范;spin使…旋转;screw螺丝钉;thread螺纹; 2、词组 a number of 许多;deal with 涉及,处理;result from由什么引起;prevent from阻止,防止;tends to 朝某个方向;in combination结合;fly apart飞散; 3、译文: 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面,这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时,机器就开始工作了。所以,力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动,要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂,形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础,制约武器被称为锚武器/因此,在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩,有四个悬臂式武器,这两者之间跨越的障碍,和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍,因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要,桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常,结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张,而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节,是静定,没有携带混合负载的成员,因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面,这些都是再加入了一根针,通常在迫使工会点外,当插孔删除,并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥,这种不支持的建设,才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力,通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁,是一个在一个弧形拱状,每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

机械工程专业英语 翻译

2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土,木材,非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候,当载荷消除之后,任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语翻译

(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. (1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。在许多国家,包括加拿大和美国,钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。 (2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction. (2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料,包括石子,沙,水泥等,可以通过多种途径方便的得到,同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。 (3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. (3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁,各种形式的建筑,地下结构,蓄水池,电视塔,海上石油平台,以及工业建筑,大坝,甚至船舶等。 (4)Reinforce concrete structures consist of a series of individual members that interact to support the loads placed on the structure. The floor of concrete buildings is often built of concrete joist-slab construction. (4)钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成,这些构件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形式。 (5)A series of parallel ribs or joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists apply load to the beams, which in turn are supported by the columns. (5)一系列的平行梁肋或次梁抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载,次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上,主粱则支承在柱上。 (6)The slab transfers load laterally to the joists, and serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. (6)楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁,并且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成T形截面梁,将荷载传递给与次梁正交的主粱。 (7)Some floors of have a slab-and-beam design in which the slab spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. (7)一些楼层被设计成梁板结构,即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上,主粱再将荷载传递到柱上。 (8)Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage or temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. (8)混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。因此,当荷载、受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时,混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。 (9)The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form or mould in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. (9)钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子,其必须具有足够的强度以抵抗湿混凝土的重量和流动压力。 (10)The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架, ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

机械制造专业英语文章

机械制造专业英语文章 篇一:机械专业英语文章中英文对照 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化,例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下,某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么?纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。 例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold

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